HOSA PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2024-2025 EDITION.QUESTIONS &CORRECT VERIFIED ANSWERS.ALREADY GRADE A, Exams of Health sciences

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HOSA PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2024-2025 EDITION.

QUESTIONS & CORRECT VERIFIED ANSWERS.

ALREADY GRADED A

Abrasion - ansA skin wound caused by scraping Acidosis - anspathologic disease resulting from an abnormal level of hydrogen ions (decrease in pH) Acyanotic - ansabsence of a bluish appearance of the skin and mucous membranes Adenocarcinoma - ansa cancerous gland like tumor such as wilms' tumor Adenosarcoma - ansa cancerous gland like tumor such as wilms' tumor Affect - ansAppearance of observable emotions Agglutination - ansthe clumping of antigens with antibodies or of the red blood cells from one type of blood with the red blood cells of another type Aggregation - ansthe coming together of entities such as platelets, blood cells, or diseases Amblyopia - ansreduced vision in an eye without a detectable organic lesion Amenorrhea - ansAbsence of menstruation Amniocentesis - anstaking a fluid sample between the 15th and the 16th week of pregnancy to diagnose congenital anomalies Amyloid - ansa waxy, starchlike protein that tends to build up in tissues and organs in certain pathologic conditions

Analgesic or Analgesia - ansrelief of pain Anastomosis - ansthe surgical or pathologic connection between two vessels or tubular structures Anecephalic - ansNo cranial vault and little cerebral tissue Angioplasty - ansrepair of a narrowed blood vessel through surgery or other angiographic procedures Anhedonia - ansAn inability to experience pleasure Anosmia - ansimpatient or loss of smell Anthracosis - ansA lung disease caused by inhalation of coal dust. It is also called coal-miner's lung or black lung. Anticholinesterase - ansany enzyme that counteracts in the presence of choline esters Antiemetic - ansa medication that prevents or relieves nausea and vomiting Antipyretic - ansa drug or treatment that reduces or relieves fever Antiseptic - ansa substance that inhibits the growth of microorganisms Aphasia - ansa nerve defect that results in loss of speech Aphonia - ansinability to produce normal speech sounds or loss of voice Aphthous ulcers - ansrecurrent painful canker sores in the mouth

Arteriosclerosis - ansHardening of the arteries Asbestosis - ansRespiratory disease brough or by inhaling abbestos fibers Ascites - ansabnormal intraperitoneal accumulation of serous fluid Aspiration - ansdrawing in or out by suction Asystole - ansthe absence of contractions of the heart; cardiac standstill Ataxic - ansuncoordinated gait associated with pathology of the central nervous system Atherosclerosis - ansA condition in which an artery wall hardens and thickens due to plaque buildup. Aura - ansa sensation or phenomenon that signals the onset of an epileptic seizure or a migraine Autism - ansA disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of others' states of mind. Autoimmune - ansan immune response resulting in the presence of self-antigens or auto-antigens of certain body cells Autoinoculation - ansrefers to spreading a microorganism by contact with a lesion on one's own body Autonomic - ansrefers to the autonomic nervous system that has two divisions (i.e., sympathetic and para sympathetic) Avulsion - ansseparation of a body part by tearing

Avulsion - ansseparation of a body part by tearing Azoospermia - ansan absence of spermatozoa in the seaman Azotemia - ansan excess of urea or other nitrogenous bodies in the blood Bicornate uterus - ansa uterus having two horns or horn-shaped branches Blepharitis - ansInflammation of the eyelids Bradycardia - ansAbnormally slow heartbeat Bruit - ansan abnormal sound heard in auscultation Bulla - ansA fluid-filled blister that is greater than 1 cm in diameter and contains non-purulent ("clear") exudate. Bursae - ansA closed sac lined with a synovial membrane and filled with fluid, usually found in areas subject to friction, such as where a tendon passes over a bone. Calcitonin - ansA hormone produced by the C-cells of the thyroid gland that decreases serum calcium levels. It targets the bones (stimulates osteoblasts), the kidneys (reduces calcium reabsorption), and the small intestine (decreases calcium absorption). Candidiasis - ans(moniliasis) white, cheesy, curdlike patch on buccal mucosa due to superficial fungal infection Cardiomegaly - ansenlargement of the heart Cardiomyopathy - ansa defect in the heart muscle

Catatonic posturing - ansa state of not being able to move, with the assumption of a rigid, often bizarre posture Catheterization - ansIntroduction of a catheter into a body cavity or organ to inject or remove fluid. Cautery - ansan instrument or chemical that destroys tissue as a therapeutic measure Cellulitis - ansan acute, diffuse, spreading infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissue Cellulitis - ansan acute, diffuse, spreading, infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissue Cephalalgia - anspain in the head, headache Chancre - ansa type of skin lesion usually associated with primary syphilis Cholinergic - ansan agent that produces the affect of acetylcholine at the connections of muscles and nerves Chorea - ansthe ceaseless occurrence of involuntary muscular movements of the limbs or the facial muscles Circadian rhythm - ansthe biologic clock in humans; the rhythmic repetition of certain phenomena, such as hunger, fatigue, and changes in blood pressure, that ted to fluctuate within a 24 hour period Circumoral cyanosis - ansa bluish discoloration around the mouth Cognitive - anspertaining to the mental processes of thinking, knowing, remembering, and perceiving

Collagen - ansA protein fiber with a unique triple-helix that gives it great strength. Tissues with a lot of collagen fibers are typically very strong, e.g. bone, tendons, ligaments, etc. Colporrhaphy - anssuture of the vagina Comedo - ansa blackhead; as seen in achne Concussion - ansA loss of function, either partial or complete, as resulting from a blow or fall (for instance) is termed a: Contractures - ansimmobility of muscles or a joint caused by shortening or wasting of tissue or muscle fibers Contrecoup - ansMechanism of injury in which the brain rebounds off the other side of the skull after an initial impact Contusion - ansAn injury to the tissues under the skin that causes blood vessels to rupture allowing blood to seep into the tissues Ex. Bruise Corticotropin - anshormone secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland Crainiotomy - ansincision into the skull, usually to relieve pressure, to remove a lesion, or to control bleeding Creatinine - ansan important nitrogen compound that is a normal constituent of urine and blood; increased levels may indicate renal damage Crepitation - ansdry, grating sound or sensation caused by bone ends rubbing together, indicating a fracture or joint destruction Cryotherapy - ansthe therapeutic use of cold

Curettage - ansthe removal of growths or other material from the wall of a cavity or other material from the wall of a cavity or other surface Cystoscopy - ansAn examination of the bladder with an instrument called a cystoscope. Debride - ansremove foreign material or dead tissue in the wound Deficit - ansa deficiency from what is normal Delusion - ansa fixed false belief Demyelination - ansloss of the myelin sheath of a nerve Dermatome - ansa configured zone of skin innervated by a spinal cord segment Dialysate - ansthe fluid that passes through a semipermeable membrane during dialysis Diplopia - ansdouble vision Diplopia - ansdouble vision Dyscrasia - ansa pathologic condition; and abnormal condition of the blood Dysmenorrhea - ansPainful menstruation Dyspareunia - anspain or discomfort in the pelvis or vagina during or after sexual intercourse Dysphonia - anshoarseness; difficulty in speaking

Dysplasia - ansmarked by abnormal adult cells Dysplasia - ansmarked by abnormal adult cells Dystrophy - anscondition produced by faulty nutrition Dysuria - anspainful or difficult urination Ecchymosis - ansdiscoloration of the skin associated with a contusion Electrodesiccation - ansTissue is destroyed by burning with an electric spark. Electromyography - ansan electrodiagnosis assessment of the activity of skeletal muscles Electromyography - ansan electrodiagnostic assessment of the activity of the skeletal muscles Embolism - ansa mass (ex. Foreign body, blood clot, or a piece of tumor) that breaks off and causes occlusion of an artery Endarterectomy - ansthe surgical excision of the innermost lining of an artery to remove blockage Endoscopy - ansexamination of any cavity in the body with an endoscope Epidural - ansan anesthetic injected into the epidural space around the spine, often used in labor and delivery Epiphyseal - ansthe long end of a bone where bone growth occurs Epistaxis - ansbleeding from the nose

Ergonomic - ansthe science concerned with people and their work; it explores mechanical principles enhancing efficiency and wellbeing in the work environment Erythema - ansredness or inflammation of the skin produced by capillary congestion Exsanguination - ansexcessive loss of blood from a part Exudate - ansfluid, cells, or cellular debris that have oozed into the tissue because of injury or swelling Exudative - ansfluid, cells, or cellular debris that have oozed into the tissue because of injury or swelling Fascia - ansa fiberous membrane that covers, seperates, and supports the muscles Fasciculation - ansinvoluntary contraction or twitching of muscles Fissure - ansa crack or groove on a surface Fistula - ansan abnormal tubelike passageway Foramen Ovale - ansopening in the septum between the right and left atria of the fetal heart Fulminant - ansoccurring with great intensity; refers to severe pain with sudden onset Gastroscopy - ansvisual examination of the stomach using a gastroscope Genitourinary - ansreferring to the genital and urinary systems of the body Gingivitis - ansAn inflammation of the gums.

Glomeruli or Glomerulus - ansa tiny ball of microscopic blood vessels on the end of the renal tubules Glomerulonephritis - ansAn autoimmune or infectious disease characterized by inflammation of the glomeruli that may not produce symptoms or may present with hematuria and proteinuria. Glomerulosclerosis - anshardening of the renal glomerulus Gonadotropin - anshormone that stimulates the testes and the ovaries to function Hallucination - ansa false perception of reality; may be visual, auditory, or olfactory Hematemesis - ansvomiting up blood Hematoma - anslocalized swelling filled with blood due to a broken blood vessel Hematopoiesis - anspertaining to the production and development of bloodcells or a substance that stimulates their production Hematopoiesis - anspertaining to the production and the development of blood cells or a substance that stimulates their production Hematopoietic - anspertaining to the production and the development of blood cells or a substance that stimulates their production Hemiparesis - ansparalysis affecting one side of the body Hemiplegia - ansparalysis of one side of the body

Hemodialysis - ansdialysis of the blood to remove toxic substances or metabolic wastes from the bloodstream Hemolytic or Hemolysis - ansthe destruction of red blood cells with the release of hemoglobin Hemoptysis - ansspitting up blood Hepatomegaly - ansenlargement of the liver Hydronephrosis - ansaccumulation of urine in the renal pelvis caused by obstruction, forming a cyst Hyperabduction - ansabduction beyond normal limits Hyperglycemia - ansan increase in the normal blood glucose level Hyperkalemia - ansa greater than normal amount of calcium in the blood Hyperthermia - ansAbnormally high body temperature Hypocalcemia - anslow calcium levels in the blood Hypogammaglobulinemia - ansa below normal concentration of gamma globulin in the blood associated with a decreased resistance to infection Hypokalemia - anslow potassium levels in the blood Hypothalamus - ansportion of the diencephalon of the brain Hypothermia - ansAbnormally low body temperature

Hypovolemia - ansBody loses both water and electrolytes from the ECF. Hypoxia - anslow oxygen levels in the tissues Hypoxia - anslow oxygen levels in the tissues Hysterosalpingography - ansradiographic images of the uterus and fallopian tubes Immunocompetent - ansImmunodeficiency Immunodeficiency - ansthe diminished ability of the immune system to react with appropriate cellular immunity response Immunoelectrophoresis - anstechnique used to separate and allow identification of complex proteins Immunogen - ansan antigen Immunoglobulin - ansprotein that can act as an antibody Immunosuppressive - anshaving the property of suppressing the body's immune response to antigens Immunosuppressive - anshaving the property of suppressing the bodys immune response to antigens Inguinal - anspertaining to the groin Intussusception - ansThis will cause walls of intestine to rub together, producing inflammation, swelling & obstruction. Swelling causes decrease in blood flow, resulting in ischemia, necrosis, perforation & hemorrhage.

Iridotomy - ansincision into the iris (usually with a laser) to allow drainage of aqueous humor from the posterior to anterior chamber; used to treat a type of glaucoma Ischemia - ansholding back or obstructing the flow of blood Ischemia or Ischemic - ansholding back or obstructing the flow of blood Keratoconjunctivitis - ansdryness of the conjunctiva resulting from a decrease in lacrimal function Keratolytic - anssubstance that causes shedding of the skin Keratosis - ansa skin lesion where there is overgrowth and thickening of a cornifield epithelium Laceration - anstorn, ragged-edged wound Laparoscopy - ansa surgical procedure to examine the abdomen using an endoscope called a laparoscope Laryngectomy - anssurgical removal of the organ of voice (larynx) Leiomyoma - ansSMOOTH MUSCLE TUMOR Lithotripsy - anscrushing of stones (ex. Kidney stones, gallstones) Lymph - ansa mostly clear, colorless, transparent, alkaline fluid found within the lymphatic vessels; formed in tissues throughout the body Lymphadenitis - ansinflammation of the lymph nodes Lymphadenopathy - ansdisease of the lymph nodes

Lymphadenopathy - ansdisease of the lymphnodes Lymphocyte - ansone of two types of (B Cells & T Cells) of leukocytes found in blood, lymph, and lymphoid tissue Macrophage - ansa monocyte bloodcell Macula - ansa small spot or colored area Meconium - ansthe first stool of a newborn, greenish black with a tarry consistency Meibomian - ansa sebaceous gland on the posterior margin of each eyelid Meninges - ansCovering around the brain and the spinal cord Meniscus - ansFibrocartilage pad located between articular surfaces; acts as a shock absorber, and stabilizes the joint Menorrhagia - anspainful menstration Metatarsophalangeal - anspertaining to the metatarsus and phalanges of the toes Metrorrhagia - ansirregular menstration Muscular dystrophy - ansprogressive degeneration and weakening of the skeletal muscles Mutism - ansa condition of being unable to speak

Myringotomy - anssurgical incision of the eardrum preformed to release fluid or pus from the middle ear Narcissistic - ansConceited; having excessive self-love or admiration Neonate - ansnewborn baby Nephrectomy - ansthe surgical removal of a kidney Nephropathy - ansDisease of the kidney Nephrotoxic - ansa quality of being destructive to kidney tissue Neurotransmitter - ansa chemical released by the terminal end fibers of an axon Nevus - ans(mole) circumscribed skin lesion due to excess melanocytes Oliguria - ansscanty urination Orchitis - ansinflammation of the testes Orthopnea - ansa condition in which breathing becomes easier in an upright standing or sitting position Ossification - ansthe development of bone Osteogenesis - ansthe formation of bone tissue Otoscopy - ansvisual examination of the ear using an otoscope

Panhypopituitarism - anscondition in which the entire pituitary gland ceases to function and is not producing any pituitary hormones Papule - ansa circular area on the skin that is reddened and elevated Paranoid - ansCluster A, Pervasive Distrust and Suspiciousness, projection is major defense mechanism Paraplegia - ansParalysis from the waist down Parasympathetic - ansthe division of the autonomic nervous system mediated by the release of acetylcholine, which has many effects on body functions such as slowing the heart rate and stimulating peristalsis Paresis - anspartial paralysis Perfusion - ansdelivery of oxygen and other nutrients to the tissue by blood Periodontitis - ansInfection of gums, bone, and teeth Peritoneal dialysis - ansA procedure performed in the peritoneal cavity in which the peritoneum acts as the semipermeable membrane Peritonitis - ansinflammation of the membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and covers the viscera Pessary - ansan object placed in the vagina to support the uterus Petechiae - ansa tiny spiderlike hemorrhage under the skin Phagocytes - anscells that digest particles

Phagocytosis - ansthe process by which cells surround and digest certain particles Phlebotomy - anssurgical puncture of a vein to draw blood Plaque - ansa deposit of hardened material lining the blood vessel; or a gummy accumulation of microorganisms that clings to teeth and is considered the forerunner of caries and periodontal disease Plaques - ansmounds of fat, mixed with minerals, that build up along artery walls in atherosclerosis. Pneumoconiosis - ansAbnormal condition caused by dust in the lungs, with chronic inflammation, infection, and bronchitis. Polydipsia - ansexcessive thirst Polyphagia - ansexcessive eating (me) Polyuria - ansexcreation of abnormally large amounts of urine Proctoscopy - ansprocess of examining the rectal and anal area with an endoscope Prolapse - ansthe slipping or falling out of place of an organ (as the uterus) Prophylaxis - ansthe prevention of disease Prostatectomy - anssurgical removal of the prostate Pruritus - ansitching Pseudomembranous - ansa false membrane

Psychosexual - ansrefers to the relationship between the psychological and emotional aspects of sex Psychotic - ansa major mental disorder usually accompanied by perceptional distortion of reality, regressive, behavior, and diminished impulse control Purpura - ansa red-purple discoloration of the skin caused by multiple minute hemorrhages in the skin or mucous membrane Pyelonephritis - ansa purulent infection of the kidney tissue and renal pelvis Pylorus - ansthe narrow part of the stomach toward the duodenum Quadriplegia - ansparalysis of all four limbs Radioimmunoassay - ansradiology used to detect the concentration of the antigen or the antibody or any other protein in the serum Retinopathy - ansrefers to non-inflammatory eye disorders Rhonchi - ansA whistling or snoring sound heard on auscultation of the chest when air channels are partially obstructed; the plural of rhonchus Rhonchus - ansdry rattling in the throat or bronchus caused by partial obstruction Salpingo - ansoophorectomy-the surgical removal of a fallopian tube and an ovary Schizoid - ansA type of personality disorder characterized by social aloofness and limited range of emotional expression

Sebaceous - ansOil glands of the skin. Seborrhea - ansthe excessive secretion of sebum from the sebaceous glands Sebum - ansonly secretion from sebaceous glands Septicemia - ansa disease in which pathogenic microorganisms or toxins are present in the blood Sigmoidoscopy - ansvisual examination of the sigmoid colon with a sigmoidoscope Silicosis - anscaused by inhaling silica dust in the lungs and usually occurs after working in occupations including foundry work, quarrying, ceramics, glass work, and sandblasting Sinusotomy - ansincision into the sinus Somatotropin - ansgrowth hormone (GH) secreted by the anterior pituitary Stenosis - ansnarrowing of an opening Stridor - ansa high-pitched respiratory sound caused by obstruction of air passageway Syncope - ansfainting, light-headedness Syncytial Virus - ansa type of minute parasitic microorganism Synovial - anspertaining to a lubrication fluid around a joint, bursa, and tendon sheath Tachycardia or Tachycardiac - ansrapid heartbeat; more than 100 beats per minute

Tachypnea - ansrapid and shallow breathing Tachypnea - ansrapid and shallow respirations Tamponade - anscompression of a part by pressure or a collection of fluid Temporomandibular - ansJoint on each side of the head that allows for movement of the mandible; consists of the temporal and mandible bones Tendinitis - ansinflammation of a tendon Tenorraphy - anssuturing of a tendon Thrombus - ansa blood clot attached to the interior wall of a blood vessel, often causing vascular obstruction Thyrotoxicosis - ansa toxic condition caused by hyperactivity of the thyroid gland Thyrotropin - ansthyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) Thyroxine - ansAlso called thryoid hormone, thyroxine is produced and secreted by follicle cells in the thyroid gland. it targets all cells in the body and increases overall body metabolism. Tinnitus - ansringing or buzzing in the ears Tonometry - ansmeasure of intraocular pressure Triiodothyronine - anshormone that helps regulate growth and development, metabolism, and body temperature

Trisomy - ansone or more than the normal number of chromosomes Tympanoplasty - ansSurgical repair of the eardrum Ultrasonography - ansimaging deep structures of the body using high-frequency sound waves Urethritis - ansinflammation of the urethra Varices - ansEnlarged veins Varicocele - ansa condition in which the veins in the scrotum near the testicles are swollen and enlarged Vasopressin - ansADH. Increases blood volume. Secreted by Posterior pituitary in response to increased plasma osmolarity. Diaretics make you pee ADH - no pee. ADH stimulates reabsorption of H2O by kidnesy. Decreased urine volume, Increased blood volume and Increased Blood pressure. Vector - anscarrier of infectious agent of disease from one person to another (usually insects) Vertigo - ansloss of equilibrium or sensation of instability, dizziness Vesicle - ansa small, blisterlike elevation of the skin containing clear fluid Vesicular - ansBreath sounds: found over most of lung tissue. Found over lung periphery. Low pitched, soft breezy sound. Wheal - ansa smooth, round, elevated area of the skin with red edges and a white center, usually accompanied by itching; hives