HONDROS BIO 117 - EXAM 2 100% VERIFIED SOLUTIONS 2024/2025, Exams of Nursing

Download HONDROS BIO 117 - EXAM 2 100% VERIFIED SOLUTIONS 2024/2025 and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! HONDROS BIO 117 - EXAM 2 100% VERIFIED SOLUTIONS 2024/2025 What are the two major divisions of the skeletal system? axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton The skull, spine, sternum, and ribs are part of what division of the skeletal system? Axial The girdles, arms, and legs are part of what division of the skeletal system? Appendicular The tympanic cavity is located in the... Ear What part of the skull contains the ossicles Tympanic Cavity These bones of the skull; frontal, ethmoidal, sphenoidal, and maxillary are called the... Paranasal Sinuses Another name for the spine is... Vertebral Column The vertebral column consists of how many regions? 5 regions The 5 regions of the spine are... 1. Cervical Vertebrae 2. Thoracic Vertebrae, 3. Lumbar Vertebrae, 4. Sacrum, 5. Coccyx The Cervical Vertebrae consists of how many bones? 7 The Thoracic Vertebrae consists of how many bones? 12 The Lumbar Vertebrae consists of how many bones? 5 The Sacrum consists of how many bones? 1 sacrum in the vertebral column ; consists of 5 bones The Coccyx consists of how many bones? 1 coccyx in the vertebral column ; consists of 4 bones. The special cartilage discs which helps protect each vertebrae are called... Intervertebral discs How many pairs of ribs are there 12 Ribs are connected to sternum by costal cartilage The ribs are connected to what part of the vertebral column? Thoracic What are the four regions of the sternum? 1. Manubrium 2. Body 3. Sternomanubrial joint 4. Xiphoid process Ribs 1-7 are called Two main types of freely movable joints 1. Ball-and-socket joints 2. Hing joints Examples of ball-and-socket joints are shoulder and hip Examples of hinge joints are elbow and knee The immovable joints of the skull are called sutures _______________ are where two bones come together Joints Joints can be classified by Immovable and freely movable This fluid lubricates the bones in the joints, decreasing friction. Synovial fluid What did the sutures in the skull used to be Fontanelles What tissue is found filling the epiphysis of long bones? Red Bone Marrow What is the tube called that connects our throat to the middle ear? Eustachian Tube Carpals are to wrist as tarsals are to: Ankle Ribs 8, 9, and 10 are classified as? False Ribs Intercostal means: In between the ribs Which bone refers to our "lower jaw"? Mandible Which bone refers to our "cheek bones" Zygomatic Ribs 11 and 12 are classified as? Floating Ribs The zygomatic is considered what type of bone? Facial bone What bone is located on the posterior part of the skull? Occipital What makes our bones strong and sturdy? Collagen Adipose tissue is located in which region on the long bone? Diaphysis Which region of the coxa is most anterior? Pubis Where would I find the fibula? Shin (lower leg) The cell that "breaks down" bone, putting calcium into the blood is an: Osteoclast When our long bones "ossify their epiphyseal plates", this means what? We are finished growing Immovable joints are found where In the Skull Where do we find articular cartilage? At the ends of our bones Is synovial fluid found at all joints? No. Actions of Ball-and-socket joints can do Extension, abduction, and circumduction Hinge and ball-and-socket joints can BOTH do which motions? Flexion and Extension Is the mandible part of the axial or appendicular skeleton? Axial Is the humerus part of the axial or appendicular skeleton? appendicular skeleton Is the femur part of the axial or appendicular skeleton? Appendicular Is the sacrum part of the axial or appendicular skeleton? Axial Which muscles assist with chewing? Temporalis and Masseter Which muscle flattens the cheek? Buccinator The frontalis muscle is located where? Forehead The temporalis muscles are located where? Sides of the head The orbicularis oculi muscles are located where? Around the eyes The orbicularis oris muscle is located where? Around the mouth The buccinator muscles are ____________ to the masseter muscles Deep What muscle of the head aids in flexion of the head? Sternocliedomastoid What muscle of the head allows extension of the head? Trapezius External intercostal, Internal intercostal, and the diaphragm are what type of muscles? Breathing muscles The diaphragm is located where? Under the ribs The internal intercostal muscles are located where? Between the ribs The external intercostal muscles are located where? Above the ribs The rectus abdominus, external oblique, internal oblique, and transverse abdominus are what type of muscles? Abdominal muscles The connective tissue that connects muscle to bone is called? tendon The connective tissue that connects muscle to muscle is called? Aponeurosis Is skeletal muscle voluntary or involuntary? voluntary What covers and wraps around skeletal muscle? Fascia Fascia is what type of tissue? connective These abdominal muscles allow lateral flexion of the body The internal and external oblique Which muscle does both flexion of the head and lateral rotation of the head? Sternocleidomastoid The action of the deltoid muscles is to... Abduct the arms Which part of our forearm "flexes fingers"? Anterior compartment The action of the biceps brachii muscles is to... Flex the arm (at the elbow) The function of BOTH the pectorals major and lattimus dorsi Adducts the arms Which part of our forearm "extend fingers"? Posterior compartment The rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, and vastus medialis compose the quadricep muscles of the leg Actions of the hamstring muscles Flexes the leg at the knee The quadriceps consists of how many muscles? 4 The action of the gracilis muscle is to Adducts the leg / thigh Which muscles are involuntary? Smooth and Cardiac muscles The endocrine system consists of internal glands that make and secrete what? Chemical Hormones Hormones use the _____________________ to get to their target cell or tissue parathyroid hormone The hormone calcitonin functions to decrease the level of calcium in the blood The parathyroid glands are found where? around the thyroid gland What hormone would travel through the blood and "stimulate" the adrenal cortex? ACTH ___________ blood calcium would cause parathyroid hormone to be released. Low Blood Calicum What condition would cause insulin to be released? High Blood Sugar The hormone oxytocin causes what? Uterine Contractions The function of of the pancreas is to do what? Monitor blood sugar If you were starving, what hormone would you expect to be elevated? Glucagon __________ causes the liver to take blood glucose and store it as glycogen. insulin The thyroid gland, when acted on by TSH, would release more of what? T3 and T4 Insulin receptors are found on most cells, while glucagon receptors are found where? On the liver Iodine is a necessary element for which hormone? T3 and T4 Low levels of growth hormone in an adolescent or child could lead to? Dwarfism High heart rate, high metabolism, weight loss, and anxiety could indicate what? Hyperthyroidism Hyperactivity of the adrenal cortex could cause what? Masculinizing effects in women Hyperglycemia is a problem with what disorder Diabetes Acromegaly deals with a surge of growth hormone after what? puberty Gigantism occurs when growth hormone surges after puberty has what? ended CNS stands for what? central nervous system PNS stands for what? peripheral nervous system Is the Brain part of the CNS or PNS? CNS Are cranial nerves part of the CNS or PNS? PNS Is the spinal cord part of the CNS or PNS? CNS Are spinal nerves part of the CNS or PNS? PNS The Central Nervous System consists of the what? brain and spinal cord The Peripheral Nervous System consist of what? cranial and spinal nerves The two major divisions of the nervous system central nervous system and peripheral nervous system what "recieves signals" from other neurons? Dendrites What are the two major nervous system cell types Neuron and Neuroglia the __________________ is a cell that communicates with other cells and can be communicated with. Neuron The dendrites are part of a... Neuron What is the functional unit of a nerve? neuron Astigmatism A person with Myopia (Nearsightedness) would require what type of corrective lense? Concave Lense damage to occipital lobe of the brain would cause vision loss Edema causes what? Swelling ______________ lenses converge the light Convex Three tiny bones in the middle ear are called Ossicles Chicken broth is an example of Ummami The "thermostat" of the brain hypothalamus The outter most layer of the meninges Dura Mater The three parts of the ear... 1. External 2. Middle 3. Inner Presbiopia farsightedness due to aging Myopia nearsightedness ______________ lenses diverge the light Concave The tympanic membrane is also known as what? The ear drum The inner most layer of the meninges pia mater The auditory tube is also known as the... eustachian tube The function of the optic nerve is to do what? Carry visual information to the brain The hypothalmus controls what? body temperature the taste sensory organs are called taste buds A person with Hyperopia (Farsightedness) would require what type of corrective lense? Convex lense Hyperopia farsightedness the eyebrows, eyelids, conjunctiva, eyelashes, lacrimal apparatus, and extrinsic eye muscles are called Visual Accessory Organs The middle layer of the meninges arachnoid Muscular disuse or wasting away is called Atrophy Increased pressure in the eye is a condition called Glaucoma Muscular overuse is called hypertrophy CN I Olfactory Nerve CN II Optic Nerve CN III Oculomotor Nerve CN IV Trochlear Nerve CN V Trigeminal Nerve CN VI Abducens Nerve CN VII Temporal Mechanoreceptors respond to what Touch and Pressure An increase in blood pressure is stimulated by the _______________________ Nervous System Sympathetic Nervous System A decrease in heart rate is caused by the ____________________________ Nervous System Parasympathetic Nervous System The __________________________ Nervous System promotes digestion. Parasympathetic Nervous System Which nervous system would be activated if we jumped out of an airplane? Sympathetic Which nervous system would be activated when we lounge on the couch with Netflix? Parasympathetic "Rest and digest" is the phrase for: Parasympathetic Which neurotransmitter would cause a "fight or flight" response in our body? Norepinephrine Which neurotransmitter has the same effect as epinephrine? Norepinephrine Acetylcholinesterase does what? breaks down acetylcholine Beta-1 receptors are found where Cardiac Muscle (heart) Which eye muscles are involuntary? Iris and Ciliary Muscle The extrinsic eye muscles control what The eyeball The iris controls what in the eye? Pupil The "white part" of our eye is called... Sclera Rods and cones can be found where in the eye? Retina What is the name of the part of our retina that has "all cones"? Macula lutea aqueous humor and vitreous humor are fluids found where? In the eye The "blind spot" of our eye is called the... Optic Disk The ciliary muscle of the eye controls what? The lens Which cranial nerve takes information from the retina to the occipital lobe? CN II (Optic Nerve) The special sense of hearing goes to which lobe? Temporal What parts of our ear is filled with air? External and Middle Ossicles are found in what part of the ear? Middle ear The cochlea and semicircular canals are found in what part of our ear? Inner ear The cochlea is to "hearing" as the semicircular canals and vestibule are to? Balance Which cranial nerve is responsible for delivering information from our inner ear? CN VIII (Vestibulocochlear Nerve) The largest parasympathetic nerve in our body is CN X (Vagus Nerve) Accommodation is way for our eyes to adjust what? Our lens What are the 5 special senses? smell, taste, sight, hearing, and balance The adrenal cortex secretes what? steroid hormones Cortisol is secreted by adrenal cortex Cortisol is a type of lipid hormone. Which type of lipid would cortisol be classified as? What is it called when a muscle contracts tightly Contacture Both the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles can be found where? Calf Both the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles enable what action? Plantar flexion of the foot What tells our skeletal muscles to contract A Neuromuscular Junction A ____________________________ is where the motor neuron synapses with the muscle fiber. Neuromuscular Junction A nerve that comes from the spinal cord to the muscle fiber Motor Neuron The chemical substance that is released by the motor neuron Acetylcholine (ACh) Acetylcholine (ACh) is classified as a.... Neurotransmitter Where are receptors for Acetylcholine (ACh) found? On the Sarcolemma of the muscle fiber What is the substance/source or energy that our muscles use for energy Creatine Phosphate Creatine phosphate is a quick source of ________ for our muscles. ATP The parathyroid glands secrete what? parathyroid hormone (PTH) parathyroid hormone (PTH) regulates what? Blood calcium levels Parathyroid increases blood calcium levels three ways... how? 1. Bone 2. Kidneys 3. GI tract The adrenal glands are found where? Above the kidneys What steroid hormone increases blood sugar levels and depresses our immune system? Cortisol What steroid hormone targets our kidneys and causes salt to be tea sorbet back into the blood stream? Aldosterone Is testosterone a steroid or protein hormone? Steroid Is Growth Hormone (GH) is released by the anterior or posterior pituitary gland? Anterior Growth Hormone (GH) increases our blood sugar levels with a process called what? Gluconeogenesis Gluconeogenesis does what? Makes new glucose When would you expect to see a surge in growth hormone? During puberty, healing, and sleep. What would happen if growth hormone targeted our long bones epiphyseal plate? The bones would lengthen/ grow longer Without _____________ , our thyroid gland would enlarge causing a goiter. Iodine A __________________ is where an axon and a dendrite come together Synapse The _____________________ membrane is found on the axon and is where the neurotransmitters are released from Presynaptic Membrane The ______________________ membrane is found on the dendrite and has receptors for that neurotransmitter Postsynaptic Membrane The midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata make up what? brain stem What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)? sympathetic and parasympathetic How would the sympathetic nervous system affect the heart rate? Increases heart rate How would the sympathetic nervous system affect blood pressure Increases blood pressure How would the sympathetic nervous system affect the pupils? Dilates 8 How many spinal nerves come from the thoracic region? 12 How many spinal nerves come from the lumbar region? 5 How many spinal nerves come from the sacral region? 5 How many spinal nerves come from the coccygeal region? 1 Bundles of neurons with fascia and blood supply Nerve A single nerve cell Neuron The autonomic nervous system is used to control what? Cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands The somatic Nervous System is used to control what? Skeletal muscle How would the sympathetic Nervous System affect the bladder? Relaxes muscle / closes sphincter How would the parasympathetic Nervous System affect the bladder? Contracts muscle / opens sphincter How would the parasympathetic Nervous System affect the salivary glands? Stimulates / watery How would the sympathetic Nervous System affect the salivary glands? Stimulates / thick General sense information is sent to what lobe? Parietal lobe Thermoreceptors respond to temperature special sense information from hear and smelling are sent to what lobe? Temporal Photoreceptors respond to... light This feature of the eye contains lots of cones and provides sharp vision. Macula lutea This feature of the eye provides the sharpest vision and contains ALL cones. Fovea Centralis This muscle controls the size of the pupil and is made of ciliary muscle. Iris The ciliary body of the eye is made of what type of muscle? Smooth muscle What fluid is made by the choroid? Aqueous humor. This cavity of the eye is found in front of the lens. Anterior Cavity This cavity of the eye is found behind the lens. Posterior Cavity The jell-o like substance which gives the eye its shape. Vitreous humor Lacrimal glands produce what tears extrinsic eye muscles are made of what type of muscle? Skeletal The Ilium, ischium, and pubis make up what bone? Coxal bone A person suffering from Parkinson's disease would have damage to what part of the brain? The basal ganglia The thalamus is referred to as... The relay station The hypothalamus maintains what? Homeostasis This part of the brain Coordinates motor movement (walking, etc.) Cerebellum The phrenic nerve comes from the cervical region and innervates: The diaphragm