GMS6520 - Final Exam Questions With Complete Solutions, Exams of Pharmacology

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GMS6520 - Final Exam Questions With Complete Solutions which of the following is a part of a central nervous system? ......Correct Answers ......spinal cord what part of a neuron carries an action potential to another cell? ......Correct Answers ......axon at a chemical synapse, BLANK flows into the presynaptic cell and BLANK flows into the postsynaptic cell? ......Correct Answers ......Ca2+/Na+ which type of neuroglia provide the myelin sheath in the central nervous system? ......Correct Answers ... ...oligodendrocytes what type of cell junction primarily contributes to the function of the BBB? ......Correct Answers ......Tight junction the two hemispheres fo the brain are separated by what plane? ......Correct Answers ......midsagittal nerves are found only in the ......Correct Answers ......PNS When transmitting a signal, which fiber always comes first? ......Correct Answers ......afferent fiber which lobe of the brain is located the most posteriorly? ......Correct Answers .... ..occipital lobe what cranial nerve innervates the intestines? ......Correct Answers ......vagus a blow to the back of the head is most likely to affect what function? ......Correct Answers ......sight action potentials int he dorsal portion of the spinal cord move what direction? ......Correct Answers ... ...superiorly stress will most likely lead to at least a small increase in output from which system? ......Correct Answers ......SNS Which NT is found in the SNS, PNS, and somatic nervous systems? ......Correct Answers ......ACh which type of receptors are found in the effectors of both the SNS and PNS portions of the ANS? ......Correct Answers ......Muscarinic how many molecules of ACH is a nAChR capable of binding? ......Correct Answers ......2 when a nAChR binds ACh, what are the odds that the channel will open rather than become desensitized? ......Correct Answers ......10:1 which endogenous agonist bonds to receptors in the eye and is responsible for the constriction of the iris? ......Correct Answers ......ACh increased PNS tone would be expected to have what effect on arterioles? ......Correct Answers ......dilation a patient that is prone to diarrhea would likely have increased BLANK tone. ......Correct Answers ......PNS A deficiency in dopamine betahydroxylase would be expected to lead to a deficiency in which NT (s)? ......Correct Answers ......NE and Epi would tyramine be expected to increase or decrease sympathetic transmission? ......Correct Answers ......increase if you apply an equal conc. of each agonist to alpha2-ARs, which would you expect to give the least response? ......Correct Answers .... ..phenylephrine beta-agonists have seen some use as weight loss drugs. which type of agonist would be best suited for this, keeping safety in mind? ......Correct Answers ......beta-3 which agonist would be safest to give a patient w/ tachycardia? ......Correct Answers ......NE A patient in a hospital bed has their blood pressure taken and found to be normal. they immediately stand up and faint due to low blood pressure. what AR antagonist where they likely taking? ......Correct Answers .... ..phenoxybenzamine a patient taking which AR antagonist may need to stop taking it upon developing severe bronchitis due to a viral infection? ......Correct Answers ......propranolol large amounts of caffeine may increase HR indirectly by stimulating the production of an AR Agonist. production of which agonist could be responsible for this effect? ......Correct Answers .... ..epi which agonist would be expected to increase both systolic and diastolic blood pressure? ......Correct Answers .... ..NE Albuterol could potentially be used to rescue a patient form respiratory distress due to an overdose of which drug? ......Correct Answers .... ..propranolol which drug has both beta1 and beta2 AR antagonist properties at clinical doses? ......Correct Answers ......propanolol would an inhibitor of catechol-O-methyltransferase be expected to increase or decrease AR signaling? ......Correct Answers ......increase which catecholamine is synthesized primarily int he core of the adrenal gland? ......Correct Answers ......epi the majority of opioids target which subtype of GPCR? ......Correct Answers .... ..mu how are opiates and synthetic opioids fundamentally different from the endogenous opioids? ......Correct Answers ......they are non- peptides small molecules which of the following opioids is available OTC? ......Correct Answers .... ..Dextromethorphan which opioid side effect most commonly determines the max. dose a patient can receive for long-term treatment? ......Correct Answers .... ..constipation which of these drugs is an antagonist? ......Correct Answers ......naloxone which of these is usually given in combo with an NSAID? ......Correct Answers ......Hydrocodone do opioids block Ca2+ influx primarily in pre- or postsynaptic neurons? ......Correct Answers ......pre-synaptic would you expect patients w/ nonfunctional CYP2D6 to respond better or worse to codeine than other patients? ......Correct Answers ......worse how is aspirin different than ibuprofen and naproxen ......Correct Answers .... ..it covalently modifies COX enzymes NSAIDs produce their analgesic effect by inhibiting the production of which prostaglandin ......Correct Answers ......PGE2 Buffered aspirin contains an enteric coating that prevents absorption in the stomach. this is primarily in order to prevent the localized inhibition of which COX? ......Correct Answers ......COX-1 Which NSAID can increase the chances of a blood clot? ......Correct Answers .... ..Celecoxib how is acetaminophen different than ibuprofen and naproxen? ......Correct Answers ......it has no effect on inflammation the primary site of damage occurring in methanol poisoning is in which organ? ......Correct Answers ......eyes in class of 25 female students, how many are likely to be suffering from depression? ......Correct Answers ......2 tricyclic antidepressants directly affect the amount of which NT in the synapse as part of their intended mechanism of action? ......Correct Answers ......seratonin noradrenaline is initial refractory period when starting antidepressant therapy due to compensation from the pre-synaptic or postsynaptic neuron? ......Correct Answers .... ..presynaptic SSRIs directly affect the amount of which NT in the synapse? ......Correct Answers ......seratonin an antidepressant regimen should be continued for how long before changing to a different drug or adding a second due to determining that the patient is a non- or partial responder? ......Correct Answers ......6 weeks when depression progresses to bipolar disorder, the primary change in the intermittent depression phases is in their ......Correct Answers .... ..frequency lithium is thought to primarily exert its effects through ......Correct Answers .... ..secondary messenger systems lithium is effective at treating which phases of bipolar disorder ......Correct Answers ......manic and depression seizure-spread in the brain is primarily inhibited by which NT? ......Correct Answers ......GABA primary difference between a simple partial seizure and a complex partial seizure is ......Correct Answers ......the pt remains. conscious in a simple partial seizure which drug blocks Ca2+ channels but does not block Na+ channels ......Correct Answers ......ethosuximide phenytoin has the highest affinity for which of the sodium channel ......Correct Answers .... ..inactive which drug is more useful for preventing absence seizures than gran mal seizures? ......Correct Answers ......ethosuximide what is generally the first-choice drug for treating partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures? ......Correct Answers ......carbamepazine which drug is not metabolized by the liver? ......Correct Answers ......gabapentin fundamental characteristic of parkinson's disease? ......Correct Answers .... ..loss of dopamine neurons carbidopa increases the rate of which step in the brain dopamine synthesis pathway? ......Correct Answers ......L-DOPA conversion to dopamine approx. what percentage of parkinson's pts. respond to L-DOPA therapy? ......Correct Answers .... ..67% tolcapone inhibits COMT in which locations? ......Correct Answers ......periphery CNS Which drugs is most likely to be used to treat parkinson's disease w/o supplemental L-DOPA? ......Correct Answers ......selegiline which treatment option is most likely to cause psychological side effects? ......Correct Answers ......pramipexole for which type of patient bentropine likely to be contraindicted? ......Correct Answers ......Heart failure is schizophrenia is typically marked by increased or decreased dopamine activity? ......Correct Answers ......increased which dopamine receptor is the most relevant for antipsychotics? ......Correct Answers ... ...D2 Phenothiazines and butyrophenones have what effect on D2 receptors? ......Correct Answers ......antagonist which parkinson's disease drug is most likely to be given along w/ haloperidol to treat psychosis? ......Correct Answers ......benztropine