Hodat 2 Midterm Study Guide - History of Drama and Theatre | TA 3106, Study notes of Theatre History

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HODAT Midterm Tiara Hairston

• 18 th^ Century Theatre- o Ex: The London Merchant o o Germany- German realism moved in from France, movement Strum and Drang as well as practitioner Goethe o Gotthold Ephriam Lessing- considered theaters first dramaturge. German dramatist and philosopher of the enlightenment era. o Goethe- rise of the grotesque- Hunchback; vampires; Beauty and the Beast o Johann Eolfgang Goethe- considered to be a genius of German literature and author of classic German Tragedy “Faust” o Schiller- Friedrich Schiller was thought to be Germany’s most important classical playwright, He popularized new dramas such as Melodrama and Bourgeois. Wrote plays such as “The Robbers” which was considered to be the first Melodrama. “Intrigue and Love” was closely compared to “Romeo and Juliet” with its themes of bourgeois tragedy o Sturm and Drang (storm and stress)-is a proto-Romantic movement in German literature and music taking place from the late 1760s through the early 1780s, in which individual subjectivity and, in particular, extremes of emotion were given free expression in reaction to the perceived constraints of rationalism imposed by the Enlightenment and associated aesthetic movements. o Shakespeare- inspired German and French romantics o Weimar Classicism- also allowed women to write for them as a cultural and literary movement of Europe, in a wider sense including Christoph Martin Wieland, Johann W. Goethe, Johann Gottfried Herder, ad Friedrich Schiller for 1772 until 1805; often concentrated on Goethe and Schiller during the period 1788-

• Early to late 19th^ Century Theatre o Characteristics of melodrama p.278 brockett o Immanuel Kant and characteristics of Romanticism p.278- o Georg Buchner o Vigor Hugo- Les Mes o Griboyedov- remembered primarily for his Woe from Wit, one of the masterpieces of Russian drama, sometimes recognized as only significant Russian play from neoclassical style, his play was kept from the stage because of tightening of censorship, complete version was finally seen in 1869- still in the Russian repertory o Nikolai Gogol- contributed to the start of a more realistic drama in the 1830s in the Russian repertory, remembered primarily for The Inspector General- an original play in its time since it didn’t include a love story or sympathetic characters, still a popular play in the 21st^ century o Shelley- probably the best poetic dramatist of the time whose plays The Cenci ad Prometheus Unbound weren’t acted until later in the century o Byron- the most successful of the romantic poets in the theatre, had more knowledge and interest in production that his contemporaries o Astley’s Amphitheatre- mixed circus with theatre, having a circus ring attached to the stage and incorporated the circus tricks the horses could do, a place where plot was not as important as spectacle o George Lillo- Brittish playwright wrote the London Merchant, created the domestic tragedy o Edmund Kean- English actor regarded as the best of his time. 1789- o Sarah Siddons- British actress best known for her role of Lady Macbeth o Macready- English Actor, studied at rugby, played mostly romantic drama o Forrest- American actor from Philly, well known for playing blackface characters to begin his career. Hissed at Macready in a performance and lost the respect of many Europeans o The Astor Place Riot- occurred on May 10, 1849 at the now-demolished Astor Opera House [1]^ in Manhattan, New York City and left at least 25 dead and more than 120 injured.[2]^ It was the deadliest to that date of a number of civic disturbances in New York City which generally pitted immigrants and nativists against each other, or together against the upper classes who controlled the city's police and the state militia. Its genesis was a dispute between Edwin Forrest, one of the best-known American actors of that time, and William Charles Macready, a similarly notable English actor, which largely revolved around which of them was better than the other at acting the major roles of Shakespeare. o Madame Vestris- Lucia Elizabeth Vestris (January 1797 – 8 August 1856) was an English actress and a contralto opera singer, appearing in Mozart and Rossini works. While popular in her time, she was more notable as a theatre producer and manager. After accumulating a fortune from her performances, she leased the Olympic Theatre in London and produced a series of burlesques and extravaganzas for which the house became famous, especially popular works by James Planché. She also produced his work at other theatres she managed. o Chestnust Street Theatre- in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania was the first theater in the United States built by entrepreneurs solely as a venue for paying audiences.[1] o Showboats- form of theater that traveled along the waterways of the United States, especially along the Mississippi and Ohio rivers

of Verdi’s opera Ernani. It is also referenced in Edgar Allan Poe’s short story, “The Masque of Red Death”. Gillenormand in Les Miserables critizes Hernani o The Inspector General- A satirical play ny the Russophone Ukranian playwright and novelist Nikolai Gogol. The play is a comedy of errors (satirizing human greed, stupidity, and the extensive political corruption of Imperial Russia.) The publication of the play led to a grea outcry in the reactionary press. It took the personal intervention of Tsar Nicholas I to have the play staged o Uncle Tom’s Cabin- An antislavery novel written by Harriest Beecher Store. The novel “helped lay the groundwork for the Civil War.” The novel focuses on the character of Uncle Tom, a long-suffering black save. The sentimental novel depicts the reality of slavery while also asserting that Christian love can overcome something as destructive as enslavemnt of fellow huma beings. UTC was the best-selling novel of the 19th^ century and the secod best selling book of that century following the Bible. It is credited with helping fuel the abolitionist cause in the 1850s

• Late 19th^ Century and early 20th^ century theatre o Scribe and Sardou  Scribe contributed over 300 pieces to Parisian theatres; because his plays manipulate attitudes and prejudices of the time, they seemed more substantial to theatre goers of the 19th^ century; remembered primarily for making “well-made-play” formula  Sarbou- one of the world’s most popular playwrightd between 1860- 1900, used the “well-made-play” formula and adopted it to almost ever dramatic type, ***George Bernard Shaw thought Sarbou’s shallow dramas seemed to empitomize the decadance and mindlessness into which the late 19th^ century theatre had descended o “Well Made Play” p342- “a combination and perfection of dramatic devices common since the time of Aeschylus; careful exposiion and preparation, cause- to-efect arrangement of incidents, building scenes to a climax, and the skillful manipulations of withheld information, starting reversals and suspense” o “Boulevard Drama”- is a theatrical aethetic, which emerged from the boulevards of Paris’s old city. And included many attractions such as fireworks, mimes and acrobats o Delsarte and his system- he went on to develop an acting style that attempted to connect the inner emotional experience of the acto with a systematized set of gestures and movements based upon his own observations of human interation o Paris Opera House- was founded in 1669 by Louis XIV as the Academie d’Opera shortly thereafter becomes the Academie royale de Musique o Duke of Saxe Meiningen and his innovations- He was one of the greatest intellectuals among the higher nobility during the Second German Empire. He is particularly known for developing the Meiningen Ensemble using his court theatre. Using his knowledge of art history and his drawing skills, he designed highly detailed, historically accurate scenery, costumes, and properties. In addition, he choreographed large crowd scenes that stunned audiences across Europe. He and his ensemble toured Europe extensively, and had a profound effect on theatre production across the continent. The initial aim of the Meiningen Ensemble was to create, within the context of an ensemble, historical exactitude of the mise en scene. The Meiningen company sought to create the illusion of natural space within the confines of the proscenium arch. Duke Georg was concerned mainly with creating a naturalistic illusory atmosphere where the

actor could establish or re-create authenticity in performance. Chronegk and the Duke prepared sketches and diagrams showing actors how to walk and move in period clothing to achieve a naturalistic feel to stage characterization. The Meiningen productions influenced playwrights like Henrik Ibsen, actors like Henry Irving and directors like Antoine and Stanislavsky. He was known for his great vision and memory and he often worked without a prompt book or script, working from his head and using a runner to ferry his ideas to his assistant Chronegk.[11]^ For his work in the theatre, he is known as the first modern director. o Ibsen- was a major 19th-century Norwegian playwright, theatre director, and poet. He is often referred to as "the father of prose drama" and is one of the founders of Modernism in the theatre.[1]^ His major works include Brand, Peer Gynt, An Enemy of the People, Emperor and Galilean, A Doll's House, Hedda Gabler, Ghosts, The Wild Duck, Rosmersholm, and The Master Builder. o Realism- he belief that reality exists independently of observers, whether in philosophy itself or in the applied arts and sciences. In this broad sense it is frequently contrasted with Idealism. Realism in theatre denotes any movement towards greater fidelity to real life, as in Kitchen sink realism, an English cultural movement in the 1950s and 1960s that concentrated on contemporary social realism, or Poetic realism, a film movement in France in the 1930s that used heightened aestheticism. In the visual arts the term denotes any approach that depicts what the eye can see, such as in American realism, a turn of the 20th century idea in arts o Zola- was a French writer, the most important exemplar of the literary school of naturalism and an important contributor to the development of theatrical naturalism. He was a major figure in the political liberalization of France and in the exoneration of the falsely accused and convicted army officer Alfred Dreyfus, which is encapsulated in the renowned newspaper headline J'Accuse. o Naturalism-depiction of realistic objects in a natural setting. The Realism movement of the 19th century advocated naturalism in reaction to the stylized and idealized depictions of subjects in Romanticism, but many painters have adopted a similar approach over the centuries. An important part of the naturalist movement was its Darwinian perspective of life[citation needed]^ and its view of the futility of man up against the forces of nature. o Darwin- discoveries and theories helped push forward by stressing the “five senses” and “cause and effect”. With his and Freud’s help the plays of that time rarely had a hero or king. They were about real people. o Freud- Many historians credit Freud for being a big influence on modern theatre. Deeply stressed catharsis and psychoanalysis on main characters. o Marx- helped influence literature and drama by forcing the focus on the working class. Influenced “English Socialist Theatre”. Instated Udeology that encourages stateism. George Bernard Shaw was a mild Marxist. o Antoine and the Theatre Libre- Andre Antoine founded the Theatre Libre from 1887-1896 in Paris, France. Put up plays such as Henrik Ibesen’s Ghosts. Usually showed controversial shows that were banned other places (Miss Julie, A Bankruptcy). Ultimately closed due to severe debt o Hauptman- wrote Big River in the 1980s? o Moscow Art Theatre- Founded by Constantin Stanislovski and Vladimir Nemiroch-Danchenco in 1898. It was on of the first large venue’s for naturalistic theatre. Chekhov’s “The Seagull” was staged there for the first time. Showed mainly Russian and Western playwrights

Schulwerk pedagogy, common in public school music education throughout the United States.) The Dalcroze Method involves teaching musical concepts through movement. A variety of movement analogues are used for musical concepts, to develop an integrated and natural feel for musical expression. Turning the body into a well-tuned musical instrument, Dalcroze felt, was the best path to generating a solid, vibrant musical foundation. o Edward Gordon Craig- sometimes known as Gordon Craig, was an English modernist theatre practitioner; he worked as an actor, director and scenic designer, as well as developing an influential body of theoretical writings. Craig was the son of revered actress Dame Ellen Terry. Asserted that the director was “the true artist of the theatre” and, controversially, suggested viewing actors as no more important than marionettes o Johan August Strindberg- Swedish playwright and novelist, wrote “Miss Jule” and “A Dream Play,” an early expressionist and realist. o Eugene O’Neill- American playwright, first to introduce realism to American theatre, wrote “The Iceman Cometh” and “A Long Day’s Journey into Night” o George Pierce Baker- Early American professor at Harvard, taught the playwrighting class Eglish 47, and created Workshop 47 as a place to perform the plays written in English 47, helped found the Yale School of Drama o English 47- a playwrighting class taught by George Pierce Baker at Harvard o Robert Edmund Jones- American scenic, lighting, and costume designer, incorporated the new stage craft into American Theatre, designs were often referred to as a simplified realism o Norman Bel Geddes- major influence on set design, set design for Dante’s “The Devine Comedy” still considered one of the most brillian conceptions by U.S. designer; design was based on a series of terraces- many of his designs were full of steps, platforms, and imaginative lighting. o Stella Adler- studied at the American Laboratory Theatre; Stanislavski system, founding member of Group Theatre, founder of Stellar Adler Studio of Acting o Harnold Clurman- founding member of Group Theatre, also studied at the American Laboratory Theatre; visionary director and critic o Clifford Odets- founding member of the Group Theatre; actor turned-playwright- heavily influenced by Chekhov o The Group Theatre- established in 1931; most distinguished American troupe of the 30’s; modeled after the Moscow Art Theatre, produced many of Clifford Odets works; fell apart in 1941 due to typical janx but many former members became major figures in the theatre o Richard Boleslavksy- studied at Moscow Art Theatre, Founded American Laboratory Theatre; wrote Acting, the First Six Lessons (1933); actor, director, and teacher of actors (Stanislovski method) o Alfred Jarry- was a French writer born in Laval, Mayenne, France, not far from the border of Brittany; he was of Breton descent on his mother's side. Best known for his play Ubu Roi (1896), which is often cited as a forerunner to the surrealist theatre of the 1920s and 1930s, Jarry wrote in a variety of genres and styles. He wrote plays, novels, poetry, essays and speculative journalism. His texts present some pioneering work in the field of absurdist literature. Sometimes grotesque or misunderstood (e.g. the opening line in his play Ubu Roi, "Merdre!", has been translated into English as "Pshit!", "Shitteth!", "Shittr!", "Shikt!", "Shrit!", "Pschitt!",[1]^ and "Shitsky!"), he invented a pseudoscience called 'Pataphysics.

o DADA- Dadaism is a cultural movement that began in Zurich, Switzerland, during World War I and peaked from 1916 to 1922.[1]^ The movement primarily involved visual arts, literature—poetry, art manifestoes, art theory—theatre, and graphic design, and concentrated its anti-war politics through a rejection of the prevailing standards in art through anti-art cultural works. Its purpose was to ridicule the meaninglessness of the modern world as its participants saw it. In addition to being anti-war, dada was also anti-bourgeois and anarchistic in nature. o Tristan Tzara- was a Romanian and French avant-garde poet, essayist and performance artist. o Jung- was a Swiss psychiatrist and the founder of analytical psychology. Jung is considered the first modern psychiatrist to view the human psyche as "by nature religious" and make it the focus of exploration.[1]^ Jung is one of the best known researchers in the field of dream analysis and symbolization. While he was a fully involved and practicing clinician, much of his life's work was spent exploring tangential areas, including Eastern and Western philosophy, alchemy, astrology, and sociology, as well as literature and the arts. o Surrealism- a cultural movement that began in the early 1920s, and is best known for the visual artworks and writings of the group members. Surrealist works feature the element of surprise, unexpected juxtapositions and non sequitur; however, many Surrealist artists and writers[who?]^ regard their work as an expression of the philosophical movement first and foremost, with the works being an artifact. Leader André Breton was explicit in his assertion that Surrealism was above all a revolutionary movement. Surrealism developed out of the Dada activities during World War I

• Meyerhold- a great Russian and Soviet theatre director, actor and theatrical producer. His provocative experiments dealing with physical being and symbolism in an unconventional theatre setting made him one of the seminal forces in modern international theatre
• Constructivism- a theory of knowledge (epistemology)[1]^ that argues that humans generate knowledge and meaning from an interaction between their experiences and their ideas. During infancy, it was an interaction between human experiences and their reflexes or behavior-patterns. Piaget called these systems of knowledge schemata. Constructivism is not a specific pedagogy, although it is often confused with constructionism, an educational theory developed by Seymour Papert, inspired by constructivist and experiential learning ideas of Jean Piaget. Piaget's theory of constructivist learning has had wide ranging impact on learning theories and teaching methods in education and is an underlying theme of many education reform movements. Research support for constructivist teaching techniques has been mixed, with some research supporting these techniques and other research contradicting those results.
• Expressionism- was a modernist movement, initially in poetry and painting, originating in Germany at the beginning of the 20th century. Its typical trait is to present the world solely from a subjective perspective, distorting it radically for emotional effect in order to evoke moods or ideas.[1][2]^ Expressionist artists sought to express meaning[3]^ or emotional experience rather than physical reality.[3][4]Expressionism was developed as an avant- garde style before the First World War. It remained popular during the Weimar Republic, [1] (^) particularly in Berlin. The style extended to a wide range of the arts, including painting, literature, theatre, dance, film, architecture and music.
• Futurism- was an artistic and social movement that originated in Italy in the early 20th century. It emphasized and glorified themes associated with contemporary concepts of

North-West Europe, its best known incarnation is probably the Irish Literary Revival (also called the "Celtic Twilight"). Here, Irish writers including William Butler Yeats, Lady Gregory, "AE" Russell, Edward Martyn and Edward Plunkett (AKA Lord Dunsany) stimulated a new appreciation of traditional Irish literature and Irish poetry in the late 19th and early 20th century.[

• J.M. Synge- rish playwright, poet, prose writer, travel writer and collector of folklore. He was a key figure in the Irish Literary Revival and was one of the cofounders of the Abbey Theatre. He is best known for his play The Playboy of the Western World, which caused riots in Dublin during its opening run at the Abbey Theatre
• Lady Gregory- born Isabella Augusta Persse, was an Irish dramatist and folklorist. With William Butler Yeats and Edward Martyn, she co-founded the Irish Literary Theatre and the Abbey Theatre, and wrote numerous short works for both companies. Lady Gregory produced a number of books of retellings of stories taken from Irish mythology. Born into a class that identified closely with British rule, her conversion to cultural nationalism, as evidenced by her writings, was emblematic of many of the political struggles to occur in Ireland during her lifetime.
• W.B.Yeats- an Irish poet and playwright, and one of the foremost figures of 20th century literature. A pillar of both the Irish and British literary establishments, in his later years he served as an Irish Senator for two terms. Yeats was a driving force behind the Irish Literary Revival and, along with Lady Gregory, Edward Martyn, and others, founded the Abbey Theatre, where he served as its chief during its early years. In 1923 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature as the first Irishman so honoured[1]^ for what the Nobel Committee described as "inspired poetry, which in a highly artistic form gives expression to the spirit of a whole nation." Yeats is generally considered one of the few writers who completed their greatest works after being awarded the Nobel Prize; such works include The Tower (1928) and The Winding Stair and Other Poems (1929).[2]
• The Abbey Theatre- also known as the National Theatre of Ireland (Irish: Amharclann Náisiúnta na hÉireann), is a theatre located in Dublin, Ireland. The Abbey first opened its doors to the public on 27 December 1904. Despite losing its original building to a fire in 1951, it has remained active to the present day. The Abbey was the first state-subsidized theatre in the English-speaking world; from 1925 onwards it received an annual subsidy from the Irish Free State. Since July 1966, the Abbey has been located at 26 Lower Abbey Street, Dublin 1.[
• Poetic Realism- film movement in France of the 1930s and through the war years. More a tendency than a movement, Poetic Realism is not strongly unified like Soviet Montage or French Impressionism but were individuals who created this lyrical style. Its leading filmmakers were Pierre Chenal, Jean Vigo, Julien Duvivier, Marcel Carné, the most significant director Jean Renoir. Renoir made a wide variety of films some influenced by the leftest Popular Front group and even a lyrical short feature film.[1]^ Frequent stars of these films were Jean Gabin, Michel Simon, Simone Signoret, and Michèle Morgan. Poetic realism films are "recreated realism", stylised and studio bound, rather than approaching the "socio-realism of the documentary".
• Yeats' Noh plays- he first of his plays modelled on Noh was At the Hawk's Well, the first draft of which he dictated to Pound in January 1916.[49]
• Richard Wagner and his staging ideas
• The Ubermarionette theory- Developed by Criag
• The London Merchant- known as first modern tragedy; was shown at Christmas annually- apprentice day, way to show apprentices to behave to masters; use of Merchant as a hero- Thorogood- shows increase of merchant class; Barnwell- 1st^ middle class protagonist

o Written by George Lillo o Thorowgood, A London MerchantGeorge Barnwell, apprentice to ThorowgoodTrueman, apprentice to ThorowgoodBlunt, servant of MillwoodBarwell, uncle of George BarnwellMaria, daughter of ThorowgoodSarah Millwood, a lady of pleasureLucy, servant of Millwood o George Barnwell a young apprentice to one of the most profitable merchantsThorowood is seduced by Sarah Millwood, a prostitute. In order to pay for Millwood’s afections George steals from Thorowood and eventually is caught.Barnwell attempts to seek asylum with Millwood. Millwood convinces Barnwellthat he should murder his uncle, Barwell, and take his money for her.Thorowood and Blunt expose Millwood’s seduction and both her and Barnwellare arrested and sentenced to hang. In jail, Maria confesses her love forBarnwell and he goes to the gallows repentant; Millwood goes to death angryand unashamed.

• Woycek- Georg BuchnerFranz Woycek – barber or lowly soldierMarie – his wifeDoctorDrum Major – who rapes Marie and who Woycek confronts and beats upWoycek earns extra money by agreeing to take part in medical experimentsadministered by the Doctor and is plagued by a series of visions. Marie growsbored with her husband and flirts with the drum major who rapes her. Woycek begins to be suspicious of his wife and the drum major’s relationship and beatsup and humiliates the drum major. Woycek stabs Marie. The play ends.
• Miss Julie – o Miss Julie- daughter of the count who owns the estate. She is strong willed, raised by her mother to think and act like a man. She is confused. She longs to fall from her pillar. She is aware of her power, but switches from flirting with Jean to being above her servants. o Jean: Manservant to the count. He tells a story of loving Miss Julie even as a child, truth of thestory is later denied. He left the town and travelled, working many different jobs and thenreturned to the count. He wants to rise up and own a hotel with Ms. J. o Christine: A cook for the count. Religious. Apparently betrothed to Jean but they refer tomarriage as jokingly. o The count: Ms. Julie’s father. Never seen, but his gloves and boots are on stage to remind that he is present and powerful. When the bell sounds his presence is also noted more strongly. o The play has a naturalistic style. Jean and Christine talk about Ms. Julie’s weird behavior -sometimes being an aristocrat and sometimes acting like a servant. he considers her mad because she danced with the servants and tried to waltz with Jean. They talk about MS. J’s back groundand about how she broke off her engagement. They broke it off because Ms. J tried to train her fiance like she would train a dog - with a whip.Jean took out a bottle of wine and toasts his engagement with Christine. Jean is cooking stuff toabort a dog’s puppy. Ms. J enters the scene, the servants act nice. Miss Julie invites Jean to waltzwith her. He says no, she pulls rank, and they dance. Miss Julie recounts a dream she had of trying to climb a pillar and can’t get down - Jean talks about looking at her longingly in his dreams. He had so much unrequitable love. J and Ms. J notice the other servants singing a song mocking them. They go to Jean’s room. They have sex. Jean breaks that he didn’t really haveunrequitable love for her. They

affair).Leaving the others, she goes into her smaller room and ends the play by shooting herself in the temple.

• The Cherry Orchard o Lubov Andreyevna ranevsy (a landowner o Anya (her daughter, 17) o Leonid Andreyevitch Gaev (Ranevsky’s bruffa) o Ermolai Alexeyvitch Lopakhin (a merchant) o peter sergeyovitch trofimov ( a student) o boris borisovitch Simeonov-Pischick (a landowner) o Charlotta Ivanovna (a governess o A lot of nothing happens. In the end orchard gets sold
• Ubu the King- a play by Alfred Jarry, premiered in 1896. It is a precursor of the Theatre of the Absurd and Surrealism. It is the first of three stylised burlesques in which Jarry satirises power, greed, and their evil practices — in particular the propensity of the complacent bourgeois to abuse the authority engendered by success. It was followed by Ubu Cocu (Ubu Cuckolded) and Ubu Enchaîné (Ubu Enchained), neither of which was performed during Jarry's 34-year life.
• Riders to the Sea- Maurya has lost her husband, father-in-law, and five sons to the sea. As the play begins Nora and Cathleen receive word that a body that may be their brother Michael has washed up on shore in Donegal, far to the north. Bartley is planning to sail to Connemara to sell a horse, and ignores Maurya's pleas to stay. As he leaves, he leaves gracefully. Maurya predicts that by nightfall she will have no living sons, and her daughters chide her for sending Bartley off with an ill word. Maurya goes after Bartley to bless his voyage, and Nora and Cathleen receive clothing from the drowned corpse that confirms it as their brother. Maurya returns home claiming to have seen the ghost of Michael riding behind Bartley and begins lamenting the loss of the men in her family to the sea, after which some villagers bring in the corpse of Bartley, who has fallen off his horse into the sea and drowned.
• A Dream Play- A Dream Play (Swedish: Ett drömspel) was written in 1901 by the Swedish playwright August Strindberg. It was first performed in Stockholm on 17 April
  1907. It remains one of Strindberg's most admired and influential dramas, seen as an important precursor to both dramatic Expressionism and Surrealism. The primary character in the play is Agnes, a daughter of the Vedic god Indra. She descends to Earth to bear witness to problems of human beings. She meets about 40 characters, some of them having a clearly symbolical value (such as four deans representing theology, philosophy, medicine, and law). After experiencing all sorts of human suffering (for example poverty, cruelty, and the routine of family life), the daughter of gods realizes that human beings are to be pitied. Finally, she returns to the Heaven and this moment corresponds to the awakening from a dream-like sequence of events.