HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY PSYC 375 FINAL EXAM REVIEW Comprehensive- Athabasca University Quest, Exams of Psychology

Download HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY PSYC 375 FINAL EXAM REVIEW Comprehensive- Athabasca University Quest and more Exams Psychology in PDF only on Docsity! HISTORY O F PSYCHOLOGY PSYC 375 FINAL EXAM REVIEW Comprehensive- Athabasca University Questions with Verified Answers. Of the following, who would be most likely to take the position that humans are responsible for their actions? - ANS Non determinist and soft determinist The ____ stresses a person's beliefs, emotions, perceptions, values, and goals as determinants of behavior. - ANS Soft Determinist For Aristotle, sensory experience - ANS was necessary but not sufficient for attaining knowledge According to Aristotle, we perceive environmental objects because: - ANS their movement influences a medium, which in turn stimulates one or more of the five senses Protagoras, the best known Sophist, presented the Sophist's position. Which of the following is not representative of the position? - ANS what is truth is not affected by the cultterm-5ure in which one lives Socrates used the method of ____ to determine what all examples of a concept such as beauty had in common. - ANS inductive definition The force that transforms matter into a particular form is its ____ cause. - ANS efficient ____ stresses the emotional or unconscious determinants of human behavior. - ANS Irrationalism The study of knowledge is called: - ANS epistemology The contention that what we experience mentally accurately reflects the physical world is called: - ANS naive realism Philosophy began: - ANS when logos replaced mythos The allegory of the cave demonstrates: - ANS how difficult it is to deliver humans from ignorance Plato believed that the ideal society would be governed by: - ANS philosopher-kings For Aristotle, sensory experience: - ANS is necessary but not sufficient for attaining knowledge According to St. Augustine, humans can have conceptions of the past and future because: - ANS of the remnants of sensory experiences What was a goal of St. Thomas Aquinas? - ANS to strengthen the position of the church through reason Copernicus argued that: - ANS the earth revolves around the sun (heliocentric theory) According to the work of Galileo, which set best illustrates the concepts of primary quality and secondary quality? - ANS primary quality: size; secondary quality: color According to Galileo, secondary qualities: - ANS cannot be measured objectively Galileo was among the first to suggest that: - ANS a science of psychology (conscious experience) was impossible According to Bacon, science should utilize: - ANS only the direct observation of nature History has shown that Bacon's inductive approach to science was largely ignored. However, ____ and his followers adopted Bacon's philosophy of science. - ANS Skinner Concerning the mind-body relationship, Descartes proposed: - ANS interactionism Descartes believed that: - ANS the mind is nonmaterial Later in history, Bacon's approach to science was called: - ANS positivism The religion in which individuals are caught in an eternal struggle between wisdom and correctness as well as ignorance and evil is called: - ANS Zoroastrianism According to Philo, the way to true knowledge is by: - ANS a purified, passive mind receiving divine illumination For St. Augustine, the primary goal of human existence was to: - ANS enter into a personal, emotional union with God Which of the following occurred during the Dark Ages (c. 400-1000)? - ANS Arab philosophy, science, and theology flourished Aquinas' great achievement was the: - ANS reconciliation of faith and reason To remove inconsistencies in church dogma, Abelard used: - ANS the dialectic method All of the following were true of Averroes' philosophy except: - ANS it was basically Platonist Descartes had an intellectual crisis when: - ANS it occurred to him that everything he had ever learned was useless Who were among the first to accept Copernicus's heliocentric theory? - ANS mathematicians who embraced Pythagorean-Platonic philosophy Petrarch believed all of the following except: - ANS Scholasticism contained most of the solutions to human problems According to Bacon, scientific theory: - ANS biased observations Giovanni Pico argued that: - ANS God had granted humans a unique position in the universe. Newton believed all of the following about the universe except that: - ANS it was too complex to be understood by anyone but God Which of the following was not a factor in the acceptance of objective study of nature due to the weakening of church authority? - ANS the embracing of Aristotle's empirical views Galileo made a sharp distinction between objective and subjective reality. These concepts refer respectively to which? - ANS primary; secondary qualities All of the following were reasons that Kepler accepted Copernicus's heliocentric theory except: - ANS Kepler believed that Copernicus' theory gave humans a favored place in the universe Among the Renaissance humanists, Skepticism was most clearly demonstrated by: - ANS Montaigne Hartley believed that vibrations in the brain continued after the external stimulation that caused them had ceased. He called these lingering vibrations: - ANS vibratiuncles CHAPTERS 5+ 6 La Metric believed that: - ANS accepting atheism and materialism would lead to a more humane world Comte used the term sociology to describe: - ANS the study of how different societies compared in terms of his proposed three stages of development According to ____, the best government was one that provided the greatest amount of happiness to the greatest number of people. - ANS utilitarianism According to Locke, a secondary quality was: - ANS an aspect of the physical world that could only stimulate psychological experiences Bain's goal was to - ANS describe the physiological correlates of mental and behavioral phenomena Locke's major argument against the existence of innate ideas was that: - ANS humans do not share the same ideas According to Hartley, as ideas or stimuli came to elicit behaviors not originally associated with them, ____ behavior was converted into ____ behavior. - ANS involuntary; voluntary According to Helvetius, control ____ and you control the contents of the mind - ANS experience Bain's law of ____ stated that although individual experiences may be too weak to revive a memory, several weak associations may combine and thereby be strong enough to recall it. - ANS compound association With which of the following statements would Bentham have agreed? - ANS Happiness depends on experiencing pleasure and avoiding pain. Hume referred to knowledge that existed by definition, such as mathematical knowledge, as: - ANS demonstrative knowledge Which statement best illustrates Gisenyi’s beliefs? - ANS Humans consists of nothing but matter. According to Hume, the mind is: - ANS a set of perceptions that a person is having at any given moment James Mill maintained that any mental experience can be reduced to: - ANS Simple ideas Because Comte believed that science should be practical and no speculative, his view of science was very similar to that of - ANS Bacon Hobbes' theory of human motivation was: - ANS Hedonistic What was true of the British empiricists? - ANS They attempted to explain the functioning of the mind according to Newton's principles. Locke advised that children experience a process called hardening in order to: - ANS Prepare themselves for the hardships of life. For Hobbes, choice was: - ANS Nothing more than a verbal label. Hobbes' explanation of "trains of thought" relied on: - ANS the law of contiguity According to John Stuart Mill, meteorology, typology, and psychology are inexact sciences because there are not understood. - ANS Secondary Laws According to Berkeley, external reality exists because: - ANS God perceived it Bain felt that the law of ____ accounted for the creativity that characterizes poets, artists and inventors. - ANS constructive association Cadillac felt that Locke: - ANS gave the mind unnecessary innate powers According to John Locke primary qualities ____ and secondary qualities ____. - ANS create ideas of physical attributes; create ideas with no physical counterpart John Stuart Mill's concept of ____ emancipated associationistic psychology from the strict mental mechanics proposed by James Mill and others - ANS Mental Chemistry For Locke, all ideas come from: - ANS sensation and reflection If what is meant by psychology is the introspective analysis of the mind, then according to Comte, psychology constitutes: - ANS metaphysical nonsense For Hartley, the only process that converts simple ideas into complex ideas is: - ANS association Hume's goal was to combine ____ with principles of ____ to create a science of human nature. - ANS empirical philosophy; Newtonian science Hume distinguished between ____, which were strong, vivid perceptions, and ____, which were relatively weak perceptions. - ANS impressions; ideas Which law and scenario pairing best illustrates one of Hume's laws of associations? - ANS Law of cause and effect: Gertrude sees lighting and consequently expects thunder What is the belief that the world is as we immediately experience it? - ANS direct realism According to Kant, our phenomenological experience results from: - ANS the interaction between sensations and the categories of thought For Spinoza, free will: - ANS Is Fiction According to Leibniz's law of continuity: - ANS there are no leaps or gaps in nature What is true of Locke's beliefs concerning the mind? - ANS The mind neither creates nor destroys ideas. According to Berkeley, in order for something to exist, it must: - ANS be perceived What, according to Hume, is the ultimate cause of behavior? - ANS passions Hartley's account of association was different from those that preceded his because it: - ANS attempted to correlate mental activity with neurophysiological activity Bain's explanation of voluntary behavior combined: - ANS spontaneous activity and hedonism For Comte, we can be certain only of things that are: - ANS publicly observable Because Comte believed that science should be practical and no speculative, his view of science was very similar to that of: - ANS Bacon Comte and Mach had in common the belief that: - ANS metaphysical speculation must be avoided What philosophical position postulates an active mind that transforms sensory information and is capable of understanding abstract principles or concepts not attainable from sensory information alone? - ANS rationalism Which statement best reflects the use of induction or deduction by empiricists and rationalists? - ANS Empiricists used induction via a “bottom-up" approach; rationalists used deduction via a "top-down" approach According to Spinoza, all human emotions are derived from: - ANS experiences of pleasure and pain According to Leibniz, there is nothing in the mind that is not first in the senses except for: - ANS the mind itself For Leibniz, sensory experience is important because it: - ANS allows the potential ideas within us to become actualized According to Reid, we could trust our notions about the physical world because: - ANS it made common sense to do so According to Hegel, when one cycle of the dialectic process is complete, the last stage of that cycle becomes the ____ of the next cycle. - ANS Thesis By alienation, Hegel meant the realization that: - ANS one's mind exists apart from the Absolute Which of the following is consistent with Herbart's advice to teachers? - ANS Relate new material to what has already been learned. After visiting with Galileo, Hobbes became convinced that: - ANS humans could be completely understood by employing only the concepts of matter and motion Locke believed that all human emotions were derived from: - ANS Experiences of pleasure and pain All of the following were true of the British empiricists except: - ANS a. they attempted to explain the functioning of the mind as Newton had explained the functioning of the universe b. they denied the existence of innate ideas c. they believed that all ideas were derived from experience Incorrect (p. 131) d. they denied the existence of mental events Feedback The correct answer is: they denied the existence of mental events Which one of the following is not one of the three parts of the dialectic process of Hegel? - ANS synthesis b. antithesis c. thesis d. conflict Correct (p. 200) Feedback The correct answer is: conflict James Mill maintained that any mental experience could be reduced to: - ANS the simple ideas of which it is constructed For Hartley, the only process that converted simple ideas into complex ideas was: - ANS Association Berkeley believed that ____ was responsible for the widespread religious skepticism and atheism of his day. - ANS Materialism Panpsychism is the belief that: - ANS everything in nature has consciousness (mental processes) According to ____, when a person has a desire to move his arm, God is aware of this desire and moves the person's arm. - ANS Malebranche Kant called the rational principle that either does or should govern moral behavior: - ANS the categorical imperative Spinoza viewed the mind and the body as: - ANS Inseparable According to Bernard, Spinoza's belief in ____ did much to influence the development of scientific psychology. - ANS psychic determinism According to Reid: - ANS the faculties of the mind were aspects of a unified mind and never functioned in isolation to one another According to Kant: - ANS we must be forever ignorant of physical reality Herbart felt psychology could not be an experimental science because: - ANS the mind could not be fractionated for analysis CHAPTER 7- 8 The romantic philosophers considered which human characteristic as most important? - ANS irrational feelings The statement "Man is born free and yet we see him everywhere in chains" is associated with: - ANS Rousseau Goethe viewed science as: - ANS Useful but limited Kant's nativism stressed mental categories, whereas Muller stressed: - ANS Physiological Mechanisms Schopenhauer stated that we may repress undesirable thoughts into the: - ANS Unconscious According to Schopenhauer, when all of our needs are temporarily satisfied we feel: - ANS Bored For Rousseau, the best guide for human conduct was (were): - ANS a person's honest feelings and inclinations The romantics defined the good life as one lived in accordance with: - ANS One’s own inner nature Nietzsche believed all of the following except - ANS anything that increases a person's power was good b. without human companionship, human existence was meaningless Correct (p. 224) c. anything that does not kill a person strengthened him or her d. happiness was the feeling that one's power was growing According to the romantics, the best way to find out what humans were really like was to study the: - ANS Total Person Schopenhauer believed that life was best viewed as: - ANS Postponement of death According to Kierkegaard, the ultimate state of being is achieved when an individual decides to: - ANS embrace God and take God's existence on faith According to Schopenhauer, when the blind, aimless universal manifests itself in a particular organism, it becomes: - ANS The will to survive According to Kierkegaard, the ethical stage consists of which of the following? - ANS People accept the responsibility of making choices, but use as their guides ethical principles established by others. According to Kierkegaard, the religious stage consists of which of the following? - ANS People recognize and accept their freedom and enter into a personal relationship with God. According to Schopenhauer, the will to survive causes: - ANS an unending cycle of needs and need satisfaction Rousseau believed that education should: - ANS stimulate the development of a child's natural impulses Hobbes, along with many theologians and philosophers, believed human nature to be ____, whereas Rousseau believed it to be basically ____. - ANS animalistic; good Nietzsche's ____ was clearly contrary to Enlightenment philosophy. - ANS perspectives The book, Emile, was written about education in the form of a novel. Who was the author? - ANS Rousseau For Nietzsche, the most basic motive for human behavior was: - ANS The will to power Who is generally thought to be the father of romanticism? - ANS Rousseau Nietzsche believed that many human problems would be solved if: - ANS every individual strives to be all that he or she could be At the heart of Nietzsche's psychology is the tension between - ANS Apollonian and Dionysian tendencies Boca’s research in craniometrics found erroneously that: - ANS the brain is larger in eminent men and supposed superior races Fechner called sensations that occurred below the absolute threshold: - ANS Negative sensations Ladd-Franklin's theory of color vision was based on: - ANS Evolutionary Theories Weber found that subjects could detect much smaller weight differences when they lifted the weights than when the weights were simply placed in their hands. He attributed this increased sensitivity to: - ANS kinesthesis Concerning Kant's proposed categories of thought, Helmholtz demonstrated that: - ANS they are all derived from experience What was an important discovery of David Ferrier? - ANS He used electrical stimulation to produce a more articulated map of the motor cortex Helmholtz's theory of auditory perception is called the: - ANS resonance place theory Gall believed which of the following? - ANS The bumps and indentations on the skull indicate the magnitude of the underlying faculties Bessel used personal equations to: - ANS correct differences in the reaction times among various observers Müller believed that, with his doctrine of specific nerve energies, he had discovered the: - ANS physiological equivalent of Kant's categories of thought For Rousseau, the only justifiable government was one that: - ANS allows humans to reach their full potential and express free will Rousseau referred to a hypothetical human who is uncontaminated by society as a(n): - ANS noble savage According to Rousseau, which of the following provides the optimal condition for learning? - ANS A child's natural interests Who viewed life as consisting of opposing forces such as love and hate, or good and evil? - ANS Goethe According to Schopenhauer, ____ suffer the most. - ANS intelligent humans Schopenhauer believed that most people cling to life because: - ANS they fear death Schopenhauer anticipated Freud's concept of ____ when he said that we could at least partially escape the irrational forces within us by immersing ourselves in such things as music, poetry, or art. - ANS sublimation Which of the following is the correct arrangement of the stages Kierkegaard suggested for the development of human freedom? - ANS aesthetic, ethical, religious Nietzsche believed that the ____ aspect of human nature manifests itself in the desire for predictability and orderliness. - ANS Apollonian Nietzsche believed that the best life reflects: - ANS controlled passion Nietzsche primarily considered himself a: - ANS psychologist Schopenhauer believed that irrational instincts should be ____, whereas Nietzsche believed they should be ____. - ANS repressed; expressed What did romanticism and existentialism have in common? - ANS The importance of subjective experience What is Müller's proposition that there are five types of sensory nerves, each containing a characteristic energy? - ANS The doctrine of specific nerve energies According to Herring’s theory of color vision, if a person stares at a blue object for a considerable time and then looks at a white sheet of paper, he or she will experience a ____ afterimage. - ANS yellow The case of Phineas Gage best supports the idea that: - ANS individual brain areas have specialized functions Weber called the smallest difference that could be detected between two stimuli the: - ANS just noticeable difference Fechner called the lowest intensity at which a stimulus can be detected the: - ANS absolute threshold CHAPTERS 9+ 10 Kitchener - ANS excluded women from membership in his organization, "The Experimentalists" b. supervised the research of the first woman to receive a Ph.D. in psychology c. supervised the research of more female Ph.D.’s than any psychologist of his generation By shifting one's attention, elements of thought can be arranged and rearranged at will, a process Wundt referred to as: - ANS creative synthesis Regarding the mind-body issue, Kitchener referred to himself as a - ANS psychophysical parallelism According to Wundt, sciences like physics were based on ____ experience, whereas psychology should be based on ____ experience. - ANS mediate; immediate Which of the following philosophies most influenced Wundt? - ANS rationalism Wundt believed that schizophrenia might be explained as a breakdown of the: - ANS attentional processes According to Dodders, the time it takes to perform the mental act of discrimination is determined by: - ANS subtracting simple reaction time from the reaction time that involves discrimination Wundt believed that feelings are: - ANS various combinations of three attributes For Kitchener, attention is: - ANS a clearness of sensation According to Wundt, a(n) ____ occurs whenever a sense organ is stimulated and the resulting impulse reaches the brain: - ANS sensation Wundt believed that physical and psychological causality are: - ANS polar opposites What term did Brentano use to describe the fact that every mental act refers to something outside itself? - ANS intentionality As evidence for his views on verbal communication, Wundt pointed out that we remember ____ and not ____. - ANS meanings; specific words According to Wundt's principle of ____, something almost always occurs during goal- directed behavior that changes the entire motivational pattern - ANS the heteronomy of ends For Kitchener, the ____ of psychology involved a search for the neurological correlates of mental events. - ANS why Which of the following is true of Galton's "anthropometric laboratory"? - ANS He studied male-female differences as well as the relationships among measures. Which of the following did Wechsler contribute to intelligence testing? - ANS He resolved some of the psychometric issues in earlier intelligence measures Who was responsible for devising the coefficient of correlation (r)? - ANS Pearson According to Spencer, the best government is one that: - ANS allows free competition among all its citizens Which of the following is most consistent with the ideas of Herrnstein and Murray's book The Bell Curve? - ANS The best jobs with the highest pay go to the intellectual elite. Which of the following did Burt believe? - ANS The "g" or general factor of intelligence was largely inherited. Yerkes believed that immigration ____. - ANS should be restricted so those with low intelligence could be refused According to Darwin, because there are many more offspring than can survive in a given environment: - ANS there is a struggle for survival When Wissler evaluated Cattell's measures of intelligence he found that they: - ANS were neither highly correlated with each other nor useful in predicting college success Spencer's application of the notion of the survival of the fittest to the study of human societal behavior is known as: - ANS social Darwinism hitch of the following did Galton conclude based on his survey of the knowledge and attitudes of 200 eminent scientists? - ANS The environment, including families and schools, plays an important role in intellectual achievement Which of the following is correctly associated with Hollingsworth? - ANS he made significant contributions toward the understanding and education of intellectually gifted children Which of the following will be most helpful to an individual's survival in a given environment? - ANS Adaptive features Spencer believed that if the principle of evolution was allowed to operate freely: - ANS all living organisms and societies would approximate perfection Galton used the concept of ____ to explain why eminent individuals only tended to have eminent offspring. - ANS regression toward the mean The concepts of mental age and the intelligence quotient were introduced by: - ANS Stern Which of the following did Darwin believe about human emotions? - ANS at one time in the course of human evolution, emotions aided in survival. The central concept on Wundt's voluntarism was: - ANS will Which of the following did Wundt believe about experimental psychology: - ANS it was useless in understanding higher mental processes Wundt was a(n): - ANS determinist Kitchener defined ____ as the sum total of mental experience at any given moment. - ANS the consciousness Kitchener defined ____ as the accumulated experiences of a lifetime. - ANS the mind For Kitchener, a stimulus error consisted of: - ANS allowing the meaning of an object to influence one's introspective analysis of that object The supposed intelligent behavior of a nonhuman animal has often been found to be nothing more than the animal's responses to subtle cues (consciously or unconsciously) provided by its trainer. This observation is called the: - ANS Clever Hans phenomenon By plotting savings as a function of time, Ebbinghaus created psychology's first: - ANS retention curve Ebbinghaus is often mistaken for a(n) ____, but he was in fact a(n) ____. - ANS empiricist; rationalist According to Lamarck, if an adult member of species develops a trait, such as powerful muscles, that make its survival more likely, the trait can be passed down to the adult's offspring. This phenomenon is called: - ANS the inheritance of acquired characteristics According to Spencer, a person will persist in behaviors that increase their likelihood of survival and abandon behaviors that do not. This phenomenon is called: - ANS evolutionary associations The probability of a behavior is increased if it is followed with a pleasurable outcome and decreased if it is followed by painful outcome. What is this called? - ANS the Spencer-Bain principle Who coined the term "survival of the fittest"? - ANS Spencer Which of the following best summarizes Darwin's view of the evolutionary process? - ANS Evolution just happens When changes in one variable are usually accompanied by changes in the same direction in another variable, the variables are said to be: - ANS correlated Benet disagreed with Stern's use of the intelligence quotient because: - ANS he believed intelligence was too complex to be represented by a number Benet believed disadvantaged students could be taught the skills they needed to succeed in school through the use of: - ANS mental orthopedics The major conclusion from German’s study of genius was that: - ANS gifted children became gifted adults CHAPTER 11-12 Which of the following was a theme running through functionalism? - ANS an interest in the function of the mind rather than its contents Woodworth was primarily a functionalist, but he had also described himself as having a middle-of-the-road attitude. What term best describes his approach? - ANS eclectic Due to Munsterberg’s interests and work he is known as one of the first: - ANS forensic psychologists The primary purpose of Morgan's canon was to guard against: - ANS anthropocentrism Dewey believed that the goal of education should be to facilitate creative intelligence and: - ANS prepare children to live effectively in a complex society Which of the following best describes Hall's views on co-education? - ANS He believed that coeducation could interfere with later sexual functioning. Which psychologist's research was instrumental in the 1954 court decision on school desegregation? - ANS Kenneth Clark What was James's advice with regard to emotional experience? - ANS Act the way you want to feel According to James, what keeps people working at boring jobs and also keeps the social strata from mixing? - ANS habit Dewey argued that analyzing the elements of a reflex caused the investigator to miss its most important feature, its ____. - ANS purposiveness Woodworth was primarily interested in ____, or in what he called dynamic psychology. - ANS motivation Hall believed that masturbation ____. - ANS can harm the quality of eventual offspring According to James, a person could increase his or her self-esteem by: - ANS both succeeding more and attempting less Watson's research indicated that rats use their ____ sense in learning to traverse a maze accurately. - ANS kinesthetic Pavlov found that forcing an organism to continue to solve an increasingly difficult discrimination problem often resulted in what he referred to as: - ANS experimental neurosis Bettered suggested that in studying humans, the methods of ____ should be employed. - ANS the natural sciences Pavlov used the term cortical mosaic to describe: - ANS the pattern of excitation and inhibition that characterized the brain at any given moment A belief in the importance of ____ formed the core of McDougall's theory. - ANS instincts Which of the following did Zing Yang Kuok find? - ANS What might be thought to be an instinctive behavior, such as a cat killing a rat, is actually based on life experiences. Watson's final position on instincts was that - ANS humans have no instincts Whose concentration on the overt behavior of organisms was more relevant to U.S. behaviorism that was Pavlov's research on secretion? - ANS Bettered The type of behavior studied by McDougall differed from that studied by Pavlov and Watson in that it was: - ANS purposive In his explanation of learning, which of the following did Watson accept? - ANS the associative principles of contiguity and frequency Which of the following did Watson's objective psychology have in common with Russian objective psychology? - ANS introspection as a research tool Concerning the treatment of children, Watson and Watson's advice was to: - ANS treat them as small adults For Watson, speech: - ANS is a type of overt behavior Pavlov speculated that much human abnormal behavior is caused by: - ANS a breakdown of inhibitory processes in the brain According to McDougall, most human social behavior is governed by: - ANS sentiments When Watson finally outlined his behavioristic position, Kitchener was not upset because he (Kitchener) believed that: - ANS Watson had described a technology of behavior that did not conflict with psychology proper Pavlov resisted the systematic study of conditioned reflexes because: - ANS of their apparent subjective nature and because such study would cause him to enter the realm of psychology What was Watson's final position on the mind-body problem? - ANS physical monism Wundt's use of introspection most closely resembled that of: - ANS Helmholtz Ian physiologists Wundt began the first journal devoted to experimental psychology originally called: - ANS Philosophical Studies The fact that a person can drive a car for a long distance and not be aware of the fact that he or she is driving exemplifies: - ANS a mental set and a determining tendency Which of the following did Galton conclude based on his word association test? - ANS Responses can illuminate aspects of the mind that are not revealed by other methods. What did Galton find about mental imagery? - ANS The ability to make and use mentally images is normally distributed. Above all, Cattell believed that psychology should: - ANS furnish practical knowledge Sechenov: - ANS postulated that both overt and covert behavior (mental processes) result from physiological processes in the brain During which stage of early American psychology was the statement "Psychology exists for the sake of logic, and logic for the sake of God" true? - ANS Stage One: moral and mental philosophy Structuralisms are to the contents of the mind as functionalists are to the: - ANS function of the mind When studying humans, James believed that: - ANS both a scientific and philosophical approach must be used According to pragmatism: - ANS an idea should be evaluated in terms of its usefulness According to James's ____, all consistently reported aspects of human experience were worthy of study. - ANS radical empiricism For James, by controlling one's thoughts, one: - ANS controls one's behavior Pragmatism maintains that beliefs, thoughts, and behaviors must be judged according to their: - ANS consequences James referred to individuals who are intellectual, idealistic, religious, and who believe in free will, as: - ANS tender-minded For ____, ideas cause behavior, but for ____, behavior causes ideas. - ANS James; Munsterberg Which of the following was of particular interest to Calkins? - ANS self-psychology Insightful learning has several characteristics. Which one of the following is not one of the characteristics? - ANS a. the transition from resolution to solution is sudden and complete b. performance is usually smooth and free of errors c. a solution gained by insight is retained for long periods of time. d. a principle gained by insight is not readily applied to other problems CORRECT In their explanation of apparent movement, Wundt and Helmholtz emphasized ____, though their descriptions were different. - ANS learning Stimuli that seem to go in the same direction from a perceptual unit exemplify which Gestalt principle? - ANS continuity According to Wertheimer, productive thinking occurred as the result of: - ANS understanding Lewin's contention that only facts currently present on one's life space can influence a person's thinking and behavior is called: - ANS the principle of contemporaneity In the case of cognitive experience, the important point is that fields of brain activity ____ sensory data and give that data characteristics it would not otherwise possess. - ANS transform Gestalt psychology's version of the transfer of training was called: - ANS transposition In their research on group dynamics, Lewin, Lappet, and White found the ____ group to be highly aggressive. - ANS authoritarian The Gestaltists viewed the brain as - ANS a dynamic configuration of forces that transforms sensory information Lewin was the first to investigate conflict experimentally and described several types of conflicts - which one of the following is not one of the conflicts addressed in the text? - ANS double approach - avoidance conflict Teams wearing different uniforms stand out in two separate groups on a field. This is an example of the principle of similarity. - ANS true According to the Gestaltists, what governs brain activity is: - ANS the invariant dynamics that govern all physical systems The Gestaltists were opposed to any type of: - ANS elements Kafka believed that each environmental event we experienced gave rise to specific activity in the brain that he called ____, and a remnant of this is called a ____. - ANS a memory process; memory trace Like everything else they studied, the Gestaltists believed that memory was governed by: - ANS the law of Pregnant Lewin's life space was all influences acting on a person at a given time. - ANS true The "phi phenomenon" investigated by Wertheimer was: - ANS the observation of apparent movement Using the molar approach in studying consciousness means concentrating on phenomenological experience. - ANS true According to Lewin, ____ believed that uniqueness (individual differences) was a distortion caused by external forces interfering with an organism's natural growth tendencies. - ANS Aristotle According to the Gestaltists, when an organism was confronted with a problem, a ____ was set up and continued until the problem was solved. - ANS cognitive disequilibrium Wertheimer demonstrated that explanations of apparent movement based on learning were not plausible by showing that: - ANS the phi phenomenon occurred in two directions at the same time Who believed that a search for a one-to-one correspondence between a sensory event and a mental event was doomed to failure? - ANS both Kant and the Gestaltists Lewin called such intentions as wanting a car, wanting to go to college, or wanting to go to a party: - ANS both psychological needs and quasi-needs Which of the following observations by Wertheimer launched the school of Gestalt psychology? - ANS our perceptions are more than, or different from, the sensations that make them up Wertheimer found that if the interval between light flashes was about ____ me, it appeared that one light was moving from one position to the other. - ANS 60 The term "Gestalt" means: - ANS configuration The behavioristic explanation of transposition offered by Spence emphasized: - ANS the generalization of behavioral tendencies For the Gestaltists, the proper subject matter for psychology was ____, or mental experience as it occurred to the naïve observer. - ANS phenomenological experience Because of the influence of Carl Stump, ____ and Gestalt psychology had much in common. - ANS act psychology By rejecting the constancy hypothesis, Gestaltists: - ANS both rejected the empirical philosophy on which the structuralism, functionalism, and behaviorism was based and instead used field theory in analyzing brain functioning Comte believed all of the following except that: - ANS a. metaphysical speculation was to be avoided b. private sensations and perceptions were all of which we could be certain-CORRECT c. humans could be investigated objectively only by studying their overt behavior d. an attempt to understand the mind by using introspection was silly Contemporary psychologists have found all of the following to be true except: - ANS a. genetic influences cannot be ignored in the analysis of behavior b. some responses an organism makes are more modifiable than others c. logical positivism provides an excellent guide for productive research-CORRECT d. overt behavior can and should be used to index cognitive events During the early stages of hypothesis formation, an organism may ponder alternatives at the choice point. This apparent pondering is called: - ANS vicarious trial and error For Kafka, the ____ environment constituted the physical environment and the ____ environment constituted subjective reality. - ANS geographical; behavioral For Skinner, the environment was important because it: - ANS selected behavior through reinforcement contingencies Guthrie's one rule for breaking undesirable habits was - ANS observe the stimuli that elicit the behavior and perform another act in the presence of those stimuli In all of the applications of Skinnerian principles, which of the following general rules is always the same? - ANS change reinforcement contingencies and you change behavior In his book Productive Thinking, Wertheimer stated that the type of learning that occurred when mental associations, memorization, drill, and external reinforcement were employed was: - ANS trivial In his hypothetic-deductive theory, Hull had: - ANS a. general statements called postulates b. theorems, derived from the postulates c. testable propositions derived from theorems d. all of these choices CORRECT Insightful learning occurs - ANS when the things necessary for a problem's solution are present Dolman believed that: - ANS learning occurs independently of reinforcement Dolman defined ____ as the translation of learning into behavior. - ANS performance Hull defined ____ as the number of reinforced pairings between a stimulus and a response. - ANS habit strength According to Hull, the probability of a learned response was called ____ and was a function of both the amount of drive present and the number of times the response had been reinforced in the situation plus other intervening variables. - ANS reaction potential According to Skinner, a reinforce is anything that: - ANS changes the rate with which a response is made According to Skinner, the best way to deal with and decrease undesirable behavior is to: - ANS ignore it and thus put the behavior on extinction For the Gestaltists, the proper subject matter for psychology is ____, or mental experience as it occurs to the naïve observer. - ANS phenomenological experience The "phi phenomenon" investigated by Wertheimer was the observation of: - ANS apparent movement According to Koehler, patterns of brain activity and patterns of conscious experience are always structurally equivalent. This described the Gestalt concept of: - ANS psychophysical isomorphism For the Gestaltists, analysis of experience: - ANS proceeds from the whole (top) to the parts (bottom) The ____ asserts that all cognitive experiences will tend to be as organized, symmetrical, simple, and regular as they can be, given the pattern of brain activity at any given moment. - ANS law of Pregnant When stimuli are close together, they tend to be grouped together as a perceptual unit. This exemplifies the Gestalt principle of: - ANS proximity Camouflage utilizes the Gestalt principle of: - ANS inclusiveness Because of the principle of ____, incomplete figures are seen as complete. - ANS closure Which of the following is a characteristic of insightful learning? - ANS The transition from resolution to solution is sudden and complete. According to Lewin, a psychological fact was: - ANS anything of which a person was aware at any given moment According to Lewin, a person's ____ consisted of all of the influences acting upon him or her at a given time. - ANS life space According to the Zeigarnik effect, when subjects are allowed to complete some tasks but not others, ____. - ANS the uncompleted tasks are remembered better than the completed tasks When one has mixed feelings about one goal, what type of conflict is this? - ANS approach-avoidance conflict The widespread acceptance of the medical model of mental illness in modern times resulted in all of the following except: - ANS it encouraged an explanation of mental illness in terms of a person's conflicts, frustrations, and emotional disturbances Hippocrates used all of the following treatments except: - ANS trepanation What important lesson did Freud learn from Charcot? - ANS psychological disorders can cause physical problems Wither did all of the following except: - ANS a. found the first psychological clinic b. found the profession of clinical psychology c. provides the first comprehensive catalog of mental illnesses and their possible causes and treatments (pp. 501-502) CORRECT d. demonstrates how the principles from scientific psychology might be used to help troubled individuals According to Sass, psychiatry can be a worthy profession if it: - ANS helps clients better understand themselves, others, and life According to Charcot, the sequence of events from trauma to pathogenic ideas, to physical symptoms could only occur in individuals who were: - ANS inherently predisposed to hysteria The fact that many people who will not respond to suggestion when alone with a physician will do so in a group is called: - ANS Contagion Effect After studying with Charcot, Sigmund Freud believed that - ANS ideas could lodge in the unconscious part of the mind, which could produce bodily symptoms After Mesmer sank into obscurity as a result of a commission's findings about his practices, which of the following men gave well-received lectures on animal magnetism in the United States? - ANS Payne Who wrote a step-by-step rebuttal of the Malleus Malefic arum (The Witches' Hammer) and referred to witch burning as Godlessness? - ANS Wryer Posthypnotic suggestion is: - ANS where an individual is told to perform some act while in a hypnotic trance and then actually performs the act after being aroused from the trance Lighter Wither made three lasting impressions on clinical psychology. Of the following, which is not reflective of those lasting impressions? - ANS a. scientific psychology, if utilized appropriately, can be useful in helping people b. the idea that help can best be provided through the instrumentation of a profession dedicated to this practice and is independent of medicine and education c. a committed view that clinical psychology should be highly research oriented d. a conception that clinical psychologists should be eclectic CORRECT The group commissioned to investigate the validity of Mesmer's claims concerning animal magnetism concluded that: - ANS there was no such thing as animal magnetism and any positive results from Mesmer's treatments were due to the imagination While studying artificial somnambulism, Poseur discovered the phenomenon later called: - ANS Both posthypnotic suggestion and posthypnotic amnesia Because Breuer found that Anna O.'s condition improved following the emotional release that came from expressing a pathogenic idea, his treatment was called: - ANS the cathartic method In dream analysis, displacement is when: - ANS instead of dreaming about an anxiety- provoking event, the dreamer dreams of something symbolically similar to it ____ anxiety arises when the ego anticipates that it will be overwhelmed by the id. - ANS neurotic According to Freud, a healthy resolution of the male Oedipus conflict occurs when the male child: - ANS identifies with his father Breuer observed that every time he traced a symptom to its origin, it was usually a traumatic experience that caused physical symptoms. These were called ____ ideas. - ANS pathogenic Freud's original contribution to psychology was: - ANS the synthesizing of many known facts into a comprehensive theory of personality According to Freud, when directed toward one's self, the death instinct manifests itself as: - ANS suicide and masochism What was the "third scourge of humanity" that Freud advocated for a time? - ANS cocaine Based on his theory of development, Freud would most agree with the statement: - ANS The child is father to the man. For Freud, religion: - ANS comes from the human feeling of helplessness and insecurity and keeps humans operating at a childlike, irrational level The collective energy associated with the instincts in the id is called the ____ and accounts for most human behavior. - ANS libido Freud's final position on the sexual fantasies of his patients was that they were: - ANS based on imagined sexual encounters Freud preferred ____ as his method of treatment because, though it was more difficult to arrive at the original traumatic experience, once the experience was acknowledged it was available to the patient to deal with in a rational manner. - ANS free association Which of the following best describes Charcot's explanation of hysteria - ANS traumatic experience causes certain ideas to become dissociated from consciousness where they become strong enough to cause hysterical symptoms According to Jung, we project the ___ onto the world as such things as devils, demons, and monsters - ANS Shadow For Jung, dream analysis - ANS helps determine which aspects of the psyche were being adequately expressed and which were not Adler believed that all humans started life with - ANS feelings of inferiority According to Adler, traumatic experiences are - ANS interpreted in any way that suits a person's purposes Horney concluded that causes mental illness were found in - ANS society and social interactions The ____ model of mental illness assumes that abnormal behavior is caused by such things as grief, conflict, and frustration. - ANS psychological The ____ model of mental illness assumes that all disease is the result of the malfunctioning of some aspect of the body, mainly the brain. - ANS medical What is the procedure of chipping a hole in the skull to allow evil spirits to escape? - ANS trepanation In the United States, who visited 18 states within a three-year period, bringing about institutional reforms in most of those states? - ANS dix Kraepelin's catalog of mental illnesses: - ANS is the predecessor to The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Wither is credited with which of the following? - ANS Demonstrating how the principles from scientific psychology can help troubled individuals The training that Wither envisioned for clinical psychology was most compatible with the education leading to which of the following degrees? - ANS Doctor of Philosophy degree (PhD) According to Sass, the typical diagnosis of mental illness most often reflects a(n) ____. - ANS a social judgment If during psychoanalysis, the therapist develops strong emotional feelings toward the patient, ____ has occurred. - ANS countertransference When a patient expresses emotion toward the therapist that once were expressed toward another person, this is called ____. - ANS transference While in psychoanalysis, the patient stops short of realizing the crucial event. This is called: - ANS resistance At one point, Freud believed that adult hysteria was the result of an actual sexual incident that occurred in the life of the patient. This was called the: - ANS seduction theory According to Freud, what a dream appears to be about is its ____ content and what it is really about is its ____ content. - ANS manifest; latent According to Freud, the ____ contains all instincts and is the driving force of personality. - ANS id A man is disturbed by his homosexual urges, and decides to have numerous sexual encounters with women. According to Freud, this exemplifies: - ANS reaction formation According to Melanie Klein, notions of good and bad, and right and wrong, come from: - ANS an infant's interactions with his or her mother's breast during the oral stage Anna Freud believed that the superego develops in the ____ stage, while Klein believed it develops in the ____ stage. - ANS phallic; oral According to Anna Freud, when a person adopts the values of a feared person, it is called: - ANS identification with the aggressor According to Jung, the ____ provided the feminine component of the male personality and a framework within which males can interact with females. - ANS anima The two major orientations or attitudes described by Jung are: - ANS introversion and extroversion According to Adler, which of the following describes the conceptual development of a child? - ANS worldview - guiding fictions - lifestyle According to Adler, for a lifestyle to be truly effective, it must contain considerable: - ANS social interest Adler departed from Freudian theory with his concept of ____, in which he claimed that humans did not need to be victims of their past, their environment, or their biological inheritance. - ANS creative self Anna Freud described the transition between childhood and adolescence in terms of: - ANS developmental lines According to Jung, ____ is the process by which the various components of the personality are manifested within the context of a person's life. - ANS individuation Of all human relationships, Horney believed the relationship between ____ to be the most important. - ANS parent and child Adler believed that a weakness could be converted into a strength through: - ANS overcompensation According to Horney, when a child experienced the basic evil, it initially responded with: - ANS basic hostility According to Anna Freud, a person giving up his or her own life and vicariously living the life of another is called: - ANS altruistic surrender For Jung, two or more independent events coming together in a meaningful way is called: - ANS synchronicity Anna Freud not only perpetuated her father's ideas, she extended them into new areas such as: - ANS a. child analysis b. education c. child rearing d. all of these choices Melanie Klein believed that children as young as two years of age could be psychoanalyzed by examining their: - ANS play activities According to Klein's theory: - ANS the superego develops early in life and the development of the superego is determined by interactions between life and death instincts Horney described three major adjustment patterns available to neurotic people (those with basic anxiety). Which of the following is not one of the three? - ANS moving with people (social type) According to Fromm, the first thing many individuals do when they discover their freedom is to: - ANS Escape from that freedom ____ is the branch of philosophy that studies the nature of existence or being. - ANS Ontology When conditions of worth replace the organismic valuing process as a guide for living, the person: - ANS becomes incongruent b. is no longer true to his or her own true feelings c. is not a fully functioning person For the third-force psychologists, what was missing and what they sought was: - ANS the conditions that make healthy people healthier According to May, exercising one's freedom means all of the following except: - ANS experiencing guilt In general, phenomenology refers to any methodology that studies: - ANS conscious experience as it occurs, without attempting to reduce it to its component parts The Jonah complex refers to: - ANS the fear of one's own success According to Kelly, the goal of psychotherapy is to help the client: - ANS view things differently Heidegger said we come into conditions of our lives over which we have no control, such as male or female, rich or poor, or our nationality. This he called: - ANS thrones All of the following statements are accepted by both existential and humanistic psychology except: - ANS humans are basically good and if not interfered with would live in peace and harmony Toward the end of his life, Maslow began to develop ____ psychology that went beyond personal experience (mystical, ecstatic, spiritual aspects) and had much in common with non-Western psychologies, philosophies, and religions. - ANS both transpersonal and fourth-force Which of the following is not a characteristic of a self-actualizing person? - ANS They have many friends and acquaintances. According to the third-force psychologists, the most important cause of human behavior is: - ANS subjective reality Kelly called his approach to treatment: - ANS fixed-role therapy May, like the other existentialists, believed that the most important fact about humans is that they are: - ANS free May refers to the fact that humans are both the objects and subjects of experience as the: - ANS The human dilemma