Grade 9 4th quarter reviewer, Lecture notes of Earth science

Download Grade 9 4th quarter reviewer and more Lecture notes Earth science in PDF only on Docsity! REVIEWER SCIENCE 7 4th Quarter Juleus Cesar Cadacio 1 | P a g e SIR JC LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE Latitude • Latitude lines run east/west but they measure north or south of the equator (0°) splitting the earth into the Northern Hemisphere and Southern Hemisphere. Lines of latitude are numbered from 0° at the equator to 90° N at the North Pole. Lines of latitude are numbered from 0° at the equator to 90° S at the South Pole. The North Pole is at 90° N The South Pole is at 90° S 45° N is the 45° line of latitude north of the equator. 45° S is the 45° line of latitude south of the equator. The equator is at 0° latitude. It is neither north nor south. It is at the center between north and south. Longitude • Lines of longitude are numbered east from the Prime Meridian and west from the Prime Meridian. Lines of longitude begin at the Prime Meridian. 60° W is the 60° line of longitude west of the Prime Meridian. 60° E is the 60° line of longitude east of the Prime Meridian. LONGITUDES are the equidistant lines dawn east and west of the Greenwich meridian Prime Meridian • The Prime Meridian (0°) splits the earth into the Western Hemisphere and Eastern Hemisphere. • Places located east of the Prime Meridian have an east longitude (E) address. Places located west of the Prime Meridian have a west longitude (W) address. Note: • Any location north of the equator is a NORTH LATITUDE • Any location south of the equator is a SOUTH LATITUDE • Any location west of the prime meridian is a WEST LONGITUDE • Any location east of the prime meridian is an EAST LONGITUDE Here are some things to remember: • By combining latitude and longitude, any location can be pinpointed. • Latitude is written first and must always include N (north) or S (south) of the equator. • Longitude is written next and must always include E (east) or W (west) of the prime meridian. • EQUATOR is the imaginary line passing round the Earth midway between the N an S poles • SHORTEST DAY in Northern hemisphere is December 22 ( Winter Solstice) • LONGEST DAY in Northern Hemisphere is June 22 (Summer Solstice) Philippines is called an archipelago because it is surrounded with bodies of water Earthquake occurs most frequently in Japan and Philippines Those countries lies at the Pacific Ring of Fire NATURAL RESOURCES Natural Resources are any natural material that is used by humans to meet their needs. These are Resources that the Earth provides for us. What is a natural resource- A natural resource is something found in nature that people use. Natural resources are essential for living; AIR & WATER 1. What are the Earth’s Natural Resources? • Mineral Resources • Energy Resources • Living Resources • Air • Water • Sunlight • Soil 2. Resources are limited and are either Renewable or Non renewable 3. What are Renewable Resources? • Renewable Resources can be replaced by nature at a rate close to the rate at which they are used. • A natural resource that can regrow or be replaced in a person’s life span. • What are examples of Renewable Resources? o Vegetation (Crops & Forests) o Air o Sunlight o Soil o Geothermal o Water o Ice 4. What are Nonrenewable Resources? • Resources that exist in a fixed amount, cannot replaced easily. • Nonrenewable are renewed very slowly or not at all. REVIEWER SCIENCE 7 4th Quarter Juleus Cesar Cadacio 2 | P a g e SIR JC • What are examples of Nonrenewable Resources? • Coal • Oil • Natural Gas • Petroleum • Sand, Stone, & Gravel • Salt • Talc • Graphite • Sulphur • Gypsum • Uranium • Phosphate Rock, Potash, & Nitrates • And other Minerals 5. Nonrenewable Energy Resources • A. Fossil Fuels are nonrenewable and may cause pollution • They are relatively cheap and easy to extract and use. (Examples include: Coal, Oil, Petroleum, and Natural Gas) 6. Renewable Energy Resources • Have less of an impact on the environment and promote sustainability (the ability for future generations to have the same resources that we do) • Water • Wind • Sun • Geothermal Energy LAYERS OF EARTH'S ATMOSPHERE Earth's atmosphere has a series of layers, each with its own specific traits. Moving upward from ground level, these layers are named the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere and exosphere. The exosphere gradually fades away into the realm of interplanetary space. What is the basis for the division of the layers of the atmosphere surrounding earth? (Changing of Temperature) Troposphere • The troposphere is the lowest layer of our atmosphere. • Starting at ground level, it extends upward to about 10 km (6.2 miles or about 33,000 feet) above sea level. • We humans live in the troposphere, and nearly all weather occurs in this lowest layer. • Most clouds appear here, mainly because 99% of the water vapor in the atmosphere is found in the troposphere. • Air pressure drops, and temperatures get colder, as you climb higher in the troposphere. Stratosphere • The next layer up is called the stratosphere. • The stratosphere extends from the top of the troposphere to about 50 km (31 miles) above the ground. • The infamous ozone layer is found within the stratosphere. • Ozone molecules in this layer absorb high-energy ultraviolet (UV) light from the Sun, converting the UV energy into heat. • Unlike the troposphere, the stratosphere actually gets warmer the higher you go! • That trend of rising temperatures with altitude means that air in the stratosphere lacks the turbulence and updrafts of the troposphere beneath. • Commercial passenger jets fly in the lower stratosphere, partly because this less-turbulent layer provides a smoother ride. • The jet stream flows near the border between the troposphere and the stratosphere. Mesosphere • Above the stratosphere is the mesosphere. • It extends upward to a height of about 85 km (53 miles) above our planet. • Most meteors burn up in the mesosphere. • Unlike the stratosphere, temperatures once again grow colder as you rise up through the mesosphere. • The coldest temperatures in Earth's atmosphere, about -90° C (-130° F), are found near the top of this layer. • The air in the mesosphere is far too thin to breathe; air pressure at the bottom of the layer is well below 1% of the pressure at sea level, and continues dropping as you go higher. Thermosphere • The layer of very rare air above the mesosphere is called the thermosphere. • Aurora Borealis Occurs. • High-energy X-rays and UV radiation from the Sun are absorbed in the thermosphere, raising its temperature to hundreds or at times thousands of degrees. • However, the air in this layer is so thin that it would feel freezing cold to us! In many ways, the thermosphere is more like outer space than a part of the atmosphere. • Many satellites actually orbit Earth within the thermosphere! Exosphere • Although some experts consider the thermosphere to be the uppermost layer of our atmosphere, others consider the exosphere to be the actual "final frontier" of Earth's gaseous envelope. • As you might imagine, the "air" in the exosphere is very, very, very thin, making this layer even more space-like than the thermosphere. • In fact, air in the exosphere is constantly - though very gradually - "leaking" out of Earth's atmosphere into outer space. • There is no clear-cut upper boundary where the exosphere finally fades away into space. • Different definitions place the top of the exosphere somewhere between 100,000 km (62,000 miles) and 190,000 km (120,000 miles) above the surface of Earth. • The latter value is about halfway to the Moon! Ionosphere • The ionosphere is not a distinct layer like the others mentioned above. • Instead, the ionosphere is a series of regions in parts of the mesosphere and thermosphere where high-energy radiation from the Sun has knocked electrons loose from their parent atoms and molecules. • The electrically charged atoms and molecules that are formed in this way are called ions, giving the ionosphere its name and endowing this region with some special properties. GREENHOUSE EFFECT