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Exam 1 With 100% Correct And Verified Answers 2024, Exams of Advanced Education

A comprehensive study guide covering virology, including virus characteristics, infection stages, detection methods, and viral infections. Detailed answers to a wide range of questions, making it a useful reference or study aid for university-level students in microbiology, immunology, or infectious diseases. The document covers general virus infection stages, virus types, entry and replication mechanisms, immune response, and laboratory detection methods. It also includes specific examples of viral infections and factors influencing viral tropism and genetic changes.

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2023/2024

Available from 07/17/2024

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Download Exam 1 With 100% Correct And Verified Answers 2024 and more Exams Advanced Education in PDF only on Docsity! GMS 6121 Exam 1 With 100% Correct And Verified Answers 2024 The 4 things that viruses lack - Correct Answer-(1) Enzymes that produce basic chemical building blocks (2) Enzyme systems that generate usable energy (3) Enzymes/tRNAs/ribosomes that direct protein synthesis (4) Membranes that concentrate and localize key molecules All viruses have _______ and _______, while only some viruses have ________. - Correct Answer-nucleic acids and a capsid; an envelope A ________ is a complete, infectious virus particle. - Correct Answer-virion Naked capsids are ______ to drying, heat, detergents, and acid. - Correct Answer-resistant Enveloped capsids are ________ to drying, heat, detergents, and acid. - Correct Answer-sensitive General stages of virus infection - Correct Answer-1) Adsorption 2) Entry 3) Uncoating 4) Early genes 5) Replication 6) Late genes 7) Assembly 8) Packaging 9) Release Immunofluorescence - Correct Answer-method that uses virus-specific antibodies to detect a specific viral protein, usually in a tissue section biopsy or cells from fluid ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) - Correct Answer-method that uses virus-specific antibodies to detect virus particles or secreted viral proteins in fluid Electron microscopy - Correct Answer-method used to detect viral particles in lesions Cytopathic effects include: - Correct Answer--Cell lysis -Rounding (or other morphological changes) -Syncytia -Inclusion bodies Transformed cells display one or more of these changes: - Correct Answer-- Loss of anchorage dependence -Loss of contact inhibition -Colony formation -Immortalization -Tumor formation in immunocompromised mice Why do virus preps have such low infectivity? - Correct Answer--Not all virus particles are intact -Virus particles can contain defective genomes -Virus particles can be empty -Cells have antiviral defense mechanisms Serology - Correct Answer-the diagnostic detection of antibodies in serum, to measure the immune response to viral infection Antibodies to virus proteins are generated by _____ in response to infection. - Correct Answer-B cells Pathogenesis - Correct Answer-the process by which one organism causes disease in another The majority of viral infections are __________. - Correct Answer-subclinical Two components of viral disease: - Correct Answer--Effects of virus replication on the host -Effects of host response on virus and the host Tamiflu is a ________ inhibitor. - Correct Answer-neuraminidase An example of a live attenuated vaccine is: - Correct Answer-polio vaccine. An example of a subunit vaccine is: - Correct Answer-Hep B vaccine The ____________ is the most common route of viral entry. - Correct Answer- respiratory tract Mechanical barriers to infection in the respiratory tract include: - Correct Answer--Mucus traps viruses -ciliary action propels viruses out of the lungs -sneezing -coughing Cellular barriers to infection in the respiratory tract include: - Correct Answer-macrophages in alveoli GMS 6121 Exam 1 With 100% Correct And Verified Answers 2024 Abortive infection - Correct Answer-A virus can inter a host cell but cannot generate infectious progeny Cell death from viral infection may result from: - Correct Answer--Diversion of cell's energy -Shutoff of host macromolecular synthesis -Competition of viral mRNAs for cellular ribosomes -Competition for cellular transcription factors Cell lysis in vivo results in release of ________. - Correct Answer-pyrogens Example of an abortive infection - Correct Answer-HPV Persistent infection - Correct Answer-No cell death and cells are not altered significantly in their growth habits Three types of persistent infections - Correct Answer--Chronic infections -Latent infections -Recurrent infections Transformation - Correct Answer-Virus infects and genetically alters a cell; result is abnormal cell growth Types of abnormal cell growth - Correct Answer--loss of contact inhibition -loss of polarization -immortalization -disruption of cell cytoskeleton Immortalization - Correct Answer-Cells replicate out of control ___________ encode an oncogene that blocks a cellular tumor suppressor gene. - Correct Answer-Papillomaviruses ________ integrate into host genomes and can disrupt cell cycle regulatory genes. - Correct Answer-Retroviruses What are the determinants of viral tropism? - Correct Answer--Accessibility of the permissive cell -Presence of appropriate cell surface receptors -Presence of intracellular host factors required for virus replication -Absence of suppressive antiviral mediators ________ release of virus facilitates virus dispersal. - Correct Answer-Apical _________ release of virus facilitates dissemination, providing access to underlying tissue. - Correct Answer-Basolateral Routes of dissemination - Correct Answer--Hematogenous spread -Neural spread ________ spread is the most effective, rapid, and common means of dissemination - Correct Answer-Hematogenous Primary viremia - Correct Answer-virus replicates at its primary site of infection Secondary viremia - Correct Answer-Virus is disseminated from primary site, through tissue, and then accesses the blood again. The amount of virus in the blood is higher in _______ viremia than in _______ viremia. - Correct Answer-secondary; primary Passive viremia - Correct Answer-results from virus introduced into blood without replication; virus does not replicate until it reaches target organ Active viremia - Correct Answer-Virus replication occurs preceding viremic phase Cell-associated hematogeneous spread - Correct Answer--May replicate in migratory cells, such as dendritic cells and lymphocytes, which move around the body via the bloodstream -May adhere to RBCs or platelets without replicating Neural spread - Correct Answer-Certain viruses spread from primary site of infection by entering local nerve endings Viruses can encode proteins that suppress IFN response by: - Correct Answer--blocking IFN induction -blocking IFN signaling -blocking IFN-induced antiviral proteins Types of immunopathology - Correct Answer--Viral induction of flu-like symptoms -Over-stimulation of the innate immune response -Antibody-dependent enhancement of infection (ADE) -Immunopathology via generation of immune complexes Immune complexes - Correct Answer-virions bound by specific antibody GMS 6121 Exam 1 With 100% Correct And Verified Answers 2024 What are the processes by which viruses naturally acquire genetic changes? - Correct Answer--Recombination -Reassortment For induced mutation, the goal is __________. - Correct Answer-single nucleotide changes Examples of chemical mutagens used in the lab - Correct Answer-- hydroxylamine -nitrous acid -alkylating agents Example of physical means of inducing mutation - Correct Answer-UV crosslinking Forward genetics identifies: - Correct Answer-the gene of interest Reverse genetics identifies: - Correct Answer-the function of the gene of interest Picornaviruses are ________ viruses with ______-sense RNA genomes. - Correct Answer-nonenveloped; positive Picornavirus translation is initiated by _________. - Correct Answer-internal ribosome entry site (IRES) Examples of picornaviruses - Correct Answer--Poliovirus -Hepatitis A viris -Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) -Rhinoviruses Picornavirus genome codes for a ___________. - Correct Answer-Polyprotein Picornaviruses have a(n) ________ structure comprised of ______ subunits. - Correct Answer-icosohedral; 60 The basic building block of a capsid is _________. - Correct Answer-protomer Poliovirus uses the receptor ___________. - Correct Answer-CD155 (Pvr) Most rhinoviruses use the receptor __________. - Correct Answer-ICAM-1 For poliovirus and rhinovirus, the receptor binding site is in/on _________. - Correct Answer-the canyon Capsid protein of astroviruses may function as an _________. - Correct Answer-enterotoxin Caliciviruses commonly bind _______. - Correct Answer-carbohydrates VPg at ____ end of calicivirus genomes acts as _________ to initiate translation. - Correct Answer-5' ; protein cap analogue ___________ is being investigated as a target of antiviral drug development. - Correct Answer-Norovirus RdRp Calicivirus VP2 is produced by _____________ on sg mRNA. - Correct Answer- translation termination-reinitiation (TTR) __________ is a significant cause of gastroenteritis outbreaks worldwide. - Correct Answer-Norovirus Different human __________ recognize different HBGAs. - Correct Answer- noroviruses Histo-blood group antigen (HBGA) - Correct Answer-Polymorphic set of neutral set of carbohydrates present on both RBCs and mucosal epithelium Methods for direct detection of viruses - Correct Answer--Electron microscopy -Immunofluorescence -ELISA -PCR The least specific method of direct viral detection is ______. - Correct Answer- electron microscopy Indirect detection of viruses can be done by culturing viruses in __________. - Correct Answer--Laboratory animals -Embryonated eggs -Cell culture _________ is an example of a virus that causes rounding in host cells. - Correct Answer-Vaccinia virus ________ is an example of a virus that causes cell lysis. - Correct Answer- Measles ________ is an example of a virus that causes syncytia. - Correct Answer- Measles GMS 6121 Exam 1 With 100% Correct And Verified Answers 2024 ________ is an example of a virus that causes inclusion bodies. - Correct Answer-Rabies virus ____________ is used for detection of influenza virus. - Correct Answer- Hemadsorption ________ can be used to detect presence of Maloney murine sarcoma virus. - Correct Answer-Transformation Endpoint titration - Correct Answer-Multiple replicate wells of cells are infected with 1 ml of each of several different dilutions, incubated, and scored for infection by looking for CPE. Hemagluttination - Correct Answer-viral particles serve to bind together RBCs Multiplicity of infection (MOI) - Correct Answer-the number of infectious particles per cell Influenza A viruses are identified based on their ____________. - Correct Answer-surface proteins Papillomaviruses encode an _________ that blocks a cellular _______ gene. - Correct Answer-oncogene; tumor suppressor Hemagluttinin binds to ________. - Correct Answer-sialic acid Influenza virus replicates in the ___________. - Correct Answer-nucleus ____________ cleaves sialic acid. - Correct Answer-Neuraminidase _________ genes are difficult to study, because you cannot generate a virus stock. - Correct Answer-Essential The most significant reason for the higher rate of spontaneous mutation in RNA viruses is... - Correct Answer-poor fidelity of the polymerase DNA viruses are more ________, while RNA viruses are more _______. - Correct Answer-stable; adaptable The most common means of inducing mutations in viral genomes is ___________. - Correct Answer-UV crosslinking Picornaviruses have ______-sense RNA genomes. - Correct Answer-positive _____________ is an oncolytic virus, meaning it causes lysis of tumor cells. - Correct Answer-Senecavirus VPg is covalently attached to the ____________. - Correct Answer-5' terminal nucleotide The function of the VPg protein is to protect the _______ from ______. - Correct Answer-5' end of the genome; exonucleases Examples of enteric virus groups - Correct Answer--cardioviruses -enteroviruses -hepatoviruses -parechoviruses Rhinoviruses and apthoviruses replicate in the ___________. - Correct Answer- respiratory tract