Docsity
Docsity

Prepare for your exams
Prepare for your exams

Study with the several resources on Docsity


Earn points to download
Earn points to download

Earn points by helping other students or get them with a premium plan


Guidelines and tips
Guidelines and tips

HazMat Operations: A Guide for Responders, Exams of Nursing

A comprehensive overview of hazmat operations, focusing on the essential tasks and response options for operations level responders. It covers key concepts such as incident analysis, initial response planning, and implementation, as well as various defensive control techniques and decontamination procedures. The document also includes detailed explanations of different protective suits and their applications, emphasizing the importance of safety and proper equipment usage.

Typology: Exams

2024/2025

Available from 01/12/2025

bryanryan
bryanryan 🇺🇸

4

(2)

4.3K documents

Partial preview of the text

Download HazMat Operations: A Guide for Responders and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity!

Tcfp HazMat Operations

When responding to hazardous materials/WMD incidents Operations level responders shall be able to preform the following task... Correct Answer: 1. Analyze a HazMat incident to determine the scope of the problem

  1. Plan an initial response
  2. Implement a planned response
  3. Evaluate the progress Analyzing a hazardous material incident to determine the scope of the problem involves... Correct Answer: 1. Surveying the incident to identify containers and materials involved, determine if wether hazardous material has been released and evaluate the surrounding conditions
  4. Collect hazard and response information from SDS, CHEMTREC and shipping/manufacturer contracts 3.Predict the behavior of Hazardous materials and its container 4.Estimate the potential harm through TRACE-MP What does TRACE-MP stand for? Correct Answer: Types of potential harm at Hazardous Material/WMD incidents. Thermal Radiation Asphyxiation Chemical Etiological Mechanical Psychological/ Psychogenic The initial response at a HazMat incident is determined by.. Correct Answer: The capabilities and competencies of available personnel and personal protective equipment The response objectives at a hazardous material/WMD incident include... Correct Answer: 1.Evacuation
  5. Search and Rescue
  6. Exposure protection/ Isolating the Area
  7. Defensive control techniques
  8. Crime scene management and evidence preservation
  9. Recovery and termination Describe the response options available for Evacuation Correct Answer: 1. Full scale evacuation
  10. Shelter-in-place
  11. Combination Describe the response options available for Search and Rescue Correct Answer: 1. Based on training and equipment
  12. Risk-benefit analysis (risk a lot to save a lot, risk a little to save a little)

Describe the response options available for Exposure protection/Isolating the Area Correct Answer: 1.Establish initial isolation zone 2.Establish protective action distance

  1. Establish control zones Describe the response options available for Defensive Control Techniques Correct Answer: 1. Damming (Overflow or Underflow)
  2. Diking
  3. Retention
  4. Dispersion
  5. Absorption
  6. Adsorption
  7. Dilution
  8. Dissolution
  9. Diversion
  10. Vapor dispersion
  11. Vapor suppression
  12. Ventilation
  13. Remote valve shutoff What is Damming... Correct Answer: Physical method of confinement by which barriers are constructed to prevent or reduce the quantity of liquid flowing into the environment. Consists of constructing a barrier across a waterway to stop/control the product flow and pick up liquid or solid contaminants What is Underflow Damming ... Correct Answer: Spill control tactic used to trap floating lighter than water materials behind the dam. Dam is constructed in a manner that allows uncontaminated water to flow unobstructed under the dam while keeping the contaminant behind the dam. What is Overflow Damming... Correct Answer: Spill control tactic used to trap sinking heavier than water materials behind the dam. With the product trapped, uncontaminated water is allowed to flow unobstructed over the top of the dam. What is Diking... Correct Answer: Physical method of confinement by which barriers are constructed on ground used to control the movement of liquids, sludges, solids, or other materials. Prevents the passage of hazmat from entering an area where it will produce more harm. What is retention... Correct Answer: Physical method of confinement by which a liquid is temporarily contained in an area where it can be absorbed, neutralized, or picked up for proper disposal What is dispersion... Correct Answer: Chemical method of confinement by which certain chemical and biological agents are used to disperse or break up the material involved in liquid spills on water may result in spreading the hazardous material over a large area. What is absorption... Correct Answer: Absorption occurs when one material enters the cell structure of another and is retianed within. Absorbents retain the properties of the materials they absorb and must be treated and disposed of as hazardous material

What is adsorption... Correct Answer: Adsorption is different from absorption in that the molecules of the hazardous materials physically adhere to the adsorbent material Adsorbents do not swell like absorbents Produces heat and can cause spontaneous combustion must be disposed of properly. Examples: activated charcoal, silica, aluminum gel, fuller's eath, POROUS clay and other clays What is dilution.. Correct Answer: Dilution involves applying water to a water soluble material in order to reduce the hazard. It is a useful way to preform decontamination but it is not a practical practical spill control method as it typically requires so much water that it creates a runoff problem What is dissolution... Correct Answer: Dissolution is the process of dissolving a gas in water. This tactic can only be used on water-soluble gases such as chlorine or anhydrous ammonia. What is Diversion... Correct Answer: Physical method of confinement by which barriers are constructed on ground or placed in a waterway to intentionally control the movement of a hazmat into an area where it will pose less harm to the community and the environment What is Vapor Dispersion... Correct Answer: Vapor dispersion is that action taken todirect or influence the course of airborne hazardous material. Pressurized streams (hoselines or unattended master streams) create turbulence which increase the rate of mixing with air and reduces the concentration of the hazardous material What is vapor suppression... Correct Answer: Vapor suppression is the action taken to reduce the emission of vapors at a hazmat spill. Fire Fighting foams are effective on spills of flammable and combustible liquids. Water-miscible materials such as alcohols, esters and ketones destroy regular firefighting foams and require alcohol-resistant foams What is ventilation... Correct Answer: Ventilation is any natural or mechanical means of controlling air movement. The same ventilation techniques used for smoke removal can be used for hazmat incidents What is a remote valve shutoff.. Correct Answer: In some situations it may be safe and acceptable for Operations level responders to operate emergency remote shutoff valves. Activation of a remote shutoff valves varies by device but can be as simple as flipping a switch or handle or breaking a fusible device. Describe the response options available for Crime Scene management and evidence preservation Correct Answer: 1. Maintain scene control

  1. Limit access
  2. Maintain chain of custody
  3. Coordinate with AHJ What is an AHJ... Correct Answer: Authority Having Jurisdiction Describe the response options available for Recovery and Termination Correct Answer: 1. Short-term recovery
  1. Long-term recovery
  2. Termination activities a)Debriefing b) Critique c) Post incident analysis
  3. Demobilization What is an EPA Level A suit and when is it used... Correct Answer: Vapor protective, provides the highest level of respiratory and skin protection Used when chemical hazards are unknown, identified hazards are highly hazardous, when there is high potential for splash, immersion or exposure to vapors or when operations are conducted in a confined or poorly ventilated area What is an EPA Level B suit and when is it used... Correct Answer: Liquid Splash protection, provides the highest level respiratory but lesser skin protection. Used when Atmosphere contains less than 19.5 percent oxygen or more than 23.5 percent oxygen. When there is a presence of vapors or gases indicated by a direct reading organic vapor detection instrument but vapors are not known to be harmful to skin What is an EPA Level C suit and when is it used.. Correct Answer: Level B suit with an Air Purifying Respirator When the concentration and types of airborne substances are known and the criteria for using an Air Purifying Respirator are met. What is an EPA Level D suit Correct Answer: Work uniforms, street clothing Used when no hazard are present, not acceptable for HazMat response beyond Awareness level What is Decontamination... Correct Answer: Decontamination is performed at Hazmat incidents to remove hazardous materials from victims, PPE, Tools equipment and anything else contaminated. What are the three principles of Decon... Correct Answer: 1. Get it off
  4. Keep it off
  5. Contain it ( Prevent cross contamination ) What is Emergency Decon.. Correct Answer: Emergency decontamination is the process of removing threatening contaminants from the victim or rescuers as quickly as possible without regard for the environment or property. What are some instances where emergency decon is needed.. Correct Answer: 1.Failure of protective clothing 2.Accidental contamination of first responders 3.Heat illness or other injury suffered while emergency workers were in the Hot Zone
  6. When immediate medical attention is required

What is Technical Decon... Correct Answer: Technical Decon is using chemical or physical methods to throughly remove or neutralize contaminants. Technical decon is usually conducted within a formal decon line or corridor What is triage... Correct Answer: Triage is a system used for sorting and classifying accident casualties to determine the priority for medical treatment and transportation What is Isolation and Scene control.. Correct Answer: Isolation and Scene control is one of the primary strategic goals of a Hazmat incident and one of the most important means by which you can ensure the safety of yourself and others. What is an Isolation perimeter.. Correct Answer: Sometimes called the outer perimeter, it is the boundary established to prevent access by the public and unauthorized persons. What are Hazard control zones.. Correct Answer: Hazard control zones provide the scene control required at hazmat operations to protect responders from interference by unauthorized persons, help regulate movement across zones and minimize cross contamination What is the hot zone.. Correct Answer: also called the exclusion zone, the Hot zone is potentially very dangerous. Responders need proper training and PPE to work in the hot zone. What is the warm zone.. Correct Answer: The contamination reduction zone, decontamination stations are located here. PPE will normally be required here although in some circumstances the level of PPE may be a reduced level from the hot zone What is the cold zone... Correct Answer: Also called the support zone. All logistical support is carried out here. PPE is not required here because it is considered safe. The multiagency command post, staging area, donning/doffing area, backup teams, research teams, logistical support, triage and transportation areas are located here as well. Describe: Cryogenic liquid tank cars (railroad) Correct Answer: Fittings are in ground level cabinets at diagonal corners of the car or in the center of one end of the car. Describe: Nonpressure tank cars (railroad) Correct Answer: Fittings are visible on top of these tank cars. Older Models of Nonpressure tank cars as well have an expansion dome with fittings visible on top the car. Describe: Pressure Tank cars Correct Answer: Fittings are inside a protective hosing on top of the car. Describe: Nonpressure intermodal tank IM-101 Correct Answer: 25.4 to 100 psi, Contents can be liquid or Solid (both hazardous and nonhazardous) Describe: Nonpressure intermodal tank IM-102 Correct Answer: 14.5 to 25.4 psi, Contents can be liquid or Solid (both hazardous and nonhazardous)

Describe: Pressure Intermodal tank Spec 51/IMO Type 5 Correct Answer: 100 to 500 psi, Contents liquefied gas or liquids Describe: Cryogenic Intermodal tanks IMO Type 7 Correct Answer: Contents: Refrigerated liquid gases, argon, oxygen, helium Describe: Tube module Intermodal Container Correct Answer: 3000 or 5000 psi, Contents: Gases in high pressure cylinders mounted in the frame Describe: Compressed gas tube trailers Correct Answer: Pressure at 3000 to 5000 psi Individual steel cylinders stacked and banded together Usually has overpressure device for each cylinder Valves are protected in the rear Contents: Helium, hydrogen, methane and other gases Describe: Corrosive liquid tanks Correct Answer: MC 312, DOT 412, Pressure less thean 75 psi Typical capacity 7000 gallons Rubber lined or steel Small diameter round shape when viewed from the rear Splashguard serving as rollover protection around the valve fittings Contents: Corrosive liquids (usually acids) Describe: Cryogenic liquid tanks Correct Answer: MC338, Pressure at less than 22 psi Well insulated steel tank Round tank with flat ends Large and bulky double shelling and heavy insulation Loading and Unloading station attached at either the rear or at the front of the rear dual wheels Contents: Liquid oxygen, liquid nitrogen, liquid carbon dioxide, and other gases that have been liquefied by lowering their temperature Describe: Dry Bulk cargo tanks Correct Answer: Pressure less than 22 psi Typically not under pressure Bottom valves shape varies but has v shaped bottom unloading compartments Top manway assemblies Contents: Calcium carbide, oxidizers, corrosive solids, cement, plastic pellets and fertilizers Describe: High Pressure tanks Correct Answer: MC 331, Pressure above 100 psi Typical maximum capacity of 11,500 gallons Single steel compartment Bolted manway on the front or rear

Guard cage around the bottom loading and unloading piping Uninsulated tanks, single shelled vessels Contents:Pressurized gases and liquids, anhydrous ammonia, propane, butane and other gases that have been liquefied under pressure Describe: Low pressure chemical tanks Correct Answer: DOT 407, MC 307 Pressure under 40psi Typical maximum capacity 7000 gallons Rubber lined or steel Typically double shell Stiffening rings may be covered or visible Circumferential roll over protection Single or multiple compartments Single outlet discharge piping at midship or rear Rounded or Horseshoe shaped ends Contents: Flammable liquids, combustible liquids, acids, caustics and poisons Describe: Non-pressure liquid tanks Correct Answer: DOT 406, MC 306 Pressure less than 4 psi Typical maximum capacity 9000 gallons New tanks made out of aluminum Old tanks made out of steel Oval or Elliptical shape Multiple compartments Recessed manways Bottom valves Longitudinal rollover protection Valve assembly and unloading control box under tank Vapor recovery system on curbside and rear Contents: Gasoline, fuel oil, alcohol, other flammable/combustible liquids, other liquids and liquid fuel products Describe: Cryogenic liquid tank Correct Answer: Insulated, vacuum jacketed tanks with safety release valves and rupture disk. Capacities can range from 300 to 400,000 gallons. Refrigerated storage tanks: less than 15psi High pressure cryogenic tanks: greater than 15psi What is a NFPA 704 placard.. Correct Answer: Placard marking that is required at fixed facilities. The placard helps to alert responders to the health hazards, flammability and reactivity of products using a scoring system from 0 ( least ) to 4 ( severe ). There are two possible special hazards as well that can be located on the sign for Water reactive materials ( a W with line through it horizontally ) and an "OX" for oxidizers.

Describe: Non- Pressure Horizontal tank Correct Answer: Horizontal laying tanks sitting on legs, blocks, or similar. Typically constructed of steel with flat ends. Used typically for bulk storage in conjunction with fuel dispensing operations Contents: Flammable and combustible liquids, corrosives, poisons Cone Roof tank Correct Answer: Cone-shaped or pointed roofs with weak roof-to-shell seams that will break if the container becomes overpressured -when partially full the empty space in the container contains dangers vapors Contents:flammable, combustible or corrosive liquids (Non pressured) Floating Roof tank Correct Answer: The roof floats on the surface of the liquids and moves up and down depending on level of the liquids -non-pressure -minimal to no vapors -rubber/fabric seal around the edges -above ground Contents: flammable/ combustible liquids Covered Floating Roof tank Correct Answer: Has a fixed cone roof with vents along the top edge, and a floating deck inside that stays on the surface of the liquids to minimize vapors -above ground -non-pressure Contents: flammable/combustible liquids Floating Roof with Geodesic Dome Correct Answer: A nonpressure, floating roof with geodesic dome Contents: flammable liquids Lifter Roof tank Correct Answer: The roof floats within a series of vertical guides that only allow a few feet of travel Contents: flammable/combustible liquids Vapor Dome Roof tank Correct Answer: A vertical storage tank that has a geodesic dome at the top. -dome is a flexible and moves in coordination with the change in vapor pressure Contents: combustible liquids of medium volatility and other nonhazardous materials Underground Storage tank Correct Answer: These tanks are made out of steel or fiberglass and have at least 10% of their surface areas underground -used at gas stations Contents: petroleum products High/Low Pressure tank examples... Correct Answer: Low Pressure (0.5-15 psi) -Vertical dome roof tanks High pressure (greater than 15 psi) -Horizontal pressure vessel -Spherical pressure vessel -Noded spheroid

-Underground high pressure Non-Bulk Packaging Correct Answer: 1. Bags

  1. Carboys and Jerricans
  2. Cylinders
  3. Drums
  4. Dewar flask (cryogenic liquids) Different kinds of drums... Correct Answer: Open head/Closed head Construction Materials Metal, Plastic, Fiberboard, Other suitable materials Fittings Bungs, Chime ring Intermediate Bulk Containers (IBC) Correct Answer: Intermediate bulk containers (IBC) a. Rigid intermediate bulk containers (RIBCs) b. Flexible intermediate bulk containers (FIBCs) Ton containers a. Convex b. Concave Excepted Packaging Correct Answer: Used to transport hazmats with extremely low levels of radiation Industrial Packaging Correct Answer: Used to transport hazmats with low level radiation, materials may be liquid, or solidified in materials like concrete or glass Type A Packaging Correct Answer: designed to contain greater amounts of radioactivity than excepted for normal transport Type B Packaging Correct Answer: For highly radioactive shipments, designed to hold contents under extreme conditions Type C Packaging Correct Answer: Rarely used, most hazardous amounts of radiation.. if packaging is released or shielding fails life threatening conditions could exist DOT Placarding and Labeling System Correct Answer: DOT placards and labels are required on all products shipped in commerce. The DOT placard system is recognized internationally in the transportation of dangerous goods. Consists of different colors, numbers, and pictures to quickly identify hazmats. UN Numbers Correct Answer: UN numbers or UN IDs are four-digit numbers that identify dangerous goods, hazardous substances and articles (such as explosives, flammable liquids, toxic substances, etc.) in the framework of international transport. They are assigned by the United Nations Committee of Experts on the Transport of Dangerous Goods.

NFPA 704 System Correct Answer: Red (top of diamond) Flammability Yellow (right side of diamond) Reactivity White (bottom of diamond) Special Hazards Blue (left side of diamond) Health Hazards Hazardous Materials Identification System (HMIS) Correct Answer: Refers to the numbers found inside the NFPA 704 diamond. 0 being the least dangerous, 4 being the most dangerous Hazard Identification Codes (Intermodal Containers) Correct Answer: Also known as "hazard identification numbers," or Kemler code, is carried on placards on tank cars and tank containers running by road under international ADR regulations. How to ID hazmats.. Correct Answer: Highway Transportation vehicles you must search for... a. Company names and logos b. Vehicle identification numbers c. Manufacturer's specification plate Intermodal equipment, including tank containers you must search for a. Reporting marks b. Tank number c. Specification markings Rail transport vehicles, including tank cars you must search for a. Standard transportation commodity code (STCC) b. Commodity stencil c. Reporting marks d. Capacity stencil e. Specification markings Manufacturer's specification plate Correct Answer: Will have specific instructions from the manufacturer, telling you how to deal with the hazmat What should you look for on a pipeline.. Correct Answer: 1. Emergency telephone number

  1. Owner
  2. Product What should you look for on a pesticide label.. Correct Answer: 1. Active ingredient
  3. Hazard statement
  4. Name of pesticide
  5. EPA Registration Number
  6. Precautionary statement
  7. Signal word (Poison/Danger, Warning, Caution) Radioactive White-I Label Correct Answer: Fissile class, white in color, low levels on surface Radioactive Yellow-II Label Correct Answer: Fissile class, yellow in color, medium levels of radiation on external surface on package

Radioactive Yellow-III Label Correct Answer: Fissile class, yellow in color, highest level of radiation What are some surrounding conditions that will effect hazmats.. Correct Answer: 1. Topography

  1. Land use
  2. Accessibility
  3. Weather conditions
  4. Bodies of water
  5. Public exposure potential
  6. Overhead and underground wires and pipelines
  7. Storms and sewer drains
  8. Possible ignition sources
  9. Adjacent land use
  10. Nature and extent of injuries
  11. Building information
  12. Ventilation ducts
  13. Air returns CHEMTREC Correct Answer: CHEMTREC is the acronym for the Chemical Transportation Emergency Center. It is a 24-hour emergency response service that provides assistance in the handling of incidents involving hazardous materials SDS/MSDS Correct Answer: A safety data sheet, material safety data sheet, or product safety data sheet is a document provided by the manufacturer that details product hazards and spill-handling procedures. ERG Correct Answer: A Guidebook for First Responders during the initial phase of a dangerous goods/hazardous materials transportation incident; is color coded yellow (UN number), blue (name), orange (on fire), and green (isolation zones). What are some additional hazards that could be associated with an incident involving terrorist/criminal activities... Correct Answer: 1. Secondary events/devices intended to incapacitate or delay emergency responders
  14. Armed resistance
  15. Use of weapons
  16. Booby traps
  17. Secondary contamination from handling patients What are 4 ways to obtain the MSDS in an emergency.. Correct Answer: a. Shipper b. Manufacturer c. CHEMTREC d. Websites UN/DOT Classes Correct Answer: Class 1- explosives Class 2- gases Class 3- liquids Class 4- solids Class 5- oxidizers Class 6- poisons Class 7- radioactive

Class 8- corrosives Class 9- misc UN/DOT Divisions Correct Answer: Division 1.1 - Mass explosion hazard Division 1.2- Projection hazard Division 1.3- Fire hazard Division 1.4- Minor explosion Division 1.5- Very sensitive explosives with mass explosion hazard Division 1.6- Extremely insensitive no mass explosive hazard 1.1 is the most dangerous, 1.6 is the least What can CHEMTREC/CANUTEC/SETIQ can provide.. Correct Answer: 1. Immediate advice and shipper contact information

  1. Hazard information warnings and guidance Three methods of contacting the manufacturer or shipper to obtain hazard and response information.. Correct Answer: a. Shipping paper contact information b. MSDS/SDS contact information c. CHEMTREC What are types of assistance provided by Federal governmental authorities with respect to criminal or terrorist activities at Hazardous Materials/WMD incidents Correct Answer: DHS - Homeland Security Issues FBI - Crisis Management FEMA - Consequence Management EPA - Environmental Management US Coast Guard - Navigable Waterway Management & Port Security DOD - Explosives, Munitions, Military Shipments Technical Assistance/Response ATF - Explosives Technical Assistance What are types of assistance provided by State governmental authorities with respect to criminal or terrorist activities at Hazardous Materials/WMD incidents Correct Answer: Department of Public Safety (DPS) - District Disaster Chair (DDC) TDEM - Emergency Management Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ) - Environmental Management Texas General Land office (TGLO) - Water Quality Texas Railroad Commission (TRRC) - Pipelines and Propane Storage What are types of assistance provided by Local governmental authorities with respect to criminal or terrorist activities at Hazardous Materials/WMD incidents Correct Answer: Local emergency management Local fire department Local police department EMS providers

What are the properties of Alpha Radiation... Correct Answer: Alpha particles lose energy rapidly when traveling through matter. They can be stopped by a sheet of paper or by the outer layer of human skin. Is not harmful to outside skin, but can be harmful if ingested. What are the properties of Beta Radiation.. Correct Answer: These particles are more fast moving that alpha radiation, they can penetrate the outer layer of skin and cause radiation damage to the body. Can travel up to 20 feet through they air, after traveling that distance they can be stopped by a single layer of clothing What are the properties of Gamma Radiation.. Correct Answer: Have no mass or electric charge but are highly penetrating. They can easily pass through the human body, inflicting severe radiation damage. Gamma radiation can be stopped by two inches of lead, two feet of concrete or several feet of dirt. What are the properties of Neutron Radiation.. Correct Answer: This is normally found in research labs and nuclear power plants. These ultra-high energy particles have mass but no electrical charge and they are even more penetrating then Gamma rays. Neutron Radiation is hazardous to health because it creates secondary radiation as it passes through human tissue. Boiling Point.. Correct Answer: Boiling point is the temperature at which vapor pressure is equal or greater than atmospheric pressure. When a liquid inside a container begins to boil, the increase in vapor pressure may exceed the vessel's ability to relieve excess pressure. Causing a catastrophic failure and BLEVE Chemical Reactivity is.. Correct Answer: The tendency of a substance to undergo chemical changes in a system Corrosivity is.. Correct Answer: Having the quality of corroding or eating away The relationship between Flammable and Explosive range Correct Answer: They are interchangeable Lower Explosive Limit (LEL) is.. Correct Answer: The lowest concentration of a gas or vapor in air capable of igniting, too lean to burn Upper Explosive Limit (UEL) is.. Correct Answer: The highest concentration of a gas or vapor in air capable of igniting, to rich to burn Flash point is.. Correct Answer: Minimum temperature at which a liquid gives off enough vapors to form an ignitable mixture with air Ignition temperature.. Correct Answer: The lowest temperature at which a combustible material ignites without a spark or flame Persistence is... Correct Answer: Length of time a chemical agent remains effective without dissipating ionizing radiation.. Correct Answer: Radiation that causes a chemical change in atoms by removing their electrons

Nonionizing radiation.. Correct Answer: Energy waves composed of oscillating electric and magnetic fields traveling at the speed of light Specific gravity is.. Correct Answer: The mass of a substance compared to an equal volume of water. Vapor Density.. Correct Answer: weight of a given volume of pure substance compared to an equal volume of dry air Vapor Pressure Correct Answer: The pressure at which a vapor in equilibrium with its liquid phase for a given temperature Water solubility.. Correct Answer: Ability of a liquid or solid to mix with or dissolve in water What are three types of stress that can cause a container to release its contents.. Correct Answer: 1.Thermal 2.Mechanical 3.Chemical Identify five ways in which containers can breach.. Correct Answer: 1. Disintegration 2.Runaway cracking 3.Closures opening up 4.Punctures 5.Tears or spills Disintegration is.. Correct Answer: To break or decompose into parts or small particles Runaway Cracking.. Correct Answer: a small crack in a container that is growing rapidly Identify four ways in which containers can release their contents.. Correct Answer: 1.Detonation

  1. Violent rupture 3.Rapid relief 4.Spill or leak Identify at least four dispersion patterns that can be created upon release of hazardous material Correct Answer: 1.Hemisphere 2.Cloud 3.Plume 4.Cone 5.Stream 6.Pool 7.Irregular Time frames for estimating the duration that hazardous materials will present an exposure risk Correct Answer: Short term- Minutes and hours Medium Term- Days,Weeks or Months Long term- Years or

generations Identify the Health and Physical hazards that could cause harm (TRACE-MP) Correct Answer: Thermal Radiological Asphyxiation Chemical (Poisons, corrosives, etc.) Etiological Mechanical Psychological