GNRS 582 A Study Guide for Exam #2 Questions With Complete Solutions 2024 UPDATE BEST GRAD, Exams of Nursing

Download GNRS 582 A Study Guide for Exam #2 Questions With Complete Solutions 2024 UPDATE BEST GRAD and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! GNRS 582 A Study Guide for Exam #2 Questions With Complete Solutions 2024 UPDATE BEST GRADED A+ What does it mean to be 'colonized' with a bacteria? - SOLUTION To be 'colonized' with MRSA means that you carry the bacteria on your skin or in your nose but you have no signs of illness What is MRSA? - SOLUTION Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus MRSA Risk factors: - SOLUTION1. Having a surgical wound or an IV line 2. Being hospitalized for a prolonged period of time 3. Recent use of antibiotics 4. Having a weakened immune system due to a medical condition or its treatment (like diabetes) 5. Being in close proximity to other patients or healthcare workers who are colonized with MRSA Ex: sharing rooms or bathrooms Having a tracheostomy, GT, JT MRSA Type of Isolation - SOLUTIONContact isolation Hospital acquired infections (HAIs) What is the time frame when they occur: - SOLUTION An infection that occurs 48 hours after admission to the hospital Best prevention for HAI's - SOLUTION Handwashing / Hand sanitizing - most important! Family members should not be afraid to ask about hand hygiene of care providers in the hospital Examples of HAI: - SOLUTION1. MRSA / VRE (vancomycin resistant enterococcus) 2. CAUTI = catheter associated UTI 3. BSI = blood stream infection 4. CLABSI = central line associated blood stream infection 5. SSI = surgical site infection 6. VAP = ventilator associated PNA What are the 5 stages of infection? - SOLUTION1. Incubation period - short or long, no symptoms 2. Prodromal stage - initial appearance of symptoms, vague signs + symptoms 3. Acute stage - maximum impact of infection 4. Convalescent stage - containment, elimination, and resolution of symptoms 5. Resolution stage - total elimination of pathogen, no symptoms What are the benefits of fever? - SOLUTION1. ↑ temperature kills microorganisms 2. ↓ serum levels of iron, copper, and zinc minerals needed for bacterial replication 3. ↑ temperature ↑lysosomal breakdown and destruction of cells preventing viral replication 4. ↑ number of lymphocytes and motility GNRS 582 A Study Guide for Exam #2 Questions With Complete Solutions 2024 UPDATE BEST GRADED A+ 5. Enhanced phagocytosis 6 factors for infection: - SOLUTION communicability; infectivity; virulence; pathogenicity; and portal of entry Communicability - SOLUTION Ability to spread from one individual to others and cause disease: measles and pertussis spread very easily, HIV is of lower communicability Portal of entry - SOLUTIONROUTE by which a pathogenic microorganism infects the host Infectivity - SOLUTION Ability of pathogen to invade and multiply in the host Involves attachment to cell surface, release of enzymes, escape phagocytes, spread through lymph and blood to tissues Pathogenicity - SOLUTIONAbility of an agent to produce disease Success depends on communicability, infectivity, extent of tissue damage, and virulence Toxigenicity - SOLUTIONAbility to produce soluble toxins or endotoxins, factors that greatly influence the pathogen's degree of virulence Virulence - SOLUTIONCapacity of a pathogen to cause severe disease Transmission - ways of transmission and how is this related to types of isolation needed - SOLUTIONPortal of entry • penetration • direct contact: STI's, STORCH • ingestion • Inhalation Diagnostic lab work - how do we determine a bacterial versus a viral infection? - SOLUTIONCulture (for bacterial infections) • Gram stain - aerobic, anaerobic • CBC Serology / Viral (for viral infections) • IgM increased in acute phase • IgG increased in acute remains elevated until or beyond resolution • Neonate vs. mother • PCR (polymerase chain reaction) sensitive method of DNA detection GNRS 582 A Study Guide for Exam #2 Questions With Complete Solutions 2024 UPDATE BEST GRADED A+ • Due to a single gene defect • Not very common • Secondary (acquired) immunodeficiency • Secondary to complications of other physiologic or pathophysiologic conditions • Much more common • Acquired immunodeficiency - AIDS is secondary to a viral infection • Clinical presentation (in general) • Development of unusual or recurrent, severe infections Secondary immune deficiencies examples of these, what is the effect for the patient? - SOLUTION• Also referred to as Acquired Deficiencies • Far more common than primary deficiencies • Often not clinically relevant •More susceptible to infections •Causes: • Normal physiology conditions • Psychologic stress - pregnancy, infancy, aging • Dietary insufficiencies - malnutrition, insufficient intake of vitamins, iron, zinc • Malignancies - leukemia, myeloma, sarcoma, carcinoma • Physical trauma - burns • Medical treatments - stress, immunosuppression with corticosteroids, splenectomy, cancer treatment with cytotoxic drugs or radiation • Infections • Diabetes • Sickle cell disease • Trisomy 21 Allergy: - SOLUTIONrefers to hypersensitivity to environmental antigens Autoimmunity (type of hypersensitivity): - SOLUTIONa disturbance in the immunological tolerance of self-antigens • Autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system reacts against self-antigens to such a degree that autoantibodies or autoreactive T cells damage the individuals tissues. • Body is reacting against itself Alloimmune diseases - SOLUTIONoccurs when the immune system of one person produces an immunological reaction against tissues of another person • Ex: transplant, blood transfusions Review the 4 types of hypersensitivity reactions: what is basically happening with each, and common examples of each - SOLUTION Type 1 - SOLUTIONAllergic, Anaphylaxis, and Atopy GNRS 582 A Study Guide for Exam #2 Questions With Complete Solutions 2024 UPDATE BEST GRADED A+ Type II - SOLUTIONantibody Type III - SOLUTIONimmune Complex (antibodies directed at antigens on cells) Type IV - SOLUTIONDelayed Type I, II, III - SOLUTIONare Antibody mediated Type IV - SOLUTIONis cell mediated Type I - SOLUTIONantibody mediated, IgE mediated Type II - SOLUTIONAntibody, antibody mediated, tissue specific (what is the response and what mediates it) Type III - SOLUTIONImmune complex, antibody mediated Type IV - SOLUTIONDelayed hypersensitivity, cell mediated Autoimmune disorders - what type of hypersensitivity reactions cause these; what are these disorders - SOLUTIONType 1 = IgE mediated hypersensitivity reactions (Urticaria = hives), Allergic rhinitis = hay fever, Atopic dermatitis, Most common to cause anaphylaxis are: • Peanuts, Tree nuts (walnuts, almonds, pecans, cashews, hazelnuts), Shellfish, Allergic asthma • foods, pollen, dust, molds, bee venom • Elevated with allergic and parasitic reactions Autoimmune disorders - what type of hypersensitivity reactions cause these; what are these disorders - SOLUTION Autoimmune disorders - what type of hypersensitivity reactions cause these; what are these disorders - SOLUTION Autoimmune disorders - what type of hypersensitivity reactions cause these; what are these disorders - SOLUTION Type II = Tissue specific reactions - SOLUTION• ABO incompatibility, blood transfusion reactions • Myasthenia gravis • - B cells attack the Acetylcholine receptors • Graves disease • Goodpasture GNRS 582 A Study Guide for Exam #2 Questions With Complete Solutions 2024 UPDATE BEST GRADED A+ • - autoantibodies against the glomerular membrane • Hemolytic anemia • Rheumatic fever • Erythroblastosis fetalis • - Rh incompatibility Type III = Immune complex-mediated reactions - SOLUTION• Serum sickness - reaction to drugs or serum • Arthus reaction - intradermal injection - localized reaction / vasculitis • Autoimmune - Systemic lupus erythromatosus (SLE) - Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) • Post strep glomeruilonephritis • Farmer's lung Type IV = Cell mediated reactions - SOLUTION• TIDM • Transplant rejection • Graft versus host disease • MS • Guillian Barre Newborn: why are these groups more prone to infections? - SOLUTION- protected against antigens by passive transfer of maternal antibodies - IgG through the placenta - IgA in colostrum through breast feeding - often presents with ↓ BS and hypothermia Elderly: why are these groups more prone to infections? - SOLUTION- decline in immune responsiveness - more susceptible to infections - more autoimmune and immune complex disorders - often have vague symptoms and ↓'er temperatures