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HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY PRACTICE EXAM PSY303 study set-with 100% verified solutions-personalized success
Typology: Exams
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Define illness representations and illness schema, and explain their influence on the interpretation of symptoms. A study by Hamilton and Janata (1997) investigated abnormal illness behavior (that is, the overreporting or exaggerating of physical symptoms, preoccupation with illness, medical tests, and so forth), and they proposed that people with low self-esteem or identity problems engage in these behaviors in an effort to construct a positive sense of self. A more recent article by Miczo (2004) argues that sick-role behavior may be better conceptualized as a set of illness attitudes and care-seeking behaviors. He found that attitudinal factors (release, consideration, burden, and deviance) were moderate predictors of care-seeking intentions, as were stressors and social support for the sick role. Taking the study of sick-role behavior further, Frederick Anyan (2012) researched the differences between sick-role behavior in men and women. The findings from the study indicated that men's conceptualization of illness involved the exhaustion of internal bodily organs and the absence of strength— requiring assistance to function in daily activities. The findings also indicated that women's conceptualization of illness involved mainly the impairment of physiological functioning and the feeling of weakness or nausea. Describe the psychological and social consequences of chronic pain. Pain serves an important purpose by alerting you to injuries such as a sprained ankle or burned hand. Chronic pain, however, is often more
complex. People often think of pain as a purely physical sensation. However, pain has biological, psychological and emotional factors. Furthermore, chronic pain can cause feelings such as anger, hopelessness, sadness and anxiety. To treat pain effectively, you must address the physical, emotional and psychological aspects. Medical treatments, including medication, surgery, rehabilitation and physical therapy, may be helpful for treating chronic pain. Psychological treatments are also an important part of pain management. Understanding and managing the thoughts, emotions and behaviors that accompany the discomfort can help you cope more effectively with your pain—and can actually reduce the intensity of your pain.For patients dealing with chronic pain, treatment plans are designed for that particular patient. The plan often involves teaching relaxation techniques, changing old beliefs about pain, building new coping skills and addressing any anxiety or depression that may accompany your pain. One way to do this is by helping you learn to challenge any unhelpful thoughts you have about pain. A psychologist can help you develop new ways to think about problems and to find solutions. In some cases, distracting yourself from pain is helpful. In other cases, a psychologist can help you develop new ways to think about your pain. Studies have found that some psychotherapy can be as effective as surgery for relieving chronic pain because psychological treatments for pain can alter how your brain processes pain sensations.Having a painful condition is stressful. Unfortunately, stress can contribute to a range of health problems, including high blood pressure, heart disease, obesity, diabete Explain the nature and consequences of delay behavior. Living with one or more of potentially serious health problems without seeking care, sometimes for months, is called delay behavior. Patient may normalize symptoms of heart attack for example as gastric distress or muscle pain. Delay is defined as time between when a person recognizes a symptom and when the person obtains treatment. Appraisal delay - time it takes individual to decide that symptom is serious. Illness delay - time between recognition of a symptom implying illness and the decision to seek treatment. Behavioral delay - time between deciding to seek treatment and actually doing so. Medical delay - time that elapses between person calling for appointment and his or her receiving appropriate medical treatment. Runny nose or sore throat can clear up on own - but in the case of debilitating symptoms, one should not delay.
Some people have insurance or financial reasons to delay tx, or those with no regular contact with primary care. Some are phobic about medical services. Doctors can also cause delays by misdiagnosis, or honest mistakes. Describe the nature and effectiveness of interventions designed to teach providers how to communicate effectively with patients. The nonverbal behavior exchanged between patients and their providers may be a revealing source of information about interpersonal expectations and attitudes. A recent study examined the characteristics of physicians that lead to positive patient outcomes (Clark et al., 2007). Some of these characteristics were listening, inquiring about at-home management, nonverbal attention, interactive conversation, tailoring short-term goals, and long-term therapeutic planning. Conversely, patients often complain about being treated in a patronizing or dehumanizing fashion by medical providers. Using "baby talk" (that is, short, simplistic sentences) is perceived differently. When individuals perceived "baby talk" more positively, they reported higher self-esteem, but when elderly individuals associated "baby talk" with perceptions of superiority, they reported lower self-esteem (O'Connor & Rigby, 1996). Physician's depersonalizing behaviors can lead to poor quality encounters, low patient satisfaction, and low adherence to medical treatment (William, Savage, & Linzer, 2006). Farrah Schwartz, Mandy Lowe, and Lynne Sinclair (2010) in their article talk about how the ability to successfully convey ideas to the individual with differing roles, capabilities, and priorities is identified as a facilitator to the efficiency of overall healthcare. Describe the social and psychological factors that influence the recognition and interpretation of symptoms. Geropsychologists seek to understand the negative age stereotypes with regard to health issues (Dittmann, 2008). Elderly people are often stereotyped as incompetent and forgetful (Cuddy et al., 2005; Erber et al., 1996), and such beliefs may lead elderly individuals and health professionals to associate health symptoms with aging, which can have tragic outcomes. For instance, Sarkisian and colleagues (2006) published an article regarding the growing body of research investigating beliefs about aging and health, and they reported that if older adults attribute
their health problems to aging, they may not seek medical treatment, which results in greater mortality. Moreover, medication nonadherence is frequent among older adults because of low self-efficacy or a lack of confidence in the physician's knowledge (Chia et al., 2006). A study by Jerry H. Gurwitz and others (2003) showed that adverse drug events are common and often preventable among older persons in the ambulatory clinical setting. Prevention strategies should target the prescribing and monitoring stages of pharmaceutical care. Interventions focused on improving patient adherence with prescribed regimens and monitoring of prescribed medications may be beneficial. Such results indicate that personal and cultural beliefs are important considerations. Health practitioners hold cognitive representations of illness and the patient prototypes. Thus, practitioner stereotypes about their patients may influence the diagnosis of symptoms as well as the quality of care provided to the patient (Mandy, Lucas, and Hodgson, 2007).A study by Hamilton and Janata (1997) investigated abnormal illness behavior (that is, the overreporting or exaggerating of physical symptoms, preoccupation with illness, medical tests, and so forth), and they proposed that people with low self-este Compare acute and chronic pain. Define the different kinds of chronic pain (i.e., chronic benign pain, recurrent acute pain, and chronic progressive pain). Acute pain - typically results from a specific injury and produces tissue damage - such as a wound or broken limb. As such, it typically disappears when the damage is repaired. Acute pain usually short in duration and defined as 6 months or less. Chronic pain typically begins wth an acute episide, but unlike acute pain, does not decrease with treatment and the passage of time. Chronic benign pain can persist 6 mos or more and is relatively unresponsive to treatment. Pain varies in severity and may invlove any of several muscle groups. Low back pain, is an example. Recurrent acute pain involves intermittent episodes of pain that are acute in character but recur for more than 6 months. Migraine, TMJ, trigeminal neuralgia examples. Chronic progressive pain lasts longer than 6 months and increases in severity over time. Rheumatoid arthritis, cancer, and more. Acute vs chronic pain important for clinical management. Present different psychological profiles, can have an overlay of psychological distress, and complicates diagnosis and treatment strategies. Many chronic pain patients develop maladaptive coping strategies, such as catastrophizing illness, engaging in wishful thinking, or withdrawing
socially. Most pain control techniques work well with acute pain but are less successful with chronic pain, which requires individualized techniques to be successful. Describe the use and effectiveness of hypnosis, acupuncture, and guided imagery to control pain. Nearly two-thirds of adults in the United States use complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), in addition to or instead of traditional medicine (Barnes, Powell-Griner, McFann, & Nahin, 2004; Neiberg et al., 2011). Most commonly, those who use more than one CAM therapy combine herbal or dietary supplements with prayer or meditation (Neiberg et al., 2011). Depression, anxiety, stress, insomnia, severe headaches, and stomach and intestinal disorders also prompt the use of CAM therapies, particularly when these conditions have not been successfully treated through traditional medicine (Frass et al., 2012). In a commonsense model, a person's symptoms, the treatments that result, and their implications for quality of life are referred to as a(n) ____ of the disease. consequence According to commonsense models of illness, the label for an illness is its identity. The detection of symptoms, their interpretation, and the use of health services are heavily influenced by _____ processes. psychological
Understanding of diseases and afflictions that is acquired through the media, through personal experience, and from family and friends who have experience with similar disorders are known as illness representations. After Dr. Woldt's class on detecting and diagnosing meningitis, several interns inform him that they have experienced similar symptoms in recent times. The interns' belief that they have symptoms of meningitis represents a phenomenon known as medical students' disease. Symptoms are more likely to be detected when attention is directed toward the body. Keisha and Kathy are both sick with the flu. Keisha has been sick with the flu in the past and decides to wait a few days before seeking medical care. Kathy has never had the flu and seeks medical care immediately. The difference between Keisha and Kathy's reactions can be explained by prior experience. Which of the following diseases is known to have high treatment adherence among patients? HIV Which of the following treatments is more likely to be employed during stressful moments to keep the patient quiet and to enable the practitioner to concentrate? nonperson treatment
_____ patients usually present an exaggerated picture of their symptoms. Neurotic Patients who seek treatment for psychological disorders usually evoke negative reactions from physicians. Which of the following statements is an advantage of patient depersonalization? It provides emotional protection for the provider. Adherence is likely to be highest when advice is perceived to be medical. _____ refers to pain that triggers chemical reactions from tissue damage. Polymodal nociception Which of the following statements is true of A-delta fibers? Sensory aspects of pain are heavily determined by activity in the A-delta fibers. A-delta fibers are small, myelinated fibers.
Stephen has chronic back pain. Stephen's doctor has recommended that he engage in light exercise, but Stephen is afraid that exercise will make his back pain worse. Stephen's hesitance to exercise is an example of pain behavior. _____, such as distortions in posture or gait, facial and audible expressions of distress, and avoidance of activities, arise from chronic pain. Pain behaviors The scientific understanding of pain was originally developed by Melzack in the _____ theory of pain. gate-control The periductal gray is a structure in the _____ that provides pain relief when stimulated. midbrain According to commonsense models of illness, which of the following statements describes a timeline? the length of time that an illness is expected to last A symptom is likely to prompt an individual to seek treatment if it affects a valued organ.
________ are convinced that normal bodily symptoms are indicators of illness. Hypochondriacs The _____ model is important because it lends coherence to a person's comprehension of the illness experience. commonsense Shiraz has experienced migraine headaches throughout his life. He experiences symptoms for a few months then has a long symptom-free period, usually lasting 10 to 12 months. Shiraz's migraines are best described as cyclic. Rita is trained in traditional nursing and has also received special training in primary care. She is affiliated with a group of private practice physicians and sees her own patients. Her responsibilities involve providing routine medical care, prescribing treatment, and attending to the chronically ill. Rita is a nurse practitioner. Gus's doctor prescribed antibiotics to treat his ear infection. Though Gus was instructed to take the antibiotics for 7 days, he stopped taking them after 4 days, when his symptoms went away. This is an example of nonadherence.
Older patients are less likely than younger patients to be resuscitated in emergency rooms. In which of the following conditions is a patient likely to revisit a physician after initial treatment? when the treatment has failed In which of the following cases does a patient feel ignored by a physician? when the physician prescribes bed rest and over-the-counter medications When patients lack basic skills needed to adhere to medical prescriptions, comprehend the meaning of their risk factors, or interpret the results of tests from physicians, it is known as health illiteracy. Identify a true statement about pain. The degree to which pain is felt and how incapacitating it is largely depends on how it is interpreted. Which of the following is a similarity between physical pain and social pain? Social pain relies on the same pain-related neurocircuitry as physical pain.
Accelerated heartbeat and fatigue are typical physiological changes related to stress. In which of the following conditions is treatment adherence likely to be the highest? when a person lives in a cohesive family Which of the following is a reason for the lack of learning opportunities for providers? lack of feedback from patients Health care providers frequently resort to baby talk because they often underestimate their patients' level of understanding about an illness. Which of the following is a provider behavior that erodes communication between a patient and a physician? hyperactivity Graham experiences chronic back pain that he describes as dull and aching and. The nociceptors responsible for this pain likely are: C-fibers For a medical provider, pain
is a by-product of a disorder, and it complicates diagnosis. C-fibers strongly influence the affective and motivational elements of pain. Which of the following is the most common reason for euthanasia? inadequate relief from pain Rosa hit her thumb with a hammer while building a table. What type of pain perception is she likely to experience? Mechanical nociception Paul lives alone, has very few friends, and is unhappy with his work life. He constantly complains of back pains and headaches. He is very distracted and finds it difficult to relax. Which of the following factors in recognizing symptoms does Paul exemplify? attentional differences Shirley has a routine medical check-up, and her doctor finds that she has unregulated cell growth in one of her kidneys, which is an indicator of malignant neoplasm (cancer). He tells her that it is a case of malignant neoplasm, and if left untreated, the infection will spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system. He asks her to undergo a few more tests and to start therapy and medication immediately. Shirley understands that she had a serious condition, but she is able to comprehend only a few of the terms used by her doctor. In this scenario, the doctor is using jargon to explain the seriousness of the condition.
Mark has a pain in her lungs that hurts so much that it interferes with his sleep. Monash has pain in his elbow that seems to be getting a little worse each week. Who is most likely to see her physician tomorrow? Mark Chronic stress appears to _____. A. contribute to psychological distress and physical illness B. habituate people to negative life events C. be unrelated to negative life events D. be unrelated to illness A. contribute to psychological distress and physical illness During the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome, the organism makes efforts to cope with the threat. False Studies conducted to test individual differences in stress reactivity have suggested that psychobiological reactivity to stress is an important factor in determining the likelihood that stress will contribute to illness. True
The occurrence of daily hassles _____. A. bears no relationship to physical health. B. reduces psychological well-being over the short term. C. markedly enhances reports of physical symptoms. D. are poor predictors of physical health than major life events. B. reduces psychological well-being over the short term Researchers investigating the effects of multiple roles on women conclude that _____. A. outside employment can be harmful for women's well-being B. having control and flexibility over the work environment increases the likelihood of stress C. having adequate child care reduces the likelihood of stress D. combining motherhood with employment can help improve self-esteem D. combining motherhood with employment can help improve self-esteem Who of the following is LEAST likely to experience illness due to the stress associated with their job? A. Susie, a single mother of a five-year old boy, works long hours in a low-paying position. B. Mary Lou, a married mother of two young children, works in a low- paying service job 40 hours per week. C. Sally, a single mother of a five-year old daughter, is a lawyer with flexible hours. D. Miranda, a married mother with two young children, is a lawyer with flexible hours. D. Miranda, a married mother with two young children, is a lawyer with flexible hours.
Workers who suffer from work overload _____ compared with workers who do not experience overload. A. feel less stressed B. practice better health habits C. have a better circadian rhythm D. sustain more health risks D. sustain more health risks Sarah is scheduled for a hysterectomy. A health psychologist visits her in the hospital and finds that she is worried about the pain involved in the surgery. The psychologist clearly explains the procedure to Sarah and answers her questions to ease her worries. He also teaches her a relaxation technique that she can use before the surgery to control her anxiety. The psychologist explains the drug-delivery method to her so she understands when and how much of the pain-relief drug she will receive. In this case, the health psychologist is conducting a(n) _____ intervention. control-enhancing The benefits of social support are greatest when the person from whom one is seeking support is perceived to be responsive to one's needs Coping efforts are considered to be successful if they reduce psychological distress. Sarah is taking a stress management class. Her instructor provides her with a variety of techniques to combat stress and identify the stress carriers in her environment. Sarah is instructed to try the techniques to
identify the ones that work best for her so she can confront stressful situations. In this case, the instructor is using ________ training. assertiveness ________ is a form of social support that involves the provision of services, financial assistance, or goods. tangible assistance What does the buffering hypothesis state about the moderation of stress by social support? Social support offers little benefit in periods of low stress The biggest gap between the rich and the poor in the use of medical services is reflected in the the use of preventative health services The health belief model predicts the treatment-seeking behavior of people with money and access to health services. People sometimes abuse health services by complaining about problems that are medically insignificant. True
________ is known as the time it takes an individual to decide that a symptom is serious. Appraisal delay A symptom is likely to prompt an individual to seek treatment if it affects a valued organ. Herpes is an example of the ________ model of illness. cyclic In which of the following conditions is treatment adherence likely to be the highest? when a person lives in a cohesive family Mindfulness meditation is known to be an effective treatment for a functional disorder known as fibromyalgia Dietary interventions, which include foods that shift the ________ balance, are a staple of Traditional Chinese Medicine. yin-yang ________ involves performing adjustments on the spine and joints to correct misalignments that are believed to both prevent and cure illness. Chiropractic medicine
________ can result from personal theories about a disorder and its treatment. Creative nonadherence Providers who exude warmth, confidence, and empathy get weaker placebo effects than providers who are remote and formal. False Implement interventions designed to communicate effectively with patients by developing a presentation to promote health in a specific community. you can choose to do a powerpoint, a blog post, or youtube video (just easy examples) that will give information about the behavior itself, how it is bad for health, what strategies you can use to help, give good sources, cite properly, and choose delivery based on your population targeted. (Ex
support an individual's ability to sustain health and wellness strategies, promote holistic thriving, and support an integrated model of service. Describe the causes of nonadherance to treatment regimens. A significant area of interest for health psychologists is the research and investigation of factors that influence the adherence and lack of adherence to regimens. An important consideration in effective health services is the relationship established between the wellness provider and the client. The "relationship" is significant not only in the medical model but certainly in the biopsychosocial and holistic wellness models, too. As wellness practitioners seek to provide quality services, it is imperative that we recognize the individualistic nature of clients' cultural considerations including but not limited to: ethnicity, religion, geographic influences, social membership, education, socioeconomic status, etc. It's also important for us to recognize the impact of these factors on health behaviors and holistic wellness. Clear communication and utilizing compassionate, simple terms with clients can help development the strong relationship we want. Avoiding professional jargon and using active listening and collaborative approaches to goals and strategies can strengthen the relationship and support adherence to health and wellness interventions and support the maintenance stage of positive change.Moreover, medication nonadherence is frequent among older adults because of low self-efficacy or a lack of confidence in the physician's knowledge (Chia et al., 2006). A study by Jerry H. Gurwitz and others (2003) showed that adverse drug events are common and often preventable among older persons in the ambulatory clinical setting. Prevention strategies should target the prescribing and monitoring stages of pharmaceutical care. Interventions focused on improving patient adherence with prescribed regimens and monitoring of prescribed medications may be beneficial. Such results indicate that personal and cultural beliefs are i Describe the different structures and functions of the hospital setting.
Until a few decades ago, majority of Americans received health care from private physicians whom paid directly or on visit-by-visit basis, private fee- for-service care. Now, HMO (Health maintenance organization). Pay $ to employer or employee pays monthly rate, then employee uses services at no additional or greatly reduced cost. Called managed care. PPO - preferred-provider organization, affiliated practitioners agree to charge pre-established rates for services, enrolees must choose from practitioners in plan. Communication between doctors and patients can go awry. HMO's are pressured to see as many patients as possible, undermining good care. In PPO's, docs may care more about getting most referrals than being good doctor. Medical office not good for good communication - average time is 12-15 minutes tops. Inattentiveness, use of jargon or baby talk, nonperson treatment, and stereotypes of patients all by docs. Patients contribute to communication problems by health illiteracy, neurotic behavior, and nonadherance to treatment plans. In the hospital, structure depends on the plan underwhich care is delivered. HMO's have own hospitals and doctors, often. Private hospital may have two avenues of authority - the doctors, and the administrative side, who often don't see eye to eye. Explain the medical and psychological significance of pain. Beth Azar (2011) wrote an article "Psychology is key to pain management," which can be found on the American Psychological Association's website. The article briefly talks about pain, methods of managing pain, and the need for better integrated care and research on pain. Pain and Ethnicity Gatchell (2004) provides a comprehensive approach to help individuals who experience acute and chronic pain. Similarly, much research has been conducted to examine cancer pain assessment and management (Chang et al., 2006), the pharmacologic management of cancer pain (Cleary, 2007), spiritual pain among patients with advanced cancer and renal cancer (Mako et al., 2006), and personality characteristics (Green et al., 2008). A recent review of literature (Cintron & Morrison, 2006) reveals several racial and ethnic disparities with regard to pain diagnosis and treatments. For instance, health professionals are more likely to underestimate minority patients' level of pain; African Americans and Latinos are less likely to receive pain medication and more likely not to receive appropriate treatments. Ethnicity and sex may also affect how
individuals perceive and express pain (Mailis-Cagnon et al., 2007). Findings also indicate that Latinos are more likely to report more pain relative to Caucasians and, more often, their pain is associated with increased depression (Hernandez & Sachs-Ericsson, 2006). The authors posit that cultural differences in accepting and expressing distress may be associated with higher pain relative to Caucasians. Explain the physiological aspects of pain. Coakley and Kaufman's (2008) book provides an interdisciplinary approach of what pain is: Pain is a sensation that can hurt, cause discomfort, distress, or terrible agony. Research on pain is extensive but much of it still remains a mystery. While scientists show that pain sensations can be shaped by psychological state and interpretation, many individuals and cultures experience pain differently. In this book, neuroscientists, psychiatrists, anthropologists, musicologists, and religious scholars examine the ways that meditation, music, prayer, and ritual can mediate pain, offer a narrative that transcends the sufferer, and give public dignity to private agony. This book includes various topics such as the molecular basis of pain, the controversial status of gate control theory, the possible links between the relaxation response and meditative practices in Christianity and Buddhism, and the mediation of pain and intense emotion in music, dance, and ritual. Turk and Okifuji's (2002,
People with negative expectations or pessimistic outlooks are likely to report more symptoms and perceive themselves as vulnerable to future illness. Hannah overhears her doctor outside her hospital room say to a nurse, "What's going on with the heart attack in Room 5?" Lily's doctor is demonstrating: depersonalization Athletes who continue to play, despite being injured, experience a reduction in pain sensitivity because of increased sympathetic arousal. Which of the following is a barrier to the treatment of pain? difficulty faced by patients in objectively describing pain _____ is believed to be caused by multiple factors, including health habits, and is long in duration often with severe consequences. Chronic illness Medical students' disease is an example of the role of _____ in the recognition of symptoms. situational factors
Why are minor pains critical for survival? They provide low-level feedback about the functioning of our body systems. A ________ is responsible for assessing where patients go once they are discharged from a medical setting. a. physical therapist b. dietician c. *social worker d. nurse practitioner A prospective approach where the same people are observed at multiple points in time is known as correlational research. cross-sectional research. quasi-experimental research.
According to the humoral theory of illness, yellow bile is associated with a passionate temperament. a laid-back approach to life. *an angry disposition. sadness. Dr. Genwali developed a study to test whether eating one serving of dark chocolate each day for 4 weeks improves mood in adults reporting high levels of stress. Dr. Genwali has assigned participants in random order to one of two conditions: eating dark chocolate or drinking a glass of water (control condition) at 7:00 p.m. Dr. Genwali's study is best described as a(n): retrospective study *randomized clinical trial correlational study observational trial Functional magnetic resonance imaging is a scientific tool that permits glimpses into DNA molecules. the endocrine system. the circulatory system. *the brain. How was the rise of mind-body dualism an advantage over prevailing beliefs in the Middle Ages?
this approach emphasized doctor-patient communication *the physical body could now be examined scientifically the mind and body were now viewed as one it emphasized environmental factors Most of the research in health psychology is guided by Practical problems The World Health Organization's 1948 definition of health: Encompasses social, mental, and physical health The biomedical model maintains that all illness can be explained on the basis of aberrant somatic bodily processes. The humoral theory of illness was replaced by the science of ________ during the Renaissance. Cellular pathology Using a ________ design can remedy some of the problems with correlational research. Prospective