HN 308 Exam 4 Questions with Complete Solutions.pdf, Exams of Nutrition

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HN 196 Exam 1 questions with complete solutions

Nutrition - The study of food including how food nourishes our bodies and how food influences our health What does the research focus on in nutrition? - Supporting health and preventing and treating chronic diseases Wellness - physical, emotional , social, occupational, and spiritual health What are the 4 goals of healthy people 2020?? - High quality longer lives, health equity, social and physical environments, promote healthy behaviors across all life stages Nutrients - The chemicals in foods that are critical to human growth & function Macronutrients - provide energy required in large amounts Micronurtrients - nutrients required in smaller amounts; vitamins and minerals Kilocalories - amount of energy required to raise the temperature carbohydrates - primary source of fuel for body, especially the brain Fats/Lipids - molecules insoluble in water, important energy source during rest or low energy exercises, provide fat-soluble vitamins and fatty acids How many kcal are in 1 gram of fat? - 9 what makes up fats? - carbon, hydrogen, oxygen Proteins - Chain of amino acids What makes up proteins? - carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen How many kcal is in one gram of protein? - 4 Vitamins - Organic molecules that assist in regulating body processes what are the 4 fat soluble vitamins? - ADEK What are the two water soluble vitamins? - CB Minerals - inorganic substances required for body processes what are the two main functions of minerals? - fluid regulation and energy production

Major Minerals - Needed in greater amounts Trace minerals - Needed in smaller amounts Water - Support all body functions, fluid balance, nerve impulses Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI's) - Amount of nutrients needed in healthy people that may reduce risk of disease EAR (DRI) - daily recommendation for healthy people in a certain stage of life RDA (DRI) - vast majority of healthy people in a particular life stage or gender AI (DRI) - used when RDA is not yet established UL (DRI) - highest level of daily nutrient intake that is unlikely to have adverse health effects Nutrigenomics - How nutrition interacts with genes and the environment Human Microbiome - set of genes belonging to microorganisms that inhibit body Human Genome - set of genes making up the DNA in the nucleus of a human cell Functional Foods - have ingredients with the potential to provide health benefits beyond basic nutrition Probiotics - Good bacteria that keep digestive system healthy Prebiotics - carbs that cannot be digested by our body phytochemicals - plant chemicals that may reduce risk for disease and age-related decline A healthful diet is: (5) - Adequate, moderate, nutrient dense, balanced, varied Apetite - a psychological desire influenced by sensory data, social, cultural, or emotional cues Hunger - a basic biological urge Conditioned taste aversion - avoidance of a food as a result of a negative experience like an illness What do food labels contain? (5) - statements of identity, net contents, ingredients, name/address of manufacturer, nutrition info

Low cal - 40 calories less per serving good source of fiber - 2.5-4.9 grams of fiber per serving high fiber - 5g or more per serving reduced sugar - 25% less sugar than the reference food Dietary guidelines for Americans - set of principles developed by the US department of health and human services and the USDA How often is the dietary guidelines for Americans revised? - every 5 years Key DGA reccomendations - healthful eating across lifespan, limit calories, saturated fats, added sugars, and reduce sodium intake MyPlate - visual representation of USDA recommendations Mediterranean diet main food groups (7) - olive oil, grains, legumes, nuts, veggies, cheese,yogurt Atoms - the smallest unit of matter, bond to each other to form molecules DASH diet - Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension Molecules - Groups of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds Two goals of digestion - Break large molecules down into smaller, absorb the smaller molecules into the cells of the body cell membrane - outer layer enclosing each cell of the body Organ - organization of tissues that performs a specific function What part of the brain triggers hunger? - hypothalamus What do blood glucose vessels do? - trigger the release of hormones called insulin and glucagon Hormones - chemicals produced in specialized glands that travel in the bloodstream to target organs in other parts of the body What happens to insulin and glucagon when we have not eaten in a while? - insulin decreases, glucagon increases

GI tract - series of organs arranged as a long tube through which the food passes Salivary amylase - Enzyme in saliva that breaks down starch Epiglotis - flap of tissue in the back of the throat that closes the trachea when you swallow Peristalsis - muscular contractions moving food down the GI tract What does gastric juice contain? 5 - Hydrochloric acid, intrinsic factor, pepsin, gastric lipase, chyme chyme - semisolid product of mechanical and chemical digestion in the stomach Hydrochloric acid - Denatures proteins and activates pepsin, acidic intrinsic factor - makes the absorption of vitamin B12 happen Pepsin - Enzyme that breaks down proteins in the stomach Gastric lipase - enzyme to digest fat Pyloric sphincter - slowly releases chyme from the stomach into the small intestine gastroesophageal sphincter - separates the esophagus from the stomach ileocecal valve - Valve between small and large intestines Absorption - The process by which nutrient molecules pass through the wall of the digestive system into the blood Where does most absorption take place in the small intestine? 3 - Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum Water soluble nutrients - enter the portal vein which transplants these nutrients to the liver Fat soluble nutrients - enter the lymphatic vessels which transplant these nutrients directly to the bloodstream Heartburn is caused by - hydrochloric acid in the esophagus GER - chronic disease with painful persistent heartburn as the most common system Peptic ulcers - regions of the GI tract that have been eroded by HCl and pepsin

IBS - disorder that interferes with normal colon function Food intolerance - A particular food causes numerous unpleasant symptoms Food Allergy - hypersensitivity reaction of the immune system to a component in a food What is the function of the stomach in digestion - secretes gastrin, pepsin, hydrochloric acid What is the function of the gall bladder in digestion - concentrates and stores bile What is the function of the Liver in digestion - Produces Bile What is the function of the pancreas in digestion - produces insulin and pancreatic lipase, secretes pancreatic proteases what two pancreatic enzymes are secreted by more than one organ? - Lipase and amylase