Gerontological Nursing and Healthy Aging, Exams of Nursing

Download Gerontological Nursing and Healthy Aging and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! According to Global Aging by 2050 what will happen? - answer ✅✅The number of persons 60 years and older is likely to exceed those that are 15 years and younger. Are clinical practice sites limited to acute care or nursing homes? - answer ✅✅No, it includes older adults in the community. How can individuals cope with relocation stress? - answer ✅✅Control over environment, preparation for new situation, close monitoring and assessment from nurses, and familiar/treasured items. How can older adults maximize learning late in life? - answer ✅✅Must be relevant information. New learning must relate to what the older person already knows. Literacy level and cultural variations play a role. Many older adults have computers and make up the fastest growing age group who owns them. How can we reduce health disparities? - answer ✅✅Cultural competence (nurses learn personal biases, prejudices, attitudes, and behaviors), Cultural awareness (reflect on any biases of ageism and racism), and Cultural knowledge. What are developmental theories? - answer ✅✅Erikson's hierarchy presents developmental stages and tasks. Erikson's last stage of life is to look back and reflect (ego integrity or despair). Peck expanded on Erikson with identification of specific tasks of old age to establish "ego integrity". Havighurst also proposed specific tasks to be accomplished in middle age and later maturity. What are functional abilities? - answer ✅✅The person's ability to live independently to enjoy family and life. What are generalists? - answer ✅✅They work in hospitals, homes or subacute and long term facilities, or in the community providing care to individuals and their families. What are health disparities associated with? - answer ✅✅Persons of color. What are Maslow's basic needs? - answer ✅✅Air, food, water, sleep, and homeostasis. What are Maslow's needs of belonging? - answer ✅✅Friendships, family, and sexual intimacy. What are Maslow's safe and secure needs? - answer ✅✅Family, health, morality, and employment. What are Maslow's self actualization needs? - answer ✅✅Morality, creativity, acceptance, and lack of prejudice. What are Maslow's self esteem and self efficacy needs? - answer ✅✅confidence, achievement, and respect of others. What are psychological theories of aging? - answer ✅✅Aging is a developmental process experience between birth and death (jungs, developmental, gerotranscendance) What are sociological theories of aging? - answer ✅✅Theories that explain and predict changes in the roles and relationships of older adults with an emphasis on adjustment. What are some causes for transitions? - answer ✅✅Rehospitalizations, infections, new diagnoses, and relapses. What are some changes in aging of the cardiovascular system? - answer ✅✅Myocardial and blood vessels become stiff. Left ventricle wall thickens and the size of the left atrium slightly increases. Coronary artery blood flow, stroke volume, and cardiac output decreases. Takes longer What are some long term care beliefs for the culturally diverse? - answer ✅✅Families are expected to care for older adult. What are some models of housing for older adults? - answer ✅✅Shared housing, population-specific communities, and senior retirement communities. What are some physical changes in aging of accessory organs? - answer ✅✅Liver function tests are unaltered. Incidence of gallstones increase. Serum cholesterol level increases. What are some physical changes in aging of neurological cognition? - answer ✅✅Brain size and weight decrease. Sleep disturbances. Mild memory disturbances. Balance difficulties. Injuries increase from decreased sensations in the fingers and palms. Reaction time delayed. Risk for falls increases. What are some physical changes in aging of the endocrine system? - answer ✅✅Glands atrophy, and rate of secretion decrease. Rate of type 2 diabetes is high in older adults. The rate of hypothyroidism increases. What are some physical changes in aging of the eyes and ears? - answer ✅✅Sense of smell, sight, and touch decrease. Near vision decreases and lenses thicken. Eyelids lose elasticity and droops. Color perception decreases. Lower eyelids turn out and dry eyes are common. Ear lobes sag elongate and wrinkle. Hearing loss. Stiff and coarse ear hair. Ear wax is thick and dry. What are some physical changes in aging of the GI system? - answer ✅✅Teeth lose enamel and dentin, vulnerable to decay. Taste buds decline in number. Salivary secretion lessens (dry mouth). Pleasure eating decreases. Weight loss occurs. Esophagus and stomach sluggishly empty. Villi in intestine function less and affect absorption. Peristalsis slows. Constipation is common. What are some physical changes in aging of the hair and nails? - answer ✅✅Hair thins on head. Hair increases in ears nose and eyebrows. Pigmentation lost (graying). Older women develop chin hair and leg and axillary and pubic hair decrease. Nails are hard and thick. Vertical ridges appear and growing is slower. What are some physical changes in aging of the immune system? - answer ✅✅Immunity is reduced at the cellular level. Oral temp is lower. Decreased response to foreign antigens. Immunoglobulins increase. What are some physical changes in aging of the reproductive system? - answer ✅✅women cannot procreate after cessation of ovulation. Breasts appear smaller and less firm. Ovaries, uterus and cervix assisted living facilities, adult day care centers, and senior citizen housing. What are the D's of cognitive impairment? - answer ✅✅Dementia, Delirium, and Depression. All frequently affect older adults. Not normal consequences of aging. Impairments increase with age. progression requires urgent assessment and intervention. What are the most common aging theories? - answer ✅✅Wear and tear, cross link, and oxidation stress (free-radical). What are the roles of a gerontological nurse? - answer ✅✅Assist the older person to achieve the highest level of functioning. Empower, enhance, and support the client for achievement of wellness. Use available resources. What are triggers of aging influenced by? - answer ✅✅Genetics or by injury/abuse to the body. What can cause reflection of life? - answer ✅✅Physical health, loss of a loved one, understanding that life may be coming to and end. What cultural changes have happened in nursing homes? - answer ✅✅Care has changed from a medical model to a "home model" of nurturing, support, and empowerment of caregivers. Homelike settings allow the client to make decisions. What do community-based care setting include? - answer ✅✅Adult day care facilities, residential care facilities, assisted living facilities, and continuing care retirement communities. What do evidence based guidelines promote? - answer ✅✅Spiritual assessment and interventions. What do older adult friendly communities do? - answer ✅✅Address basic needs, optimize health and wellness, maximize independence for the frail and disabled, and provide social and civic engagement. What does a translator deal with? - answer ✅✅Written word. What does aging depend on? - answer ✅✅Decade during which one was born or his or her history, Gender, Ethnic Group, and Health. What does development involve? - answer ✅✅Growth and decline. It is limited and varies. What does effective cultural competence include? - answer ✅✅knowledge about ethnicity, culture, What is aging determined by? - answer ✅✅Society and Culture What is an example of a long term care facility? - answer ✅✅A nursing home. What is cognitive impairment? - answer ✅✅Disturbances in memory, orientation, and concentration. Other disturbances affect intelligence, judgement, learning abilities, perception, problem solving, psychomotor abilities, reaction time, and social intactness. What is common in persons of color and what need is the most difficult to meet? - answer ✅✅Poverty is common and meeting basic needs is difficult. What is considered disrespectful with some cultures? - answer ✅✅Eye contact. What is does communication need to be? - answer ✅✅Respectful. What is each persons development defined by? - answer ✅✅Time and place. What is ethnocentrism? - answer ✅✅Judging another culture solely by the values and standards of one's own culture. What is extrinsic aging? - answer ✅✅Changes which come from environmental factors (exposure to smoke or pollutants). What is FICA? - answer ✅✅The framework of the spiritual assessment tool. Faith, Importance or Influence, Community, Address. What is fluid and crystalized intelligence? - answer ✅✅Fluid intelligence or "native intelligence" consists of skills that are biologically determined and independent of experience or learning. Examples include: Flexibility in thinking, Inductive reasoning, Abstract thinking, Integration with people to draw conclusions. What is health influenced by? - answer ✅✅Culture and age. What is health literacy? - answer ✅✅Is the ability to obtain, process, and understand basic health information and services to make appropriate decisions regarding health care. Requires more than the ability to read and write. Is the ability to interpret and understand prescriptions, appointment slips, medical education brochures, provider instructions, and consent forms, as well as interact with health professionals. What is spirituality? - answer ✅✅The quality of the person resulting from faith, a search for meaning, connection to others, and transcendence itself. What is the activity theory? - answer ✅✅Remain as active as possible. Activity is possible when living in a stable society. The older person has access to positive influences and significant others and opportunities to participate in society. What is the age stratification theory? - answer ✅✅Age categories of older adults. Young, middle- aged, and old. Historical content is key to the theory. Social and cultural expressions of age are examined. What is the biological aging theory? - answer ✅✅Cells in the body become disorganized or chaotic. Cells no longer replicate. Cellular death occurs. What is the continuity theory? - answer ✅✅life satisfaction with engagement or disengagement depend on personality traits. In normal aging traits remain stable. Personality influences role activity and interest in roles. Personality influences life satisfaction. What is the cost of care in a facility? - answer ✅✅On average, $215 per day or $78,475 annually. Care is paid through medicaid, medicare, out of pocket, and private insurance. What is the deepest resource of healing? - answer ✅✅Spirituality. What is the definition of health? - answer ✅✅Wellness is one's whole being: physical, emotional, mental, and spiritual. What is the disengagement theory? - answer ✅✅Aging is inevitable. Aging results in a decrease in interaction between the aging person and others in society. Withdrawals are natural and accepted. What is the error (stochastic) theory? - answer ✅✅Errors are accumulated in the synthesis of cellular DNA and RNA. With the accumulation of replication errors, cells are no longer able to function. What is the goal of Healthy People 2020? - answer ✅✅It is to achieve health equity, eliminate disparities, and improve the health of all groups. What is the LEARN model? - answer ✅✅Listen, explain, acknowledge, recommend, and negotiate. What is the modernization theory? - answer ✅✅Value in older adults is lost when their skills are What is the role of an interpreter? - answer ✅✅To tell the older adult client what the nurse has said and then tell the nurse what the client has said. What is the social exchange theory? - answer ✅✅Based on the consideration of the cost benefit model of social participation. Withdrawal or isolation is the result of imbalance between exchanges of older and younger person. Balance determines an older persons satisfaction. What is the symbolic interaction theory? - answer ✅✅Focuses on the interaction between older adult and their environment. When confronted with change, the older person tries to master the new situation while extracting a positive self concept from the environment. What is the theory of gerotranscendence? - answer ✅✅Human aging brings a shift from the material world to the cosmic world with increased satisfaction. This shift is ongoing and associated with wisdom and spiritual growth. What is the western or biomedical system? - answer ✅✅Disease results from abnormalities in structure and function of body organs and invasion of germs. What is western or biomedical systems prevention? - answer ✅✅Avoiding pathogens, chemicals, activities, and dietary agents that are thought to cause abnormalities. What is western or biomedical systems treatment? - answer ✅✅Destroy invading organisms. What is young-old? - answer ✅✅65-74 years. What kind of people are usually in acute care settings? - answer ✅✅Those with multiple chronic conditions and co-morbidities. What should nurses address in older adults? - answer ✅✅spiritual and physical needs. What should the gerontological nurse ensure? (Maslow's) - answer ✅✅The needs of older adults are met and that they can function at a high level of wellness. What strategies maintain and enhance cognition and vitality for life? - answer ✅✅Managing chronic conditions. Maintaining a healthy weight. Avoiding excess caloric intake. Limiting sodium and fats. Increasing antioxidants. Participating in physical activities. Participating in stimulating. activities. Being social.