Early European History: Key Figures and Events, Quizzes of World History

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Gregory I

(r. 590-604) Pope who dispatched missionaries to northern Europe and wrote theological works and saints` biographies. TERM 2

Bertha

DEFINITION 2 (539-ca. 612) Christian daughter of a Frankish king who married King Aethelbert and helped establish Christianity in Britain. TERM 3

Synod of Whitby

DEFINITION 3 Meeting in 664 at which Roman usages and the date for Easter were adopted, thus bringing English Christianity into the Roman tradition. TERM 4

Donation of Constantine

DEFINITION 4 A forged mid-eighth-century document purporting to be a transfer of land and power in the western empire from Emperor Constantine to Pope Silvester. TERM 5

Benedict of Nursia

DEFINITION 5 (ca. 480-543) Founder of the Benedictine Order of monks who devised a mode of monastic living that proved successful and was widely adopted.

Bede

(ca. 673-735) Monk known as the Venerable Bede for his great learning; author of The Ecclesiastical History of the English People. TERM 7

Comes Stabuli

DEFINITION 7 A late Roman and Byzantine office responsible for the horses and pack animals intended for use by the army and the imperial court. TERM 8

Major Domus

DEFINITION 8 Merovingian kings' military commander and chief governor of a province. TERM 9

Charles Martel

DEFINITION 9 (686-741) Known as the "the Hammer," the mayor of the palace in Austrasia who established the Carolingian dynasty. TERM 10

Charlemagne

DEFINITION 10 (r. 768-814) Son of Pepin; king of the Franks who became emperor of the west in 800.

Missi Dominici

Inspectors appointed by Charlemagne to oversee how counts used his authority. TERM 12

Cartularies

DEFINITION 12 A register of laws and varying kinds of documents used in monasteries and secular courts. TERM 13

Alcuin of York

DEFINITION 13 (ca. 732-804) Important scholar and cleric appointed by Charlemagne to oversee the school established at his court in Aachen. TERM 14

Carolingian Miniscule

DEFINITION 14 A script developed as a calligraphic standard in Europe so that the Latin alphabet could be easily recognized by the literate class from one region to another. TERM 15

Trivium/Quadrivium

DEFINITION 15

1. The lower division of the seven liberal arts, comprising grammar, rhetoric, and logic.2. The higher division of the seven liberal arts, consisting of arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, and music.

Treaty of Verdun

Division of the Frankish empire in 843 among Emperor Louis`s heirs into the three portions that laid the basis for the future political divisions of Europe. TERM 17

Vassal

DEFINITION 17 Typically, a man of combat who swore an oath of fealty to bring both fiscal and military aid to a lord, usually in exchange for property iwth which to support himself. TERM 18

Serfs

DEFINITION 18 Peasants whose residence on a plot of land that they cultivated for a lord was compulsory and hereditary. TERM 19

Vikings

DEFINITION 19 Scandinavian warriors who raided the coasts of Europe and the British Isles. TERM 20

Alfred the Great

DEFINITION 20 (r. 871-899) King of Wessex in southwestern and south- central England who stopped the invasion of the Danes.

Beowulf

Epic poem written between 700 and 1000 in Anglo-Saxon that tells the story of a hero from Scandinavia who defeats the monster Grendel. TERM 22

Otto I

DEFINITION 22 (r. 936-973) King of the eastern Franks, crowned emperor in

TERM 23

Cluny

DEFINITION 23 Influential reform-minded monastery founded in 910, known for its austerity. TERM 24

St. Bernard of Clairveaux

DEFINITION 24 (1090-1153) Cistercian monk who was an influential preacher and adviser to French kings and the pope. TERM 25

Gregory VII

DEFINITION 25 (r. 1073-1085) Pope who expanded papal authority, raised clerical standards, and protected the church from interference by secular rulers.

Concordat of Worms

Agreement between the papacy and the emperor in 1122 that allowed the emperor to confer secular, but not spiritual, authority on bishops. TERM 27

4th Lateran Council

DEFINITION 27 Church council of 1215, presided over by Pope Innocent III, whose decrees set standards for the clergy, declared the pope to hold supreme authority in church, and required all Christians to take confession once a year. TERM 28

Peter Waldo

DEFINITION 28 (ca. 1170s-1218) Devout merchant in Lyons, France, who defied church authorities and exhorted Christians to live more piously. TERM 29

Cathars

DEFINITION 29 Heretical religious sect, also known as Albigensians, who rejected the role of the priesthood in salvation. TERM 30

Francis of Assisi

DEFINITION 30 (1182-1226) Founder of the Franciscan friars, the first mendicant order.

Clare of Assisi

(1194-1253) Follower of Francis of Assisi who established an affiliated order of nuns, the Poor Clares, in 1212. TERM 32

Dominic

Guzman

DEFINITION 32 (ca. 1170-1221) Founder of the Order of Preachers, or Dominican Order. TERM 33

Urban

II

DEFINITION 33 (r. 1088-1099) Pope who in 1095 inspired the crusading movement. TERM 34

Peter the Hermit

DEFINITION 34 French monk and preacher of the First Crusade (1095) who founded (c. 1100) the Augustinian monastery of Neufmoutier in Belgium.