HIST 410N FINAL EXAM 4– QUESTION AND ANSWERS & EXPLANATIONS (Graded A) (CORRECT ANSWERS AR, Exams of History

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HIST 410N FINAL EXAM 4– QUESTION AND ANSWERS &

EXPLANATIONS (Graded A) (CORRECT ANSWERS ARE HIGHLIGHTED) Question:

1. (TCO 1) Historical research involves four main tasks. Discover refers to the task of: (Points: 4) - (^) locating primary sources to learn the facts - (^) asking questions like "Who created the source and why?" - (^) analyzing all the available primary sources and judging which is the most accurate - (^) distributing the new findings to the world Explanation Historical research refers to the process of understanding, studying, and explaining past events. Its aim is to arrive at particular conclusions concerning past occurrences that may help to anticipate or explain present or future events. Historians analyze and interpret information gathered from their sources to draw conclusions about a topic's significance in history. 2. (TCO 6) The United States entered World War I because it: (Points: 4) - (^) had to honor alliance commitments - (^) desired to acquire territory, especially colonies - (^) was hostile to German submarine warfare and German militarism - (^) was interested in building up its military establishment Explanation

In 1915, Germany had enacted a policy of unrestricted submarine warfare against any ships that entered the British war zone. President Woodrow Wilson maintained neutrality until Germany ignored an agreement to ensure passenger safety before destroying enemy ships. Despite a pledge to stay out of the war, the U.S. government was a major trading partner of Britain, placing American ships in Germany's line of fire. On April 6, 1917, the United States officially declared war against Germany after the country repeatedly attacked armed and unarmed vessels traveling to Britain, resulting in American casualties.

3. (TCO 5) Nicholas II of Russia abdicated the throne following: (Points: 4) - (^) the Bolshevik takeover - (^) the return of Lenin to Russia - (^) both of the above - (^) the failure of his troops to put down demonstrations in Petrograd Explanation Czar Nicholas II, was ruler of Russia from May 26, 1984, up to the time when he abdicated around March 1917. Under his tenure, discontent in Russia grew as food became scarce, soldiers became war-weary, and devastating defeats on the eastern front demonstrated the czar’s ineffectual leadership. In March 1917, the army garrison at Petrograd joined striking workers in demanding socialist reforms and also Cossack soldiers refused the Tsar's orders to fire on demonstrators. Nicholas’ loss of support and weakening leadership led to his abdication. 4. (TCO 5) What event marked the beginning of World War II? (Points: 4) - (^) the Nazi-Soviet Pact

• (^) the German invasion of Poland
• (^) the Anschluss
• (^) Germany's annexation of the Sudetenland Explanation Despite having brewed for decades, September 1, 1939 served as the official starting year for World War 2 - marked by the German assault on Poland. Five German armies with 1.5 million men, 2,000 tanks, and 1,900 modern aircraft faced fewer than a million Polish troops with less than 500 aircraft and a small number of armored vehicles. In addition, German planning and technical support -- and German understanding of the importance of modern tactical airpower -- gave the aggressor great advantages. 5. (TCO 9) The Cold War got hot, or flared up into actual fighting, in: (Points: 4)
• (^) Korea
• (^) Hungary
• (^) China
• (^) Italy Explanation In June 1950, the first military action of the Cold War began when the Soviet-backed North Korean People’s Army invaded its pro-Western neighbor to the south. Many American officials feared this was the first step in a communist campaign to take over the world and deemed that nonintervention was not an option. Truman sent the American military into Korea, but the war dragged to a stalemate and ended in 1953. 6. (TCO 9) During the Cuban Missile Crisis, the U.S. and the Soviet Union were led by: (Points: 4)

• (^) Reagan and Gorbachev
• (^) Reagan and Khrushchev
• (^) Kennedy and Castro
• (^) Kennedy and Khrushchev Explanation During the Cuban Missile Crisis, leaders of the U.S. and the Soviet Union engaged in a tense, 13-day political and military standoff in October 1962 over the installation of nuclear-armed Soviet missiles on Cuba, just 90 miles from U.S. shores. In a TV address on October 22, 1962, President John Kennedy (1917-63) notified Americans about the presence of the missiles, explained his decision to enact a naval blockade around Cuba and made it clear the U.S. was prepared to use military force if necessary to neutralize this perceived threat to national security. Following this news, many people feared the world was on the brink of nuclear war. However, disaster was avoided when the U.S. agreed to Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev’s (1894-1971) offer to remove the Cuban missiles in exchange for the U.S. promising not to invade Cuba. Kennedy also secretly agreed to remove U.S. missiles from Turkey 7. (TCO 8) Why did some European nations decide to limit welfare state benefits in the 1980s and 1990s? (Points: 4)
• (^) They were worried about rapidly rising GDPs.
• (^) They feared the loss of pensions and other benefits.
• (^) The increase in regional cooperation caused a recession and high inflation.
• (^) Social welfare programs brought high taxes and more government regulation. Explanation

The welfare state is a set of government programs aimed at ensuring citizens’ welfare in the face of the contingencies of life in modern, individualized, industrialized society. All welfare states provide direct state assistance to the poor in cash (e.g., social assistance) and in kind (e.g., housing and social services), as well as social insurance against the financial consequences of certain biological risks (illness, incapacity to work, childbirth, child-rearing, old age) and occupational risks (unemployment, accident, or injury). After expanding steadily during the “Golden Age” of welfare-state development in the 1960s and early 1970s, most Euro-American welfare states suffered a critical shock from the oil crises and recession of the mid-1970s and the deindustrialization and high unemployment rates that followed.

8. (TCO 6) Bangladesh is: (Points: 4) - (^) home to thousands of Muslim radicals who fled Afghanistan - (^) the site of a long conflict with the Soviet Union and mujahedin rebels - (^) the former eastern part of Pakistan, and one of the world's poorest nations - (^) a mountainous region with a small population Explanation Modern Bangladesh emerged as an independent nation in 1971 after breaking away and achieving independence from Pakistan in the Bangladesh liberation war. 9. (TCO 2) Which Middle Eastern country is the site of the Kabbah, Islam's holiest site, and the world's largest oil producer? (Points: 4) - (^) Egypt

• (^) Saudi Arabia
• (^) Iran
• (^) Kuwait 10. (TCO 2) Following the Arab-Israeli 1967 war: (Points: 4)
• (^) the Israelis and Palestinians agreed to negotiate
• (^) the Israelis demanded direct negotiations, and the Arabs demanded Israeli withdrawal from the occupied territories prior to negotiations
• (^) the Arabs demanded Israeli withdrawal from the occupied territories and face-to-face negotiations
• (^) the United States and U.S.S.R. negotiated a settlement to the conflict Explanation The June 1967 war was a watershed in the history of the modern Middle East. In six days, the Israelis defeated the Arab armies of Egypt, Syria, and Jordan and seized large portions of territory including the West Bank, East Jerusalem, the Gaza Strip, the Sinai Peninsula, and the Golan Heights. Following the war, Israel reunified the city of Jerusalem which had been divided since 1948. The government signaled to the Arab world its readiness to discuss the future of the rest of the areas it acquired during the war. Israel pressed for direct, face-to- face negotiations while the Arabs sought negotiations through third- party intermediaries. Secondly, the Arabs demanded that Israel immediately withdraw unilaterally from all the territories it gained before beginning any type of negotiations. Israel indicated a willingness to withdraw from some land but only in exchange for full peace treaties with the Arab states. A few months later, meeting in Khartoum, Sudan,

in September 1967, the Arab states declared that their formal position was "no peace, no recognition and no negotiation" with Israel

11. (TCO 4) One problem that arose in East Germany after reunification was: (Points: 4) - (^) the presence of U.S. troops - (^) lack of support for the EU - (^) a lack of national pride - (^) high unemployment 12. (TCO 4) In addition to Leonid Brezhnev, who died in 1982, who of the following served during the 1980s as general secretary of the Soviet Communist party and as president? (Points: 4) - (^) Yuri Andropov - (^) Konstantin Chernenko - (^) Mikhail Gorbachev - (^) all of the above Explanation Yuri Andropov served from 12 November, 1982 to 9th^ February 1984. Konstantin Chernenko served between 13 February 1984 to 10 March 1985, and Mikhail Gorbachev from 11 March 1985 to 24 August 1991. 13. (TCO 7) Al-Qaeda was organized to: (Points: 4) - (^) destroy the World Trade Center - (^) expel U.S. businesses and military power from Saudi Arabia - (^) support the Taliban government - (^) spread Islamic fundamentalism to Europe and the United States

Explanation Al-Qaeda (or “the Base”), a broad-based militant Islamist organization founded by Osama bin Laden in the late 1980s,began as a logistical network to support Muslims fighting against the Soviet Union during the Afghan War; members were recruited throughout the Islamic world. When the Soviets withdrew from Afghanistan in 1989, the organization dispersed but continued to oppose what its leaders considered corrupt Islamic regimes and foreign (i.e., U.S.) presence in Islamic lands. Based in Sudan for a period in the early 1990s, the group eventually reestablished its headquarters in Afghanistan ( c. 1996) under the patronage of the Taliban militia.