Genetics and Molecular Biology Fundamentals, Exams of Nursing

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What is inheritance? - Precise Answer ✔✔the process by which characteristics are passed from one generation to another Who was Gregor Mendel? - Precise Answer ✔✔The father of genetics; studied relationships between traits expressed in parents and offspring and hereditary factors causing the expression of these traits. What is the generation of plants used to perform the first cross called? - Precise Answer ✔✔P1 generation F1 generation - Precise Answer ✔✔first generation of offspring resulting from two P1 crosses F2 generation - Precise Answer ✔✔generation resulting from cross of 2 F1 crosses genes - Precise Answer ✔✔hereditary factor How many copies of genes are carried by an individual? - Precise Answer ✔✔ 2 copies of a gene; copies may differ dominant gene - Precise Answer ✔✔gene that can mask the effect of a recessive gene

recessive gene - Precise Answer ✔✔gene that cannot mask the effect of a gene. Generally 2 copies of a recessive gene are required for the trait to be expressed. chromosome - Precise Answer ✔✔A threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes. homologous chromosomes - Precise Answer ✔✔Corresponding pairs of chromosomes that carry genes for the same traits. Found in most eukaryotes gene locus - Precise Answer ✔✔position on a homologous chromosome at which the genes that produce a given trait exist allele - Precise Answer ✔✔different form of a gene. E.g., yellow seeds and green seeds arise from different alleles of the same gene. What are the products of meiosis? - Precise Answer ✔✔gamete cells with 1/2 the genetic information of the parents. What is the Law of Independent Assortment? - Precise Answer ✔✔States that paired chromosomes are separated and sorted independently. As a result, each gamete may receive one of any number of combinations of each parent's chromosomes. genotype - Precise Answer ✔✔combination of alleles that make a particular trait phenotype - Precise Answer ✔✔trait expressed from the combination of alleles that make a particular trait.

dominant allele - Precise Answer ✔✔allele that masks the effect of its partner allele recessive allele - Precise Answer ✔✔allele that does not produce its trait when present with a dominant allele. Punnett square - Precise Answer ✔✔notation that allows for the prediction of a genetic cross. homozygous trait - Precise Answer ✔✔when both alleles for a given gene are the same in an individual heterozygous trait - Precise Answer ✔✔when both alleles for a given gene are different in an individual. monohybrid cross - Precise Answer ✔✔a cross between two individuals where only one trait is considered. dihybrid cross - Precise Answer ✔✔a cross between two individuals where two separate traits are considered. law of segregation - Precise Answer ✔✔Mendel's 1st law of inheritance - traits are expressed from a pair of genes in the individual on homologous chromosomes What is the Law of Segregation? - Precise Answer ✔✔paired chromosomes/corresponding genes separate and randomly recombine during gamete formation.

What is the Law of Dominance? - Precise Answer ✔✔Mendel's 2nd law of inheritance - one gene usually expresses itself over the other (one gene is dominant over the other) What evidence is produced by F1 generation according to the Law of Dominance?

• Precise Answer ✔✔The fact that the F1 generation produced no recessive traits is evidence of law of dominance. What is the Law of Independent Assortment? - Precise Answer ✔✔Mendel's 3rd law of inheritance - since homologous chromosomes separate and independently sort in gamete formation, alleles are also separated and independently sorted. What is incomplete dominance? - Precise Answer ✔✔some traits are determined by genes that are neither dominant nor recessive and instead produce offspring that are a mix of the 2 parents. EX - red and white flowers produce pink flower co-dominance - Precise Answer ✔✔also known as incomplete dominance Multiple alleles - Precise Answer ✔✔ABO blood group is example. More than 2 choices of alleles are present. In ABO group, A and B are dominant and O is recessive. linked traits - Precise Answer ✔✔traits that are inherited together. This is exception to law of independent assortment. Some traits are always inherited together. What is crossing over? - Precise Answer ✔✔During metaphase of meiosis 1 when homologous chromosomes line up along the center of the dividing cell, some pieces of the chromosomes break off and move from one chromosome to another. Adds more variation of traits.

Does crossing over occur for genes that are closer together or farther apart? - Precise Answer ✔✔It is more likely that crossing over occurs between genes that do not lie close together on a chromosome. How is gender determined in an organism? - Precise Answer ✔✔Gender is determined in an organism by a particular homologous pair of chromosomes. polygenetic inheritance - Precise Answer ✔✔traits produced from interaction of multiple sets of genes. Examples of polygenic inheritance - Precise Answer ✔✔diseases such as diabetes and heart disease have multiple contributing factors involved in their development in a person. Are polygenic traits difficult or easy to map and predict? - Precise Answer ✔✔Polygenic traits are difficult to map and predict because of the varied effects of the different genes and contributing factors on a specific trait or disease. Are diseases resulting from genetic disorders rare or common? - Precise Answer ✔✔They are very rare because they are mostly derived from abnormalities of a single gene. What are autosomal dominant disorders? - Precise Answer ✔✔diseases that can affect a person when only one mutated copy of the gene is present. What is the frequency of an autosomal dominant disorder in the children of an affected parent? - Precise Answer ✔✔The majority of the time an affected person only has one affected parent. Each child of an affected person has a 50% chance of inheriting the mutated gene.

Most common example of autosomal dominant disorder - Precise Answer ✔✔Huntington's disease What are autosomal recessive disorders? - Precise Answer ✔✔Diseases that require 2 copies of the mutated gene to be inherited for a person to be affected. What is the frequency of autsomal recessive disorders from unaffected parents who are carriers? - Precise Answer ✔✔Affected person may receive one or both of the mutated genes from unaffected parents. Unaffected parents are carriers and possess one copy of the mutated gene. Their children have a 25% chance of inheriting the disorder What are the most common examples of autosomal recessive disorders? - Precise Answer ✔✔Cystic fibrosis and Sickle-Cell Anemia What is an X-linked dominant disorder? - Precise Answer ✔✔a diseases that is caused by a dominant mutation in a gene on the X chromosome. What is an example of an X-linked dominant disorder? - Precise Answer ✔✔Rett syndrome and a form of rickets Do X-linked dominant disorders affect males, females, or both? - Precise Answer ✔✔Both males and females can be affected, but in males the symptoms are often much more severe and very commonly fatal. What is the frequency of inheritance of X-linked dominant disorder in female parents? - Precise Answer ✔✔50% in all offspring

What is the frequency of inheritance of X-linked dominant disorder in male parents? - Precise Answer ✔✔sons - 0%. daughters - 100% X-linked recessive disorders - Precise Answer ✔✔more commonly affect males than females. Chances of gene passing to progeny are different for males and females. What is the frequency of inheritance of X-linked recessive disorder from the father? - Precise Answer ✔✔sons 0%. daughters 100% carriers only. What is the frequency of inheritance of X-linked recessive disorder from the mother? - Precise Answer ✔✔sons 50% affected daughters 50% carriers Give examples of X-linked recessive disorders. - Precise Answer ✔✔muscular dystrophy, color blindness, hemophilia A Y-linked disorders - Precise Answer ✔✔mutations on y chromosome. Only affect males. Give the frequency of Y-linked disorders from affected males. - Precise Answer ✔✔sons 100%. daughters 0% maternal inheritance - Precise Answer ✔✔aka mitochondrial disease - conditions that result from mitochondrial DNA abnormalities. Only egg cells contribute mitochondrial DNA to embryo. Only mothers pass this on to their children. Nature vs Nurture Debate - Precise Answer ✔✔debate about the interaction between heredity and the environment. Study of development of individuals'

personality and whether the end result is caused by inherited traits or environment plus personal experiences. evolution - Precise Answer ✔✔the gradual change of characteristics within a population, producing a change in species over time. natural selection - Precise Answer ✔✔drives evolution. Population genetics studied by Charles Darwin. Charles Darwin - Precise Answer ✔✔First to explain natural selection as a driving force in evolution and first to lay out full range of evidence. Carolus Linnaeus - Precise Answer ✔✔famous botanist credited with developing classification system for organisms. Speculated on origin of and relationships between groups of species in mid-1700s. Lamarck's theory of acquired characteristics - Precise Answer ✔✔French scientist proposed that organisms acquire traits over their life span that equip them to survive within their environment and pass on those traits to their offspring. Has since been discredited. Example of Lamarck's theory of acquired characteristics - Precise Answer ✔✔giraffes developed longer necks during their lifetime from their efforts to reach higher branches, and passed the longer necks to their children. limiting factors of a population - Precise Answer ✔✔Population growth and maintenance of a species is dependent on these. Individuals within the species that are unable to acquire the minimum requirement of resources are unable to reproduce.

carrying capacity - Precise Answer ✔✔a limited number of organisms that can be supported by an ecosystem - usually designated by the letter K. What happens once carrying capacity has been reached? - Precise Answer ✔✔competition for resources ensues - Darwin described as struggle for existence. According to Darwin's theory, how is the survival of competitors affected? - Precise Answer ✔✔Not all will survive. Within every population there is variation among traits, and those individuals who win the competition for resources pass those traits on to their children. These traits will be represented most often in succeeding generations. population genetics - Precise Answer ✔✔how traits are preserved, changed, or introduced within a population of organisms. modern synthesis - Precise Answer ✔✔modern concept of natural selection, focused on concept that evolution was a process of gradual adaptive change in traits among populations. modern theories of evolution - Precise Answer ✔✔focus on the change that occurs in entire gene pools of species, not among individual populations. gene pool - Precise Answer ✔✔entire collection of genes within a given population. Individuals int he population will have only one pair of alleles for a particular single-gene trait. modern definition of evolution - Precise Answer ✔✔a change in allele frequency over time. Does not occur through changes from individual to individual, but rather as the gene pool changes through one of a number of possible mechanisms.

differential reproduction - Precise Answer ✔✔drives the changing of traits over times. Proposes that those individuals within a population that are most adapted to the environment are also the most likely individuals to reproduce successfully. What is the effect of differential reproduction on the frequency of heritable traits in a population? - Precise Answer ✔✔It increases the number of alleles for desirable traits in the gene pool. This trend will be established and strengthen gradually over time, eventually producing a gene pool where the heritable trait is more commonly expressed if environmental conditions do not change. mutation - Precise Answer ✔✔a change of the DNA sequence of a gene, resulting in a change of the trait. What is the effect of mutation on change of genotype in offspring? - Precise Answer ✔✔can be very swift, but sometimes mutations do not produce a desirable trait for a particular environment. effect of mutation on change of phenotype in offspring - Precise Answer ✔✔possibly swift, but if the mutation does not produce a desirable trait for a particular environment it will not be expressed. Does the effect of genetic mutation on change in population occur rapidly or slowly? - Precise Answer ✔✔change occurs very slowly, over multiple generations. What is the effect of mutation on new gene possibilities? - Precise Answer ✔✔mutation provides a vehicle for introducing new genetic possibilities. Can genetic traits be introduced through mutation? - Precise Answer ✔✔yes - if they did not exist in the original gene pool

What are the 4 mechanisms recognized to influence evolution? - Precise Answer ✔✔differential reproduction mutation genetic drift gene migration What is genetic drift? - Precise Answer ✔✔over time, a gene pool may experience a change in the frequency of a particular gene simply due to chance fluctuation. Occurs independently of environmental conditions. Depending on the affected traits, the change of gene frequency may produce a small or large change. Does genetic drift cause an increase or reduction in genetic variety? - Precise Answer ✔✔It causes a reduction in genetic variety. Does mutation cause an increase or decrease in genetic variety? - Precise Answer ✔✔It causes an increase in genetic variety. Hardy-Weinberg Law of Equilibrium - Precise Answer ✔✔With random mating in a population, gene frequencies and genotype ratios will remain constant from generation to generation. Shows why recessive genes do not disappear over time from a population. Hardy-Weinberg frequency equation - Precise Answer ✔✔p+q=1 OR p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 What 5 conditions must be met for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium to occur? - Precise Answer ✔✔random mating no migration

no mutation no selection no genetic drift Why is Hardy-Weinberg important to evolutionary process? - Precise Answer ✔✔It shows that alleles that have no current selective value will be retained in a population over time. species - Precise Answer ✔✔an interbreeding population that shares a common gene pool and produces viable offspring. How does genetic change produce new species? - Precise Answer ✔✔ 2 mechanisms: allopatric speciation sympatric speciation allopatric speciation - Precise Answer ✔✔occurs when 2 populations are geographically isolated from each other.Over time, both populations will continue to reproduce and experience genetic drift and/or mutation. sympatric speciation - Precise Answer ✔✔Occurs without a geographic separation, when a population develops members with a genetic difference, which prevents a successful reproduction with the original species. Result is a population that is separate from the original species. adaptive radiation - Precise Answer ✔✔Occurs over relatively short period of time. Movement of a population into new geographic areas looking for new resources or to escape predators. Traits that allow this traveling population to use its resources more effectively and to produce more offspring will grow more

common over time and the species will specially adapt to live more effectively in the new environment. What is the result of adaptive radiation over time? - Precise Answer ✔✔a single species can develop into several diverse species over time. When was punctuated equilibrium first proposed? - Precise Answer ✔✔from studies of the fossil record by paleontologists What is punctuated equilibrium? - Precise Answer ✔✔a model in which proposed speciation events are interspersed within periods of relative stasis. Occurs over tens/hundreds of thousands of years. gradualism - Precise Answer ✔✔an older equilibrium model that predicts smooth, continuous transitions in the fossil record. polymorphism - Precise Answer ✔✔genetic variation carried by members of a species for a given trait example of polymorphism - Precise Answer ✔✔gender balanced polymorphism - Precise Answer ✔✔a type of polymorphism that occurs to keep any particular version within a species from dominating, unless that particular species version is more suited for its ecological niche. heterozygote advantage - Precise Answer ✔✔a mechanism in which polymorphism is maintained. Having 2 different alleles for a given phenotype is a positive trait for survival in many instances.

Give an example of heterozygote advantage. - Precise Answer ✔✔gene inheritance for Sickle Celle. The allele HbS is an allele for production of a variant hemoglobin sensitive to oxygen deprival, causing misshapen RBCs. The allele HbA is the allele for normal hgb production. If a person is heterozygous HbA/HbS, the individual has a natural resistance to malaria, so it is retained in the population. What is the Oparin hypothesis? - Precise Answer ✔✔a theory of the origin of life. The early Earth had a reducing atmosphere - very little free O2 present. Instead, an abundance of NH3, H2, CH4, and H20 vapor, all escaping from volcanoes. Explain the Oparin hypothesis in terms of the Earth and energy. - Precise Answer ✔✔Since Earth was in process of cooling down, lots of heat NRG was available; also lots of lightning producing NRG. Much of steam surrounding Earth would condense to form hot seas, and simple organic molecules were synthesized, producing "primordial soup." What were coacervates, according to Oparin? - Precise Answer ✔✔as concentration of organic molecules became high, Oparin hypothesized they began forming into larger, charged, complex molecules, or coacervates. These were able to divide. Oparin and amino acids - Precise Answer ✔✔amino acids could combine to form proteins in early Earth conditions. Since proteins are catalysts he thought they could encourage further change and development of early cells. What did Stanley Miller do? - Precise Answer ✔✔provided support for Oparin's hypothesis in experiments where simple inorganic molecules were exposed to charges similar to lightning, resulting in production of complex organic molecules including AAs.

Who was Sidney Fox? - Precise Answer ✔✔Major evolution researcher of 1960s. Conducted experiments that proved UV light may induce formation of dipeptides from AAs. Also showed that polyphosphoric aid could increase the yield of these polymers; process that simulates role of ATP in protein synthesis. microspheres - Precise Answer ✔✔Sidney Fox's production of proteins in the form of small spheres. showed similarities to living cells. Who was Ponnamperuma? - Precise Answer ✔✔Researcher who demonstrated that small amounts of guanine formed from thermal polymerization of AAs. Also proved the synthesis of adenine and ribose resulted from long-term tx of reducing atmospheric gases with electricity. What is the hypothesis of the development of primitive cells? - Precise Answer ✔✔Once organic compounds had been synthesized, primitive prokaryotic cells developed containing genetic material in form of RNA - cells used ATP energy. Cells were similar to some bacteria found today. endosymbiont theory - Precise Answer ✔✔suggests that original prokaryotic cells took in other cells that performed various tasks - evolved into mitochondria and other organelles. Eventually evolved into eukaryotic cell. According to the theory of evolution, how did plants evolve? - Precise Answer ✔✔thought to have begun with heterotrophic prokaryotic cells that were anaerobic. Over time, some bacteria evolved ability to carry on photosynthesis (cyanobacteria), thus becoming autotrophic. This put lots of O2 into atmosphere. This opened up new niche - cells able to survive in presence of 02 and use it in metabolism. cyanobacteria - Precise Answer ✔✔bacterial cells able to carry on photosynthesis.

autotrophs - Precise Answer ✔✔able to make own food. Ex - cyanobacteria (blue- green algae). Give the sequence of the evolution of plants, beginning with anaerobic cells. - Precise Answer ✔✔anaerobic cells --> cyanobacteria --> larger aerobic cells --> photosynthetic eukaryotic cells --> cell specialization --> plants Were the earliest plants aquatic or terrestrial? - Precise Answer ✔✔aquatic. Eventually moved onto land and anatomical changes occurred over time. Eventually stems, leaves, roots, and seeds evolved. According to the theory of evolution, what was the key factor to the survival of land plants? - Precise Answer ✔✔development of seeds. What was the evolution of sexual reproduction in plants? - Precise Answer ✔✔asexual at first, later sexual. What were the 3 evolutionary processes contributing to diversity in the plant world today? - Precise Answer ✔✔adaptive radiation genetic drift natural selection The evolution of animals began with what, and why? - Precise Answer ✔✔marine protists. Why? Animal cells bear the most similarity to marine protist cells, even though no fossil record.

Marine protists developed during which period? - Precise Answer ✔✔Precambrian period - 700 million years ago. Why no fossils? animals had only soft parts - no hard parts that could be fossilized. Beginning of fossil record during what period? - Precise Answer ✔✔Cambrian period - 570 million years ago. These organismss had exoskeletons - fossil records began. cambrian explosion - Precise Answer ✔✔sudden appearance of multitudes of differentiated animal forms. Mass extinction events first show during what period - Precise Answer ✔✔end of Paleozoic Era. Resulted in extinction of 95% of animal species. Trilobites and other organisms did not survive end of this era. Diversification among species began during what period? - Precise Answer ✔✔Ordovician period - species that survived the Cambrian extinctions diversified. Ordovician era known for development of what? - Precise Answer ✔✔land plants In what era did early forms of fish arise? - Precise Answer ✔✔Cambrian During what era did early forms of fish develop? - Precise Answer ✔✔Ordovician What were the first vertebrates in the fossil record? - Precise Answer ✔✔fish In what era did mass extinctions begin? - Precise Answer ✔✔end of ordovician era

What opportunities were presented by mass extinctions? - Precise Answer ✔✔the opening of ecological situations, which in turn encouraged adaptive radiation What mechanism is credited with the development of a new species in the Silurian era? - Precise Answer ✔✔adaptive radiation. Widespread colonization of landmasses by plants and animals, plus large numbers of insects, fish, early amphibians. homology/homologous - Precise Answer ✔✔structures that exist in two different species because they share a common ancestry analogy/analogous - Precise Answer ✔✔structures that are similar because of their common function, although they do not share a common ancestry. convergent evolution - Precise Answer ✔✔evolution that occurs when a particular characteristic evolves in two unrelated populations. Eg - wings of insects and birds

• similar in function regardless of the lack of common ancestors. extinction - Precise Answer ✔✔occur at a low rate at all times. Why do species become extinct? - Precise Answer ✔✔they have not been able to adapt appropriately to environmental changes. What are extinction events? - Precise Answer ✔✔events that have wiped out up to 95% of the species of their time. What advantages do extinction events give? - Precise Answer ✔✔they open up massive ecological niches, encouraging evolution of multitudes of new species.

According to the theory of evolution, what did the first amphibians give rise to? - Precise Answer ✔✔early reptiles that diversified into birds, then mammals. One branch of mammals developed into what? - Precise Answer ✔✔tree dwelling primates, considered the ancestors of humans. What are the earliest known hominid fossils, and where were they found? - Precise Answer ✔✔"Lucy" skeleton - australopithecus afarensis - found in Africa in the 1970s. What is the oldest known fossil of the human genus and how old is it thought to be? - Precise Answer ✔✔Homo erectus - about 1.8 million years old. What is Cro-Magnon man? - Precise Answer ✔✔the oldest fossil to be designated Homo SApiens - thought to have evolved in Africa and migrated in Europe and Asia approximately 100K years ago. (Ecology) Organisms evolve within ______________. - Precise Answer ✔✔ecosystems What type of circumstances that affect or determine the course of evolution of species in a particular area? - Precise Answer ✔✔ecological circumstances What are life history strategies? - Precise Answer ✔✔characteristics that differentiate organisms that evolve within an ecosystem. What are the 2 types of life history strategies? - Precise Answer ✔✔opportunistic and equilibreal

What are opportunistic life history strategies? - Precise Answer ✔✔AKA r- selected - tend to be pioneer species in a new or recently devastated community. What traits do r-selected species have? - Precise Answer ✔✔they have traits to allow them to succeed in the long term and also in a changing or new ecosystem. What are the maturation times and lifespans of r-selected species? - Precise Answer ✔✔short maturation spans and life spans. What are the mortality rates of r-selected species? - Precise Answer ✔✔high What kind of reproduction do r-selected species have? - Precise Answer ✔✔tend to be asexual with high numbers of offspring. Can disperse over large areas, do not parent their young. Are r-species easily wiped out by more sophisticated populations that follow? - Precise Answer ✔✔yes Give an example of an r-species - Precise Answer ✔✔dandelions What are equilibreal or K-selected species? - Precise Answer ✔✔they are organisms that overtake the opportunistic pioneer species. What traits do equilibreal or K-selected species have? - Precise Answer ✔✔they tend to have long life spans with a long maturation time. What is the life span of K-selected species? - Precise Answer ✔✔long

What type of reproduction do K-selected species have? - Precise Answer ✔✔sexual, fewer, longer-living offspring, which they tend to parent. Do K-selected species disperse? - Precise Answer ✔✔No. They tend to stay within their established borders. What characteristics form the bases for a species to dominate in varying ecosystems? - Precise Answer ✔✔Long maturation time Longer life spans Sexual reproduction Fewer offspring which are parented Tend to stay within established borders (non-dispersing) Give an example of a K-selected species. - Precise Answer ✔✔oak tree What is altruism? - Precise Answer ✔✔social behavior where organisms seem to place the needs of the community over their own needs. Does altruism increase or decrease the fitness of the individual? - Precise Answer ✔✔decrease Does altruism increase or decrease the fitness of the community? - Precise Answer ✔✔increase Is altruism an evolved trait? - Precise Answer ✔✔Unknown. If you look at the individual, no. If you look at the community, possibly.

What factor must be present for altruism to evolve? - Precise Answer ✔✔Kin selection - a factor that influences the preservation and proliferation of those traits. What is kin selection? - Precise Answer ✔✔The tendency of an individual to be altruistic toward a close relative, resulting in the preservation of its genetic traits. How does kin selection benefit altruism? - Precise Answer ✔✔Close relatives have a greater likelihood of passing on identical traits to their offspring. Does natural selection favor altruism and kin selection? - Precise Answer ✔✔Yes - communities with altruistic individuals are more likely to persevere, while weaker ones will die out. What are communities containing altruistic individuals made up of? - Precise Answer ✔✔Close relatives that have been able to preserve altruism through kin selection. What is taxonomy? - Precise Answer ✔✔The organization of living things into groups based on morphology and, more recently, genetics. Who first developed taxonomy? - Precise Answer ✔✔Carolus Linnaeus in 1735 What did Linnaeus base his taxonomic methods on? - Precise Answer ✔✔the morphological (outward anatomical) similarities and differences seen among species. Was Linnaeus a Creationist or an evolutionist? - Precise Answer ✔✔A Creationist

• he sought to show the great diversity in creation.

What two categories did Linnaeus use to name organisms? - Precise Answer ✔✔genus and species. Binomial nomenclature How many levels in Linnaeus' classification system? - Precise Answer ✔✔7. Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species What are domains? - Precise Answer ✔✔A domain is a classification level above kingdom added by modern taxonomists what 3 domains are there? - Precise Answer ✔✔Archaea, Eubacteria, and Eukaryota Describe organisms in domain Archaea - Precise Answer ✔✔prokaryotic, have unique RNA able to live in the extreme ecosystems on Earth Describe organisms in domain Eubacteria. - Precise Answer ✔✔prokaryotic organisms known as bacteria AKA Kingdom Monera in old classification sytstem Describe organisms in domain Eukaryota. - Precise Answer ✔✔all organisms with eukaryotic cells. What 4 kingdoms exist in domain Eukaryota? - Precise Answer ✔✔Protista - algae & protozoa Fungi - mold, mushrooms, yeast, etc. Animalia - everything else Plantae - all plants

What major features are in kingdom Protista? - Precise Answer ✔✔large eukaryotic cells, nutrition via photosynthesis mainly; some ingestion and absorption What major features are in kingdom Fungi? - Precise Answer ✔✔multicellular eukaryotic filaments nutrition via absorption What major features are in kingdom Animalia? - Precise Answer ✔✔multicellular specialized eukaryotic motile cells nutrition via ingestion What major features are in kingdom Plantae? - Precise Answer ✔✔multicellular specialized nonmotile eukaryotic cells nutrition via photosynthesis Name 9 major phyla within Kingdom Animalia - Precise Answer ✔✔Porifera - sponges Cnidaria - jellyfish, sea anemones, hydra Platyhelminthes - flatworms Nematoda - round worms Mollusca- snails, clams, squid Annelida - segmented worms (earthworms, leeches, etc. Arthropoda - crabs, spiders, lobster, insects, millipedes Echinodermata - sea stars, sand dollars, etc. Chordata - fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals, lampreys

What are the 3 subphyla of phylum Chordata? - Precise Answer ✔✔Urochordata - animals with a tail cord; tunicates Cephalochordata - animals with a head cord; lampreys Vertebrata - animals with a backbone What are the 2 superclasses of the subphylum Vertebrata? - Precise Answer ✔✔Aganatha - animals with no jaws Gnathostomata - animals with jaws What are the 6 classes of Gnathostomata? - Precise Answer ✔✔Chondrichthyes - fish with a cartilaginous endoskeleton (sharks, rays) Osteichthyes - fish with bony skeleton (herring, carp, tuna) Amphibia - animals with bony skeleton, cold blooded (salamanders, frogs) Reptilia - animals with horny epidermal scales, cold-blooded (snakes, lizards, alligators) Aves - birds Mammalia - warm-blooded, body covered with hair, 4 limbs, etc. What are vascular plants? - Precise Answer ✔✔Plants that have tissue organized so that food and water can be circulated throughout the plant. What are nonvascular plants? - Precise Answer ✔✔plants such as mosses that lack specialized tissue to circulate food and water. Produce no seeds or flowers and are generally only few centimeters in height. How are plants classified? - Precise Answer ✔✔Vascular/nonvascular Method of reproduction (angiosperm/gymnosperm)