HCB 102 CARDIOVASCULAR STUDY GUIDE (2023 – 2024) Complete Solutions By Expert, Exams of Health sciences

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HCB 102 CARDIOVASCULAR STUDY GUIDE

( 2023 – 2024) Complete Solutions By Expert

C ondition in which blood supply to the heart in reduced, and a portion of the heart is not receiving enough O2? - Angina Pectoris Asystole - Zero electrical impulses in the heart (AKA "Flatline") Ventricular Fibrillation - Disorganized electrical impulses in the heart, preventing the heart muscles to contract normally What does CPR stand for? - CardioPulmonary Resuscitation Condition in which a normal heartbeat and circulation of blood have completely stopped - Cardiac Arrest Thrombus - Blood clot What happens when fluid output exceeds fluid intake? - Dehydration Swelling resulting in from a build up of fluid in the body tissue - Edema What is shock also known as? - Hypo-perfusion What is also referred to as a "heart attack"? - Myocardial Infarction (MI) What are Palpitations? - Irregular/Rapid heart rate causing a fluttering feeling in the chest What is the average blood volume in adult Males and Females? - Males: 5-6 Liters

Females: 4-5 Liters 3 general functions of blood?

• Transport
• Regulate
• Protect Transport (blood) - O2-> the body CO2-> the lungs Nutrients and hormones Regulate (blood) - pH levels Body Temperature Protect (blood) - Blood clotting WBC's against disease Plasma - Carries proteins crucial to clotting Platelets - Forms clots; most rapid response to bleeding What Artery supplies the Myocardium? - Coronary Artery Largest artery In the body is... - Aorta What are the 2 major veins that return blood to the Right Atrium? - Superior Vena Cava Inferior Vena Cava What is the vein that offers clues to the functionality of the right side of the heart? - Jugular Vein (JVD)

Which vein is the common site for IV catheter insertion in the anticubital space? - Median Basilic What factors help determine pressure within a blood vessel? - The vessel's diameter Function of the Autonomic nervous system - Controls vessel diameter Function of the Sympathetic nervous system - Allows vessel constriction Function of the Parasympathetic nervous system - Allows vessel relaxation What is the estimated distance of all blood vessels in the body? - 75,000 miles of vessels What is the anatomical region between the lungs called? - Mediastinum What is the innermost layer of the heart? - Endocardium The Tricuspid Valve is in what side of the heart? - Right side of the heart Systemic Circulation is on which side of the heart? - Left side of the heart Pulmonary Circulation is on which side of the heart? - Right side of the heart Describe the Cardiac cycle (CO2) - Vena Cava->Right Atrium->Tricuspid Valve->Right Ventricle-

Pulmonic Valve->Pulmonic Artery->Lungs (gas exchange) Describe the Cardiac cycle (O2) - Lungs (gas exchange)->Pulmonic Veins->Left Atrium->Bicuspid (Mitral) Valve->Left Ventricle-> Aortic Valve->Aorta->Systemic (Body) Circulation Water is divided into what 3 spaces? What percentages?

• Intracellular (70%)
• Intravascular (5%)
• Intrastitial (25%) What is the measurements for 1+-4+ Edema Grades? - 1+: 2-3mm 2+: 3-4mm 3+: 5-6mm 4+: 7-8mm What is the healthy amount of time for the Capillary Refill in an average Adult? - 2 - 3 seconds Always place a Stethoscope on what? - Exposed or Bare skin 5 Traditional Ausculatory areas? - Aortic Valve-> 2 ICS right of the sternal border Pulmonic Valve-> 2 ICS left of the sternal border 2nd Pulmonic Area-> 3 ICS left of sternal border Tricuspid Area-> 4 ICS left lower sternal border Mitral/Bicuspid Area-> 5 ICS midclavicular (Apex of heart) In what condition do you control bleeding before assessing the airway? - Massive external hemorrhage (Bleeding) What kind of shock is most seen by Corpsmen? - Hypovolemic Shock Hypovolemic Shock - Occurs when there is a large amount of blood/fluid loss Cardiogenic Shock - Occurs when there is an inadequate pumping of blood by the heart; heart can no longer maintain pressure Compensated Shock - Patient is developing shock but still maintains proper perfusion

Decompensated Shock - Body can no longer compensate for low blood volume; Failure to sustain perfusion Signs & Symptoms of shock

• Pale, cool, clammy
• Altered mental status
• Nausea/vomiting What disorders belong to the Hematological system?
• Hypovolemic Shock
• Anemia/Sickle Cell Anemia (SCA)
• Angina Pectoris Acute Coronary Disease (ACD) - "Cardiac Compromise" Heart may not receive enough O Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) - Often the result of the build up of Fatty Deposits on the inner walls of the arteries What does HOLES stand for? - H- Hypertension O- Obesity L- Lack of exercise E- Elevated blood levels of Cholesterol/Triglycerides S- Smoking (Cigarettes) What would a Corpsman administer for Angina Pectoris?
• Aspirin 162-324mg SINGLE use
• SL Nitroglycerin SINGLE use (Max: 3 doses if necessary)

What is the contraindication with administering SL Nitroglycerin with SBP? - SBP must be above 90 mmHg What is CHF? - Congestive Heart Failure What is the Laboratory Request form? - Hematology (SF 549) What 2 documents is venti puncture documented on?

• NAVMED 6550/12 or Inpatient Flowchart
• Nursing Notes (SF 510) What are Semilunar valves? - Valves that prevent backflow into the Ventricles What are the 2 Semilunar Valves?
• Pulmonic valve
• Atrial Valve What are Atrioventricular valves? - IN THE VENTRICLES; Prevents back flow into the Atria What are the 2 Atrioventricular Valves?
• Tricuspid valve
• Mitral (Bicuspid) Valve What is an occlusion? - Blood clot that cuts off blood flow What is it called when a blood clot moves? - Embolism What is the typical gauge for venipuncture needles? - 21 - 23 Gauge What is a Phlebitis? - Irritation of blood vessels

4 ways to control external hemorrhage?

• direct pressure
• elevation
• hemostatic agent
• tourniquet What are the causes of external hemorrhages?
• Blunt force trauma
• Penetrating trauma
• Blast injuries What is the watertight layer of the heart? - Endocardium What are the central pulses? - - Femoral
• Carotid What are the peripheral pulses?
• Brachial
• Radial
• Dorsalis Pedis
• Posterior Tibial