History of Rock and Roll Exam 2 Questions & Answers, Exams of History

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History of Rock and Roll Exam 2

Questions & Answers

crossover - ANSWER a musical work that appealed to different audiences. The song would appear in the "Top 100" of different genre charts. --for example, rockabilly artists like Carl Perkins, Elvis Presley, and Johnny Cash had crossover hits cover - ANSWER new performance or recording of a previously recorded, commercially released song by someone other than the original artist or composer What is a negative aspect of crossovers and covers? - ANSWER It can be associated with cultural appropriation, when white singers would "bleach" a song's distinctive qualities to appeal to white audiences. --In the early years of rock and roll, many songs originally recorded by African-American musicians were re-recorded by white artists in a more toned-down style, often with changed lyrics Examples of white singers taking black artist's songs - ANSWER --Pat Boone singing Fats Domino's "Ain't That a Shame" in 1955 --lyrics of Big Joe Turner's "Shake Rattle and Roll" being changed by Bill Haley and His Comets producers - ANSWER -sixties producer had more control over the music due to increasing technology and being able to edit the music -An A&R representative signs and develops talent for a record label. There are many ways that a record label A&R representative can discover talent or artists that have "it" page 124 "rise of producer" - ANSWER

refrain-frame - ANSWER song starts with chorus then goes to verses, most often found in AABA forms (refrain "frames" verses) ex. "That'll Be the Day" by Buddy Holly rock beat - ANSWER The basic rock beat is 4/4, so you count 1-2-3-4. And to create the rock rhythm, you have to place the emphasis on the off-beats, which 2 and 4. So it goes like this: one, TWO, three, FOUR. theremin - ANSWER The theremin is an early electronic musical instrument controlled without physical contact by the thereminist. It is named after the Westernized name of its Russian inventor, Léon Theremin, who patented the device in 1928. regionalization - ANSWER --- image - ANSWER bands putting up "images" of what their audiences wanted to see, i.e. ---teen idols like Frankie Avalon and Fabian of a perfect boyfriend, clean cut star ---The Beatles getting their haircuts and matching outfits ---The Rolling Stones "bad boy" image was originally fake Wall of Sound - ANSWER Phil Spector's method of recording with his session musicians, "The Wrecking Crew." --large ensembles (including some instruments not generally used for ensemble playing, such as electric and acoustic guitars), with multiple instruments doubling and even tripling many of the parts to create a fuller, richer soun. 3 PIANOS --Spector also included an array of orchestral instruments—strings, woodwind, brass and percussion pop song - ANSWER a song that is "popular" with a mass audience, usually aimed at a youth market (teenagers) ---often a "softer" alternative to rock and roll Bo Diddley Beat - ANSWER ---The Bo Diddley Beat is a kind of syncopated five-accent clave rhythm.

---The "Bo Diddley Beat" (1955) is perhaps the first true fusion of 3-2 clave and R&B/rock 'n' roll. ---i.e. "Bo Diddley" by Bo Diddley, "Not Fade Away" Buddy Holly and the Crickets payola - ANSWER the illegal practice of a record company paying commercial radio/disc jockeys to broadcast their recordings and the song is presented as being part of the normal day's broadcast payola 1959 scandal - ANSWER ---Variety, Billboard, and especially ASCAP accused other record companies and BMI of resorting to payola ---the government finally got involved after the tv show scandals of 1958 ---Alan Freed and Dick Clark were both accused, Dick Clark's "cleaner" image let him off the hook ---the abrasive Freed refused to sign an affidavit saying that he'd never accepted payola. WABC fired him ASCAP - ANSWER ---the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers ---protects members' musical copyrights by monitoring public performances of their music, whether via a broadcast or live performance, and compensating them accordingly ---can you own music DJ - ANSWER "disc jockey," someone who plays and introduces popular music to an audience, whether through the radio or at a live dance American Bandstand - ANSWER a Television dance party started in Philadelphia hosted by Dick Clark in 1952- fuzz box - ANSWER ---"fuzzy" distortion in music that was popular in the 1960s ---device for deliberately introducing distortion in music ---fuzz tones were used in the Rolling Stones' "I Can't Get No Satisfaction" and by the Ventures multi track - ANSWER ---also known as "double tracking" ---a method of sound recording developed in 1955 that allows for the separate recording of multiple sound sources or of sound sources recorded at different times to create a cohesive whole --- many of Phil Spector's "Wall of Sound" songs and early Motown hits were taped on Ampex 3-track recorders

--- Many recordings by The Beatles and The Rolling Stones were recorded on 4-track recorders "The Twist" - ANSWER ---originally by Chubby Checker in 1960 ---The Twist was also a dance where the participants didn't touch each other, which became a new trend, especially with Disco dancing Chubby Checker was known for imitations - ANSWER Checker was known for his imitations of other artists. His 1959 song "The Class" featured imitations of Fats Domino, Elvis, and The Coasters. The name "Chubby Checker" is a parody of "Fats Domino." solid body guitar - ANSWER -developed by Les Paul (Leo Fender did bass) -to reduce the feedback problem Greenwich Village - ANSWER ---neighborhood on the west side of Lower Manhattan, New York City ---known for the 1960s folk scene beat poets - ANSWER page 269; 50's movement led by Jack Kerouac, preceded 60's counterculture beatlemania - ANSWER ---extreme enthusiasm for the Beatles, as manifested in the frenzied behavior of their fans in the 1960 ---watch notes online LSD-25 - ANSWER ---hallucinogenic drug used in the 1960s by Bob Dylan, the Beatles, etc ---musicians based their songs around trips ---bands like Pink Floyd and Jefferson Airplane helped start the "acid rock" genre" **page 261 sitar - ANSWER --- a plucked stringed instrument used mainly in Indian classical music. ---used by George Harrison in "Norwegian Wood (This Bird Has Flown)" on the LP Rubber Soul in 1965 ---first pop song to have a sitar Alan Freed - ANSWER --- also known as Moondog, was an American disc jockey.

--- known for promoting the mix of blues, country and rhythm and blues music on the radio in the United States and Europe under the name of rock and roll ---career destroyed by payola scandal in 1959 postmodernism - ANSWER ---general distrust for grand theories and ideologies

tanpura - ANSWER a long-necked plucked string instrument found in various forms in Indian music; it does not play melody but rather supports and sustains the melody of another instrument fuzz tone - ANSWER ---method of distortion used in the 1960s, see "fuzz box" --- example song with fuzz riff: "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction" by the Rolling Stones. lyrics and words - ANSWER --artists like the Beatles made lyrics more important because they took a more artistic approach --they made increasingly complex lyrics, and this focus came from folk music. interchange of ideas between and among bands - ANSWER ---Dylan inspires Beatles who inspire Brian Wilson and vice versa ---listen to notes for more Brill Building - ANSWER ---located in Manhattan that housed many important and established music producers ---stylistic label and set of business practices where a professional producer organized a session and professional studio musicians recorded the tune ---the music would be released on different music labels ---"methodical" way of producing music ---customized music and lyrics for targeted teen audience ---started girl groups Leiber and Stoller - ANSWER ---Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller were white Jewish songwriters captivated by black culture and wrote for black artists like The Coasters and The Drifters ---made 3 minute "vignettes" or playlets

---wrote Big Mama Thornton's original "Hound Dog" in 1953 --page 124 polish of black pop - ANSWER ---Shirelles' "Will You Still Love Me Tomorrow" ---girl groups, introducing women's POV ---AABA forms, A is 16 not 8 measures ---straightforward rock rhythm with little rhythmic interplay ---The Crystals, The Sensations "Let Me In," The Ronettes, motown Martha and the Vandelas Luthor Dixon - ANSWER --- American songwriter, record producer, and singer. Dixon's songs achieved their greatest success in the 1950s and 1960s, and were recorded by Elvis Presley, the Beatles, the Jackson Five ---wrote Rhythm and blues, Doo-wop, Pop music, Soul music, Rock and roll ---for Scepter Records, Wand Records, Musicor Records ---acts were The Shirelles, The Four Buddies, The Platters Phil Spector - ANSWER ---ambitious producer of the 1960s ---important for girl groups, worked with The Crystals,the Ronettes ---created the Wall of Sound ---perfectionist who asked for multiple recordings until the song was perfect to what he wanted in his head gold star studios - ANSWER ---studio in California where Phil Spector produced ---used 12 input mixing board "Be My Baby" - ANSWER the Ronettes, contrasting verse chorus form, "controlling genius" producer - ANSWER --Phil Spector white pop - ANSWER ---white pop music???

who is credited with the creation of surf sound? - ANSWER Dick Dale , KING OF SURF GUITAR, most popular could be "Miserlou" Berry Gordy Jr. - ANSWER the motown song, ---Motor town Detroit ---wanted to start jazz label but people like rhythm and blues better ---"Lonely Teardrops" reached R and B and crossed over to white pop ---made black music for white audiences ---worked with the Marvelettes "Please Mr. Postman" (1961), also the Miracles who sang "Shop Around" (1960) Beach Boys - ANSWER ---formed in 1961 by Brian Wilson, his two brothers, a cousin, and a friend in Hawthorn, CA ---Wilson was guiding spirit ---took surf rock to new heights and appealed to teens Brian Wilson - ANSWER ---an American musician, singer, songwriter, and record producer best known for being the multi-tasking leader and co-founder of the American rock band the Beach Boys ---became increasingly experimental trying to match Phil Spector's work ---"Good Vibrations" starts with contrasting verse chorus Pet Sounds - ANSWER ---Pet Sounds is the 11th studio album by the American rock band the Beach Boys, released on May 16, 1966 ---could be considered a concept album multitrack recording - ANSWER ---Pet Sounds relied on multitrack recorders for its innovative production. Brian Wilson pretaped all the instrumental backing tracks with a large ensemble, recording the performances live, direct to a four-track recorder. These four-track backing tapes were then 'dubbed down' to one track of an eight-track tape. ---The Beatles did not gain access to eight-track recorders until 1968, their groundbreaking Sgt Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band LP (1967) was created using pairs of four-track machines; Dick Dale - ANSWER --king of surf guitar, "Miserlou," Dick Dale and the Deltones

--solid body guitar and high wattage fender amp --lots of reverb and "wet" sounding guitar" The Ventures - ANSWER ---most successful instrumental surf group ---"Out of Limits" and "Walk, Don't Run" and "Wipeout" and "Pipeline" ---Seattle based group ---adopted surf after it became popular in California ---featured on American Bandstand John Hammond, Jr. - ANSWER blues guitarist, associated with Bob Dylan british invasion - ANSWER -The Beatles, The Rolling Stones, etc --- The British Invasion was a phenomenon that occurred in the mid-1960s when rock and pop music acts from the United Kingdom, as well as other aspects of British culture, became popular in the United States, and significant to the rising "counterculture" on both sides of the Atlantic ---The Mods and Rockers, two youth "gangs" in mid-1960s Britain, also had an impact in British Invasion music. Bands with a Mod aesthetic became the most popular, but bands able to balance both (e.g. the Beatles) were also successful R&B market in Britain - ANSWER --In parallel with Beat music, in the late 1950s and early 1960s a British blues scene was developing recreating the sounds of American R&B and later particularly the sounds of bluesmen Robert Johnson, Howling Wolf and Muddy Waters skiffle - ANSWER --Skiffle is a music genre with jazz, blues, folk and roots influences, usually using homemade or improvised instruments. --popular again in the UK in the 1950s, where it was associated with artists such as Lonnie Donegan, The Vipers Skiffle Group, Ken Colyer and Chas McDevitt. --examples: "Rock Island Line" by Lonnie Donegan Lonnie Donegan - ANSWER British skiffle singer, songwriter and musician, referred to as the King of Skiffle, who influenced 1960s British pop musicians.

The Beatles - ANSWER ---were the Quarrymen in 1957, Johnny and the Moondogs, The Silver Beetles ---established the album as the standard form of rock ---took the power of image to new heights ---first studio band, first to have weekly comedy tv show in their image ---English rock band, formed in Liverpool in 1960. With members John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison and Ringo Starr, they became widely regarded as the foremost and most influential act of the rock era. who was the Beatles producer? - ANSWER George Martin who stayed with them through their success Brian Epstein - ANSWER Beatles manager who suggested they wear matching suits and hair cuts ---first discovered the Beatles in November 1961 during a lunchtime Cavern Club performance. The Cavern - ANSWER rock n roll club in Liverpool UK, Beatles got their start performing here Beach Boys vs The Beatles - ANSWER ---both on Capitol Records ---Rubber Soul inspired Pet Sounds, which inspired Sgt. Pepper's and that inspired me to make Smile Roy Orbison - ANSWER ---"Pretty Woman" 1964 and "Only the Lonely Know How I Feel" (1961) "Ooby Dooby" (1956) ---from Wink, TX ---nicknamed the Big O, was an American singer-songwriter and musician, known for his distinctive, impassioned voice, complex compositions and dark emotional ballads Rubber Soul - ANSWER ---Rubber Soul is the sixth studio album by English rock band the Beatles, released on 3 December 1965 ---Hit 1965 beatles album which displayed growing maturity, use of sitar & hindu philosophy," Norwegian Wood "- their first concept album concept album - ANSWER album structured around a continuous storyline w/ recurring themes drugs and musical creativity - ANSWER 1) psychedelic music enhances an LSD trip

2. song was meant to be a trip itself
3. taking psychedelic effects and attempting to translate the experience into musical sound --60's musicians like The Beatles art vs pop - ANSWER ---Art music (also known as Western classical music, cultivated music, serious music, canonic music, or more flippantly, "real music" and "normal music") refers to musical traditions, implying advanced structural and theoretical considerations and a written musical tradition. The main tradition in the Western world is usually called classical music. --"Serious" or "cultivated" Revolver - ANSWER 1966 Beatles album with "Yellow Submarine" and "Eleanor Rigby" Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Heart's Club Band - ANSWER ---groundbreaking Beatles concept album released in 1967, continuous transitions between songs, experiments with tape loops, more Indian instruments, multi-track recording ---"Lucy In Disguise," "Within You Without You" "A Day In the Life" etc --pop music is ones that reach the top charts and is eclectic, borrowing from all styles folk revival - ANSWER ---folk music movement merged with social criticism, Vietnam war protest, counterculture, and drug use in the 60's ---"If I Had a Hammer" Peter Paul and Mary, "Blowin' In the Wind" Bob Dylan, "Where Have All the Flowers Gone" written by Pete Seeger and performed by Kingston Trio Bohemian culture of Greenwich Village - ANSWER -- a neighborhood on the west side of Lower Manhattan, New York City. Greenwich Village has been known as an artists' haven, the Bohemian capital kingston trio - ANSWER ---Initiated folk movement with 1958 hit "Tom Dooley" Peter Paul and Mary - ANSWER --eclipsed Kingston Trio as the most successful folk group the 1960s --"If I Had a Hammer" (1962) and "Puff the Magic Dragon" (1962)

Bob Dylan - ANSWER ---Minnesota folk singer songwriter, rose to prominence in NYC, one of the most influential voices of the counterculture/folk rock movement, went electric in 1966 after encounters with the Beatles - mutual exchange of influence between them and this dude ---" polyphony - ANSWER multiple independent melodic lines homophony - ANSWER one dominant melody + harmonic accompaniment ex. "Johnny B. Goode" by Chuck Berry monophony - ANSWER single melody ex. "Star Spangled Banner" solo Pete Seeger - ANSWER --- an American folk singer and social activist. --- In the 1960s, he re-emerged on the public scene as a prominent singer of protest music in support of international disarmament, civil rights, counterculture and environmental causes. ---A songwriter, his best-known songs include "Where Have All the Flowers Gone?" "We Shall Overcome" civil rights movement - ANSWER --anthem was "We Shall Overcome" (1962) -- to end racial segregation and discrimination against African Americans and to secure legal recognition and federal protection of the citizenship rights enumerated in the Constitution and federal law cream's blues adaptations pg 274 - ANSWER Barry McGuire - ANSWER folk rock singer