Download HMX Immunology Final Exam Study Guide 2024 /2025 With Complete Solution. RATED (a+). and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! HMX Immunology Final Exam Study Guide 2024 /2025 With Complete Solution. RATED (a+). 1. Tissue resident sentinel cells include (3 types) - ✅✅Dendritic cells, macrophages, and mast cells 2. Circulating leukocytes involved in innate response (2 types) - ✅✅Monocytes and neutrophils 3. Phagocytic immune cells (2 types) - ✅✅Macrophages and neutrophils 4. Difference between macrophages and neutrophils? - ✅✅Neutrophils are short lived and will undergo apoptosis after eating a microbe; macrophages are longer-lived and will eat apoptotic cells and waste 5. General cytokine role in innate immune response (and what cells release them?) - ✅✅Released by dendritic cells, macrophages, and mast cells. Pro-inflammatory molecules that interact with blood vessel endothelium to recruit circulating leukocytes, fluid, and proteins into tissue 6. Which tissue-resident sentinel cell will release histamine upon activation? - ✅✅Mast cell 7. Cytokines promote up-regulation of what kind of molecule within blood vessel walls? - ✅✅Adhesion molecules 8. E-Selectin - ✅✅An adhesion molecule that helps to slow down circulating leukocytes in innate immune response (low-affinity interaction) 9. E-Selectin Ligand - ✅✅A ligand expressed by circulating leukocytes that helps them stick to blood vessel endothelium in innate immune response HMX Immunology Final Exam Study Guide 2022 With Complete Solution 10. ICAM-1 - ✅✅An adhesion molecule that helps circulating leukocytes bind to blood vessel endothelium in innate immune response (high- affinity interaction) 11. Integrins (and the name of a specific one) - ✅✅A class of adhesion molecules expressed on circulating leukocytes; LFA-1 binds to ICAM-1 in a high affinity interaction during the innate inflammatory response 12. Stable Arrest - ✅✅When a circulating leukocyte comes to a stop within the endothelium thanks to adhesion molecule interactions and can enter the tissue 13. Pus - ✅✅Comprised of fluid and apoptotic cells/waste as a result of an inflammatory response (DNA, dead bacteria, apoptotic neutrophils) 14. Psoriasis overview - ✅✅Autoimmune disease that can cause skin plaques and arthritis; Skin plaques are caused by immune cells migrating into the skin and initiating an inflammatory response 15. Psoriasis risk factors - ✅✅History of strep infections, skin injury, first degree relative with psoriasis 16. TNF-alpha in psoriasis - ✅✅A pro-inflammatory cytokine expressed in psoriasis that recruits immune cells into the skin and also acts directly on epithelial cells to produce thickened/raised patches 17. Psoriasis treatment (biologics) - ✅✅Target the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-alpha and therefore prevent the expression of adhesion molecules on endothelial cells and prevent TNF-alpha from acting directly on epithelial cells 18. Possible side effects of medications that block adhesion molecules - ✅✅Susceptibility to infection due to inhibiting leukocyte entry into tissue 19. Most abundant leukocyte - ✅✅Neutrophils HMX Immunology Final Exam Study Guide 2022 With Complete Solution 42. Which two types of antibodies can activate complement? - ✅✅IgM and IgG 43. What happens when IgM binds microbes to allow for complement activation? - ✅✅It changes shape 44. Which complement protein will bind to IgM? - ✅✅C1q 45. Opsonization (and the complement protein involved) - ✅✅C3b; coats microbes to allow them to be easily recognized by phagocytes, C3b has a binding side for phagocyte receptors 46. Which enzyme is responsible for cleaving C3b into C5b and C5a? - ✅✅C5 convertase 47. Spontaneous pathway complement activation - ✅✅The microbial surface itself activates complement 48. What kind of molecule do lectins bind to? - ✅✅Sugars 49. Adaptive immune cells are also called - ✅✅lymphocytes 50. Which kind of lymphocyte is involved in humoral immunity - ✅✅B cell 51. Which kind of lymphocyte is involved in cell-mediated immunity - ✅✅T cells 52. What kind of cell produce antibodies - ✅✅B cells 53. Humoral immunity is the principle defense mechanism against what type of infections - ✅✅Extracellular microbes 54. What are the 4 major functions of antibodies - ✅✅Neutralization, opsonization, complement activation, direct killing through antibody- dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) HMX Immunology Final Exam Study Guide 2022 With Complete Solution 55. Neutralization - ✅✅When antibodies bind to antigens (e.g. virus, toxin) and block them from binding to cellular receptors and making us sick 56. Antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity - ✅✅Antibodies will bind to cell surface proteins on infected cells to recruit natural killer cells that will kill the cell 57. Fab region of antibody - ✅✅The variable portion of the antibody that contains the antigen binding site (2 arms) 58. Fc region of antibody - ✅✅The constant portion of the antibody that may bind to immune cell receptors on macrophages, neutrophils, and mast cells (during opsonization) 59. IgG antibody (structure and function) - ✅✅A monomer; Most common Ig; "workhorse" of humoral immunity 60. IgD antibody (structure and function) - ✅✅a monomer; function unknown 61. IgE antibody (structure and function) - ✅✅a monomer; Involved in allergy and response to helminths (worms) 62. IgA antibody (structure and function) - ✅✅a dimer (4 binding sites) joined by J chains; Protease-resistant; functions in the gut 63. IgM antibody (structure and function) - ✅✅a pentamer (10 binding sites) joined by J chains; Low affinity but high avidity 64. Antibody general structure - ✅✅2 heavy chains 2 light chains split into Fc and Fab (variable) regions. Fab region contains antigen binding site made up of 3 loops of each heavy chain and light chain 65. What are two ways antibodies can cause disease - ✅✅1) Recognition of self-antigens 66. 2) Formation of immune complexes (antibody-antigen complexes) in the blood HMX Immunology Final Exam Study Guide 2022 With Complete Solution 67. Lymphoma - ✅✅A type of cancer arising from lymphocytes 68. Leukemia - ✅✅Type of cancer that arises from leukocytes or leukocyte precursors 69. B cell receptor (BCR) - ✅✅a membrane-bound antibody and its associated signaling proteins; B cells can excrete free antibodies with the same affinity as their receptor 70. Difference between T cell and B cell receptors - ✅✅B cell receptors (immunoglobulins) can recognize virtually any molecule; T cell receptors can only recognize peptides bound to MHC molecules on the surface of self-cells; they must be shown this molecule 71. Clone (for a cell) - ✅✅A group of cells that is genetically identical, all descending from the same cell 72. Clonal selection - ✅✅When a microbe successfully binds to an antigen receptor on a lymphocyte 73. Clonal expansion - ✅✅When a clone of a lymphocyte proliferates after clonal selection has occurred (leads to army against a specific microbe) 74. Common lymphoid progenitor cells - ✅✅Give rise to T cells and B cells, also NK cells 75. B cells mature primarily in the... - ✅✅bone marrow 76. T cells mature primarily in the .... - ✅✅Thymus 77. Pro B cell - ✅✅Cell after the common lymphoid progenitor but before the Pre B cell (NO antigen receptor) 78. Pre B Cell - ✅✅Cell after the Pro B cell but before the immature B cell (Heavy chain of Ig ONLY) HMX Immunology Final Exam Study Guide 2022 With Complete Solution 102. What kind of cells present antigen on MHC Class II - ✅✅APCs: Dendritic cells, B cells, macrophages 103. Peptide antigens that are broken down in the lysosome are presented on.... - ✅✅MHC Class II 104. Peptides that are broken down by the proteasome are presented on.... - ✅✅MHC Class I 105. How does a peptide antigen that is broken down in the proteosome get into the ER for further processing? Where does it go after? - ✅✅TAP transporter; cell surface to be presented on MHC class I 106. How does T cell inhibition happen? 2 ways - ✅✅1) T cells will express a inhibitory receptor called CTLA-4, which binds to the costimulatory molecule B7 with higher affinity than the coreceptor CD28, thus blocking T cell activation (lymph nodes). 2) T cells will express PD-1 inhibitory receptor in tissues, can bind to cells in tissue to produce T cell exhaustion 107. CTLA-4 - and how exactly does it work - ✅✅a coreceptor that can be expressed on surface of activated T cells to produce T cell attenuation in lymph node; binds to B7 costimulator to block CD28 signaling 108. PD-1 - ✅✅An inhibitory receptor expressed on activated T cells in tissues that can cause T cell exhaustion 109. HLA (human leukocyte antigen) genes encode what - ✅✅MHC molecules 110. MHC molecules are synthesized in which subcellular compartment - ✅✅ER 111. Which type of MHC molecule is going to be used for presenting viral antigen on the surface of an infected cell - ✅✅MHC Class I HMX Immunology Final Exam Study Guide 2022 With Complete Solution 112. Which type of MHC molecule is going to be used for presenting antigen from an extracellular bacteria - ✅✅MHC Class II 113. Where do B cells reside in the lymph node - ✅✅In the follicles aka B cell zone 114. True or false: B cells activate T cells in the lymph node - ✅✅False; helper T cells activate naive B cells 115. Once a naive T cell has been activated (ex, by a DC) and undergone proliferation in the lymph node, what is the next step that occurs - ✅✅T cells will express chemokine receptor CXCR5 to begin moving toward B cells 116. CXCR5 - ✅✅A chemokine receptor NORMALLY found on B cells, expressed by T cells in the lymph node when they are ready to activate B cells, turns into a T follicular helper cell 117. When a naive B cell in the lymph node encounters its antigen (from the circulation) and presents it on an MHC Class II, what is the next step - ✅✅B cell will express CCR7 chemokine receptor to migrate towards T cells 118. CCR7 - ✅✅Chemokine receptor NORMALLY found on T cells; expressed by activated B cells in the lymph node when they are ready to meet the T cells 119. Which TWO molecules do B cells express to be successfully activated by a T cell - ✅✅MHC Class II with antigen, CD40 receptor 120. CD40 - ✅✅A receptor expressed on B cells that binds to CD40-L on T cells to complete B cell activation 121. CD40-L - ✅✅The ligand for CD40 that is expressed on activated helper T cells to accomplish B cell activation; also expressed on macrophages in Tissue to allow them to interact with Th cells HMX Immunology Final Exam Study Guide 2022 With Complete Solution 122. What happens once a B cell is activated - ✅✅It will proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells 123. Germinal Center reaction - ✅✅Requires B and T cell collaboration in response to protein antigen; leads to generation of high affinity antibodies and isotype switched antibodies; leads to generation of long lived plasma cells and memory B cells 124. What is the first/general type of antibody produced before isotype switching occurs - ✅✅IgM 125. Which cytokine receptor allows the activated B and T cell to migrate from the interfollicular zone into the follicle?? - ✅✅CXCR5 126. Follicular dendritic cells - ✅✅Dendritic cells that present antigens to B cells and are only found in the lymph node follicles; important for germinal center 127. What kind of cell secretes antibodies - ✅✅Plasma cells 128. How is high antibody specificity produced within the germinal center reaction? - ✅✅induced mutations (somatic hypermutation) produce B cell clones with different antigen specificities; follicular dendritic cells then 'select' the best antibody clone and that clone proliferates; the others die 129. True or false: isotype switching of antibodies will affect the affinity of the antibody - ✅✅False 130. Isotype switching alters what specific part of the antibody - ✅✅The heavy chain 131. In general, how does antibody isotype switching occur - ✅✅T follicular helper cells send signals to B cells that cause heavy chain gene rearrangement (in the constant region of the gene) 132. Which type of antibodies are most effective at neutralization? - ✅✅IgG and IgA HMX Immunology Final Exam Study Guide 2022 With Complete Solution 152. In checkpoint blockade therapy, which inhibitory receptor is blocked within the lymph nodes? - ✅✅CTLA-4 on surface of T cells 153. In checkpoint blockade therapy, which inhibitory receptor is blocked at the site of the tumor?? - ✅✅PD-1 on surface of T cells 154. SCID (severe combined immunodeficiency) and 2 types - ✅✅inherited disorder in which both T cells and B cells are absent or inactive; RAG type SCID = low counts of B and T cells; X-linked SCID = no functional T cells 155. X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) - ✅✅A rare X linked recessive trait characterized by the total absence of immunoglobulins and B cells (due to mutation in BTK gene) 156. Primary immunodeficiencies and two examples - ✅✅rare genetic diseases characterized by profound susceptibility to infections; SCID and XLA are examples 157. DiGeorge Syndrome - ✅✅congenital absence of the thymus gland; causes lack of T cells 158. T cell central tolerance - ✅✅Occurs in thymus; clonal deletion of self-reactive T cells 159. T cell and B cell peripheral tolerance - ✅✅Occurs in the tissues, mediated by regulatory T cells that control self-reactive lymphocytes 160. B cell central tolerance - ✅✅Occurs in the bone marrow; mediated by receptor editing to get the right receptor 161. In what ways can antibodies contribute to autoimmune disease - ✅✅They can block the function of a normal host protein and form immune complexes (antibody-DNA/protein) that impair organ function 162. What is an example of an autoimmune disease caused by antibodies blocking the function of a normal host protein - ✅✅myasthenia gravis (neurotransmitter signaling is blocked) HMX Immunology Final Exam Study Guide 2022 With Complete Solution 163. What is an example of an autoimmune disease in which immune complexes impair organ function - ✅✅lupus, can damage kidney 164. Type 1 diabetes cause - ✅✅T cells attack islet cells in pancreas that make insulin 165. Most common autoimmune disease - ✅✅psoriasis 166. Most common immune disease - ✅✅allergies 167. First step of allergy response - ✅✅Sensitization - antibody switches to IgE, these antibodies are bound to mast cells all over the body. Generation of Th2 cells from naive T cells that produce IL-4 and IL-5 168. Which cytokine activates eosinophils - ✅✅IL-5 169. Second step of allergy response - ✅✅re-exposure to allergen leads to mast cell activation: when allergen binds to mast cell antibodies, cross-linking occurs. Mast cells release granules including histamine, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, TNF cytokine, etc. 170. What two types of cells can release their granules during allergic response - ✅✅mast cells, eosinophils HMX Immunology Final Exam Study Guide 2022 With Complete Solution