HCA STUDY GUIDE EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS (UPDATED 2024-2025), Exams of Advanced Education

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HCA STUDY GUIDE EXAM QUESTIONS

AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE

SOLUTIONS (UPDATED 2024-2025)

Who are consumers? - Correct Answer-People who need assistance, the focus of the care team, referred to as the client or care recipient. What is consumer directed care? - Correct Answer-This means that the consumer has the right to make their own daily living choices What benefits does consumer directed care provide to the consumer?

• Correct Answer-1) Social, physical, emotional well-being

2. The right to choice and control
3. Right to control over decisions about services the consumer receives, the right to determine how and when those services are given How do you identify consumer viewpoints and beliefs? - Correct Answer-1) ask questions
4. ask care team
5. Pay attention to clues and areas of importance What is bias? - Correct Answer-An opinion that influences your judgment. Shaped by your viewpoints, beliefs and values.

What are the consumer rights? - Correct Answer-1) being aware of their rights

2. take part in choice, planning and changing services
3. receive enough information to make an informed decision on their care
4. Voice a grievance about services or lack of services without fear of punishment
5. Refuse treatment
6. Have their medical and personal details kept personal
7. Have personal property
8. Live free from abuse
9. Be provided with an administrative hearing when they do not agree with a decision regarding benefits
10. Make own decisions
11. Have alone time
12. Interact with people in and out of the home
13. Manage their financial affairs
14. Send and receive unopened mail
15. Have privacy while using technology, computers, etc. Who can you share confidential information with about the consumer? - Correct Answer-Care team, case manager

What are three right areas that must be protected for consumers? - Correct Answer-Dignity, privacy, and independence What is abuse? - Correct Answer-A willful action or inaction that leads to harm, intentional harm to a vulnerable adult or child, or causing harm What are some signs of mental abuse? - Correct Answer-Emotionally upset, agitated or anxious, unusual behaviors, being extremely withdrawn or fearful, nervousness around certain people, depression or nightmares. What are some signs of neglect? - Correct Answer-Untreated injuries, health or dental problems, lack of food, hazardous or unsanitary living conditions, animal or insect infestation, empty or unmarked or outdated medication prescriptions, loss of eyeglasses, dentures or other assistive devices, untreated pressure sores, soiled clothing, not wearing proper clothes, dirty or smells. What are some signs of physical abuse? - Correct Answer-Bruises, welts, cuts, broken bones, untreated injuries in various healing stages, unexplained injuries, broken assistive devices, sudden behavior changes or withdrawal, signs of being restrained, downplays injuries, reluctant to go to a doctor.

What are some signs of financial explotation? - Correct Answer- Putting additional names on bank signature cards, unauthorized ATM withdrawals, missing checks, sudden changes in will, unpaid bills, telemarketing scams, unexplained transfer of assests. What are some signs of sexual abuse? - Correct Answer-Bruises around breasts or genital area, genital infections or bleeding, difficulty walking or sitting, torn or stained or bloody underclothing, changes in behavior, fear of certain people. What are some signs of abndonment? - Correct Answer-Vulnerable adult or child left in a public place without the means to care for him or her, left alone at home, HCA does not show up, HCA quits without notification and replacement. What is a mandatory reporter? - Correct Answer-A person who has regular work contact with vulnerable people, and is required by law to report suspected abuse, neglect, financial exploitation, and abandonment. What do you include in a report? - Correct Answer-The name, address, and age of the person you suspect is being harmed, what you think is happening, when it started, who you think is doing the harm, the names of anyone who may have information, your information and how to reach you.

What is self-neglect? - Correct Answer-Occurs when vulnerable adults refuse or are unable to provide goods and services for their physical and mental health, well-being, safety What are some reasons for self-neglect? - Correct Answer-Declining physical or mental health, isolation, depression, dementia, drug or alcohol dependency, lack of resources What are some signs of self neglect? - Correct Answer-Not enough food or water, hazardous place to live, inappropriate or inadequate clothing, inadequate medical care, not taking prescribed medication, not accepting mental health care for serious conditions What is a restraint? - Correct Answer-A device or action that limits or restricts movement of a consumer from moving or controls consumers against their will. What are the types of restraints? - Correct Answer-Physical, chemical, and environmental What are the basic job responsibilities of a home care aid? - Correct Answer-Provide personal care, perform your role as a member of the care team, follow a high standard of professional conduct, respond to day-to-day situations and emergencies

What is the care team? - Correct Answer-Provides care for the consumer, includes professionals, relatives and the consumer, supports the well-being and needs of the consumer How is a care plan created? - Correct Answer-Case manager gathers information from the consumer, case manager and consumer work together to determine personal care services, case manager assesses the consumer to each task, assessment is used to create the care plan What is the care plan? - Correct Answer-Outlines everything the care team is to do to support the consumer, identifies the consumer's baseline. What are ADLs? - Correct Answer-Everyday personal care activities such as bathing and dressing (bathing, dressing, eating, medication, mobility, tolieting) - Activities of daily living What are IADLs? - Correct Answer-Instrumental activities of daily living, routine tasks performed around the home or in the community. Grocery shopping, housework, laundry What are body language components that are important when interacting with a consumer? - Correct Answer-Gestures, posture, facial expressions, eye contact.

What is active listening? - Correct Answer-A way of listening that focuses entirely on the other person and makes sure you understood what was said. Ability to hear what is said and to focus on the body language of the speaker. What is the active listening process? - Correct Answer-Pay attention, understand, respond, clarify What is the difference between being subjective and objective? - Correct Answer-Objective - factual information Subjective - opinions, interpretations, and bias What are some common barriers to communication? - Correct Answer-Environmental (loud TV, interruptions, physical problems) Conversational bad habits (imposing your point of view, advising, avoiding) Imposing your POV (judging, name-calling, ordering, threatening, offensive) Advising (automatically stepping in to solve the person's problem) Avoiding (sidestep or stay away from a conversation because you are uncomfortable. What is an infection? - Correct Answer-The growth of harmful germs in the body

What is a germ? A pathogen? - Correct Answer-Tiny, microscopic living organism Any germ causing disease What is a bacteria? A virus? - Correct Answer-Microscopic organisms that cause disease The smallest known living disease-producing organisms What are immunizations? What are the recommended vaccines for HCAs? - Correct Answer-A medical treatment given to protect against a particular disease. Tetanus diphtheria, pneumonia, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, influenza, measles, mumps, rubella and varicella How do infections spread? - Correct Answer-Direct contact, indirect contact, airborne, droplet What is the purpose of the lymphatic system and what organs does it include? - Correct Answer-Removes excess fluids from body tissue, fights infections. Spleen, lymph, lymph nodes, lymph vessels What is the purpose of the immune system? - Correct Answer- Collection of cells, chemical messengers and proteins that work to protect the body from pathogens, fight off infection, protects the body from disease.

What factors can make consumers more at risk for infection? - Correct Answer-Poor nutrition, dehydration, stress, fatigue, chronic diseases, chronic diseases, medications, thinning of the skin, poor hygiene What is the difference between a localized and systemic infection? - Correct Answer-Localized - the infection is confined to the one area of the body Systematic - infection affects the organs and tissues or body as a whole What is a food-borne illness? - Correct Answer-Illness caused by eating contaminated food. Bacteria, viruses, fungi What are some standard precautions? - Correct Answer-Hand washing, personal protective equipment, disinfecting surfaces, immunizations, properly removing waste, proper protocols if assisting with sharps What is the formula for a bleach solution? - Correct Answer- teaspoon bleach, 1 gallon water What are bloodborne pathogens? - Correct Answer-Disease causing germs tat spread through contact with blood

What is the formula for a vinegar solution? - Correct Answer-1 part white vinegar, 3 parts water What are the steps to cleaning up waste and body fluids? - Correct Answer-1) Gather and set up supplies

2. Line trashcan with two trash bags
3. Wash your hands and gloves
4. Clean up waste or fluid with paper towels
5. Place dirty paper towels in a lined trashcan
6. Disinfect
7. Tie the inner trash bag to close it
8. Grasp the edges of the outer bag so that the inner or first bag is now in the second or outer bag. Tie outer bag
9. Wash hands
10. Take bag out
11. Wash hands What is HBV (hepatitis B)? - Correct Answer-Viral infection of the liver What is HCV? - Correct Answer-A viral infection of the liver that causes chronic inflammation with possible scarring. Could lead to permanent liver damage

What are some signs and symptoms of HBV and HCV? - Correct Answer-Fatigue, fever, jaundice, nausea and vomiting, dark urine, abdominal pain What is HIV? What is AIDS? - Correct Answer-A disease that attacks the immune system, preventing the body from fighting infection causes AIDS A disease that attacks the immune system, preventing the body from fighting infection How does HIV work in the body? - Correct Answer-The virus enters the blood and attaches to certain white blood cells, called T-cells. White blood cells fight infections. T-cells signal other cells to produce antibodies. HIV causes the t-cells to mutate into HIV t-cells and destroys the immune system What t-cell counts warrant an AIDS diagnosis? - Correct Answer-Below 200 How can HIV be spread? - Correct Answer-Unprotected sex, needle or syringe contact, sharing drug equipment, giving birth, breastfeeding, receiving blood What are some early signs of HIV? - Correct Answer-Fatigue, fever, diarrhea, night sweats, loss of appetite, enlarged lymph nodes

What additional health problems can stem from HIV? - Correct Answer-Pneumonia, several forms of cancer, extreme weight loss, brain and nervous system damage What is an opportunistic disease? - Correct Answer-Diseases that are able to attack the body due to a weakened immune system What is the difference between confidential HIV testing and anonymous testing? - Correct Answer-C - test results are kept private to all but the person being tested and the health care worker, person gives real name A - no record of the person's name What counseling is provided for HIV? - Correct Answer-Pre-test prevention (based on CDC recommendations, risk assessment, help in setting behavior change goals and risk reduction strategies, offering referrals Post-test (for people who test positive) What are some losses that those diagnosed with HIV can experience?

• Correct Answer-Physical (strength, mental, income, health insurance, housing, support, jobs, independence, self-esteem) Emotional (life is gone, disbelief, numbness, fear of the unknown, rejection, guilt, hopelessness, anger)

What is the circulatory/cardiovascular system? Purpose? - Correct Answer-Includes hearts, arteries, veins, and blood. Pumps blood. Provides oxygen, nutrients to cells, removes waste, fights infection, controls body temp What is the respiratory system? Purpose? - Correct Answer-Includes nose, mouth, trachea, bronchi, lungs. Brings oxygen into body, removes carbon dioxide, lined with mucus to catch germs. What is the musculoskeletal system? Purpose? - Correct Answer- Includes muscles, bones, ligaments, tendons, and cartilage. Supports the body and allows it to move, protects internal organs What is the integumentary system? Purpose? - Correct Answer- Includes skin, hair, and nails. Protects internal organs, controls body temp, holds in body fluids, send touch signals to the brain What is the digestive/gastrointestinal system? Purpose? - Correct Answer-Mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, small intestine, large intestine. Breaks down food, removes solid waste What is the urinary system? Purpose? - Correct Answer-Includes kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra. Removes waste from blood, keeps correct amount of water in body

What is the reproductive system? Purpose? - Correct Answer-Male - testes, prostate, penis Female - ovaries, Fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina Allows human beings to reproduce. What is the nervous system? Purpose? - Correct Answer-Includes brain, spinal cord, nerves. Controls all body systems, sends and receives messages, allows thought and perception What is the endocrine system? Purpose? - Correct Answer-Includes glands that produce hormones. Human growth and development. Controls activities, controls sugar ad glucose levels What are symptoms of illness in older adults? - Correct Answer- Sudden confusion, urinary or gastrointestinal changes, changes in eating or drinking, changes in movement, signs of infection, extreme memory loss, changes in sleeping habits, not able to perform ADLs What are three important components of proper body mechanics? - Correct Answer-Posture, positioning, proper body alingment What are components of good posture? - Correct Answer-Keep your head up, keep your spine and neck straight, keep your buttocks, tighten your stomach muscles, keep your chest up, keep your shoulders back

What is the difference between mobility and ambulation? - Correct Answer-The ability to move about The process of walking or moving about What are some examples of assistive devices? - Correct Answer- Braces (provide support for weakened muscles or joints) Canes (single point or quad, used for balance and support by consumers who may have one affected leg or injuried foot Walkers (pick up, wheels and handbrakes) support for walking Wheelchairs (manual or electric, do not have strength in legs or enough muscle control of them) What are some assistive devices for transfers? - Correct Answer-Hoyer lifts, draw sheets, transfer boards, transfer belts What are some things to keep in mind for braces? - Correct Answer- The brace will be custom made, and may include protective padding. Set schedule for use, monitor skin irritation or breakdown What are some things to keep in mind for canes? - Correct Answer- Straight canes are not meant to bear weight, the cane should be used on the consumer's unaffected side, cane goes forward first, followed by affected and then unaffected

What are some tips for walkers? - Correct Answer-Pick up or push, do not slide, the walker, don't lean on the walker, place weight on unaffected side