HSP3U Exam Review well answered questions, Exams of Nursing

Download HSP3U Exam Review well answered questions and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! HSP3U Exam Review Scientific Method of Inquiry - correct answer ✔✔Question Hypothesis Gather Data Analyze Data Draw Conclusions Need for Social Scientific Inquiry - correct answer ✔✔Hindsight Bias "I knew it all along" Overconfidence Seeing patterns (faces, HHHTTT..) Five Methods of Inquiry - correct answer ✔✔Case Studies Interviews Experiments Surveys Observations Case Study - correct answer ✔✔is the observation of an individual, a situation or a group over a period of time. Interview - correct answer ✔✔is a conversation between two or more people where questions are asked by the interviewer to elicit facts or statements Experiment - correct answer ✔✔A method of inquiry to determine how one factor is related to another, for example - could one factor be caused by another? (random assignment) Survey - correct answer ✔✔is a method for collecting info or data as reported by individuals correlation studies - correct answer ✔✔a research method that examines how variables are naturally related in the real world, without any attempt by the researcher to alter them or assign causation between them naturalistic observation - correct answer ✔✔watching behavior in real-world settings without trying to manipulate the situation Participation Observation - correct answer ✔✔Is a technique used mainly by anthropologists. The researcher not only observes the group but also participates in the group's activities Control Group - correct answer ✔✔Is the group in a study that does not include the thing being tested and is used as a benchmark to measure the results of the other group Dependent Variable - correct answer ✔✔The factor affected by the change Independent Variable - correct answer ✔✔The factor to be changed in the experiment Qualitative Research - correct answer ✔✔Is primarily exploratory research, it is used to gain an understanding of underlying reasons, opinions, and motivations. It provides insights into the problem or helps to develop ideas or hypotheses. Quantitative Research - correct answer ✔✔Methods emphasize objective measurements and the statistical, mathematical, or numerical analysis of data collected through polls, questionnaires, and surveys, or by manipulating pre-existing statistical data using computational techniques. Ethics - correct answer ✔✔1. consent? 2. Emotional distance? 3. harm? 4. deception? --> debrief? 5. confidential? anonymous? 6. openess/upfront? 7. scientific integrity? industrial (1800-present) - correct answer ✔✔a society that depends on science and technology to produce its basic goods and services Communication-Based (1950-present) - correct answer ✔✔technology and more of a modern life Cultural Relativism vs. Ethnocentrism - correct answer ✔✔No culture is superior than another vs. one's culture is superior than all others material culture - correct answer ✔✔Clothing, Religious images, Art, Buildings, Monuments, Artifacts non-material culture - correct answer ✔✔Gestures, Language, Dance, Values, Norms, Symbols Wade Davis - correct answer ✔✔ethnosphere - the sum total of all thoughts and dreams, myths, ideas, inspirations, intuitions brought into being by the human imagination since the dawn of consciousness ethnocide - the eradication of cultures (ex. residential schools). George Murdock - correct answer ✔✔anthropologist that examined hundreds of different cultures in an attempt to determine what general traits are common to all cultures, In pre-industrial societies, hunting and warfare belong to men and domestic duties to women. Napoleon Chagnon - correct answer ✔✔chronic warfare and homicidal violence among the Ya ̧nomamö should be understood, in large part, as a biologically ingrained behaviour, Chagnon's conclusions on homicide and reproductive success among the Ya ̧nomamö attempt to "support the theory that violence has been progressively inscribed in our genes." Sapir-Whorf thesis - correct answer ✔✔the theory that language does not only label reality but also shapes our cultural reality. There are certain thoughts of an individual in one language that cannot be understood by those who live in another language Characteristics of Culture - correct answer ✔✔1. Culture is shared 2. Culture is learned 3. Culture defines nature 4. Culture shapes how we perceive and understand the world 5. Culture have patterns Psychology - correct answer ✔✔Is the scientific study of the mind and behaviour Structuralism (Wundt) - correct answer ✔✔an early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the elemental structure of the human mind, analysis of the basic elements that constitute the mind Functionalism (James) - correct answer ✔✔A school of psychology that focused on how our mental and behavioural processes function - how they enable us to adapt, survive, and flourish. Cognitive - correct answer ✔✔how we encode, process, store, and retrieve information Behavioral - correct answer ✔✔how we learn observable responses Psychoanalysis - correct answer ✔✔Founded by Sigmund Freud: A process designed to uncover patients' unconscious thoughts by encouraging them to discuss their background, feelings and experiences with a trained psychologist humanistic - correct answer ✔✔an approach to understanding human nature that emphasizes the positive potential of human beings biological - correct answer ✔✔a branch of psychology concerned with the links between biology and behavior evolutionary - correct answer ✔✔the study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection social - correct answer ✔✔study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another Left Hemisphere - correct answer ✔✔Communication and language, logic, mathematical abilities - Controls right side of the body Right Hemisphere - correct answer ✔✔Receives and analyzes information, facial recognition, spatial awareness, visual imagery. - Controls left side of the body cerebral cortex - correct answer ✔✔the body's ultimate control and information-processing center. Frontal Lobe - correct answer ✔✔Is involved in speaking and planning actions Corpus Callosum - correct answer ✔✔Large circular structure connecting hemispheres Parietal Lobe - correct answer ✔✔Concerned with the reception and processing of sensory info from the body Temporal Lobe - correct answer ✔✔Analyzes sounds to make sense of speech occiptal lobe - correct answer ✔✔vision prefontal cortex - correct answer ✔✔responsible for thinking, memory, reasoning, planning and problem-solving Cerebellum - correct answer ✔✔controls balance and coordination reticular formation - correct answer ✔✔controls sleep and consciousness Medulla - correct answer ✔✔controls heartbeat and breathing Thalamus - correct answer ✔✔the brain's sensory control center; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla sublimation - correct answer ✔✔channeling threatening devices into acceptable outlets (e.g. working out) sublet-->outlet Projection - correct answer ✔✔disguising one's own threatening impulses by attributing them to others Freud's Psychosexual Stages - correct answer ✔✔oral stage, anal stage, phalic stage, latency stages, puberty gental stage: If we do not go through these stages there are consequences later in life Fixation - correct answer ✔✔The continued fixation on an earlier stage of psychosexual development due to an unresolved conflict at oral, anal, or phallic stage. Freud vs. Jung - correct answer ✔✔Freud: believed the unconscious mind was the epicentre of our repressed thoughts, traumatic memories, and fundamental drives of sex and aggression. Storage facility for all hidden sexual desires, resulting in neuroses, or what we would nowadays call mental illness. (id, ego, superego).To Freud, repressed and expressed sexuality was everything. He felt it was the biggest motivating force behind the behaviour (and as such psychopathology). Jung: the unconscious was divided into the ego, the personal unconscious and the collective unconscious. Ego is the conscious, the personal unconscious includes memories (both recalled and suppressed) and the collective unconscious holds our experiences as a species or knowledge that we are born with (for example, love at first sight). Jung did not believe that the content of all dreams was necessarily sexual in nature or that they disguised their true meaning. Jung decided that what motivates and influences behaviour is a psychic energy or life force, of which sexuality could be only one potential manifestation. Jung also disagreed also with Oedipal impulses. Oedipus Complex - correct answer ✔✔Feelings of rivalry with the parent of the same sex and sexual desire for the parent of the other sex, occurring during the phallic stage and ultimately resolved through identification with the parent of the same sex. Elektra Complex - correct answer ✔✔Freudian theory; when a girl wants the attention and affection of her father and sees her mother as competition, usually strongest around phallic age Personal Unconscious - correct answer ✔✔Memories or feelings unique to each individual Collective Unconscious - correct answer ✔✔Memories from our ancestors, shared by all human beings regardless of culture. Ex. instincts, universal feelings, needs such as hunger, sexuality, and creativity. Freud vs. Adler - correct answer ✔✔Adler stresses more on understanding the person as a whole being, whereas Freud, on the fragmented view of an individual's ego, super ego and id principles. Freud vs. Horney - correct answer ✔✔Disagreed with Freud about inherent differences in the psychology of men and women. Freud stated that women possess insecurities of being female and would rather be a male because of the difference of the anatomy. Horney believed the opposite to Freud. She believed men possessed jealous of the female anatomy and intrinsically women are smarter than men. Sensation - correct answer ✔✔the process by which sense receptors such as sight, hearing, smell, taste and touch are activated so that signals are transmitted to the brain. (nature because of the way our sense receptors can take in the information that's being collected from things around us) factors that influence: - Attention plays a significant role in determining what is sensed versus what is perceived Perception - correct answer ✔✔the process by which sensory signals are (i) selected, (ii) organizer and (iii)interpreted in the brain. (nurture because we take in info from sensation/ the environment around us and then see how our brain interprets it based on what we perceive of things from society) factors that influence: - beliefs and values - past experiences - motivation - expectations/behaviour of a person memory - correct answer ✔✔the persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information immediate memory - correct answer ✔✔the ability to hold a memory not for long and then forgotten after it's immediate use short-term memory - correct answer ✔✔activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten long-term memory - correct answer ✔✔the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences. Classical Conditioning - correct answer ✔✔Pavlov: A type of learning where a once neutral stimulus comes to produce a particular response after pairings with a conditioned stimulus. There's a neutral stimulus (the bell), which by itself will not produce a response, like salivation. There's also a non-neutral or unconditioned stimulus (the food), which will produce an unconditioned response (salivation). - Involves placing a neutral signal before a reflex - Focuses on involuntary, automatic behaviours - a learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired; a response that is at first elicited by the second stimulus is eventually elicited by the first stimulus alone. observational learning - correct answer ✔✔Bandura demonstrated that children are able to learn through the observation of adult behaviour children watched a male or female model behaving aggressively towards a toy called a 'Bobo doll'. Operant Conditioning - correct answer ✔✔Skinner: A type of learning that uses rewards and punishment to achieve the desired behaviour, the action by the rat of pressing the lever is an operant response/behaviour, and the food released inside the chamber is the reward. - Involves applying reinforcement or punishment after a behaviour - Focuses on strengthening or weakening voluntary behaviors Hierarchy of Needs Theory - correct answer ✔✔Maslow's Theory of Motivation which states that we must achieve lower level needs, such as food, shelter, and safety before we can achieve higher level needs, such as belonging, esteem, and self-actualization. order is psychological needs, safety needs, love and belonging, esteem, self actualization Self-Actualization - correct answer ✔✔Reaching one's full potential occurs only after basic physical and psychological needs are met B. F. Skinner (1904-1990) - correct answer ✔✔Operant conditioning using rats and pigeons - created the air box Prejudice - correct answer ✔✔Positive or negative cultural attitude towards a member of a group or social category Discrimination - correct answer ✔✔Action/practice that excludes a person/group based on population Norms and Social Identity - correct answer ✔✔Expectations about how people are supposed to behave; a person's sense of who they are based on their group membership Milgram Experiment - correct answer ✔✔A series of psychological experiments which measured the willingness of study participants to obey an authority figure who instructed them to perform acts that conflicted with their personal conscience. - Participant shocks concealed person when they get a question wrong at increasingly painful voltages - Obedience Asch Elevator Experiment - correct answer ✔✔- Conformity - Group of people standing the opposite way in an elevator, person often joins them Asch Line Experiment - correct answer ✔✔- Group of Actors - Task is to match the left line with the same line on the right - Actors go in order and all say the same wrong answer with the subject at the end - Subjects often change their answer to the wrong majority in order to conform Zimbardo's Prison Experiment - correct answer ✔✔-A group of Stanford students were assigned to either play the role of prison guard or prisoner. -All were dressed in uniforms, and the prisoners were assigned numbers. The prisoners were locked up in the basement of the psychology building, and the guards were put in charge of their treatment. -The students took to their assigned roles perhaps too well, and the experiment had to be ended early because of the cruel treatment the guards were inflicting on the prisoners. - The Stanford prison experiment was a social psychology experiment that attempted to investigate the psychological effects of perceived power, focusing on the struggle between prisoners and prison officers - how people will readily conform to the social roles they are expected to play, especially if the roles are as strongly stereotyped as those of the prison guards Collective Behaviour - correct answer ✔✔Social behaviour by a large group that does not reflect existing rules institutions and structure of society - Engages in this behaviour to accomplish a goal/outcome - Spontaneous: response to social crisis, natural disaster - Example: Panic to SARS Epidemic Male Rites of Passage - correct answer ✔✔- Usually painful and traumatic; often involve a test of strength - Reaching puberty, Bar Mitzvah, Graduation, Losing virginity, Getting married, Having kids - Scarification, Beatings, Tattooing, Circumcision Female Rites of Passage - correct answer ✔✔- Often include instruction in responsibilities of woman and being a wife and mother, often revolve around first menstruation - Bat Mitzvah, Sweet 16 Party, Vision Quest, Puberty Natural Selection - correct answer ✔✔Process by which individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully; also called survival of the fittest - Adapt or die Louis Leakey - correct answer ✔✔(1903 - 1972) Kenyan paleoanthropologist and archaeologist. Discovered hominids related to Homo habilis and Homo erectus. Mary Leakey - correct answer ✔✔(1913 - 1996) British anthropologist. Discovered the Proconsul Africanus and Zinjanthropus Boisei Jonathan Leakey - correct answer ✔✔(1940 - ) Son of Mary and Louis Leakey. Discovered Homo Habilis in 1960 at Olduvai Gorge. Richard Leakey - correct answer ✔✔(1944 - ) Son of Mary and Louis Leakey. Discovered Turkana Boy, nearly complete skeleton of Homo Ergaster. Savage-Rumbaugh - correct answer ✔✔The social science research method used by Rumbaugh is a case study. The advances of her research method have helped her collect very in-depth information about bonobos and how they function. It is also first-hand information, meaning it is authentic. However, there are some challenges. There are several primatologists that believe Rumbaugh is putting words into the bonobos' mouths when they attempt to converse with other humans using a lexigram or screeches. This is also a very time consuming research method, meaning that Rumbaugh has to spend most of her time studying her subjects. Ethical concerns include the risk of emotional attachment. Rumbaugh's approach to the bonobos is very friendly and supportive. Surrounding her subjects with a positive environment results in them trusting her more easily and quickly. The apparatus Rumbaugh mainly used to help the bonobos converse with other humans was a lexigram that had images of simple words. This apparatus enhanced the bonobos' cognitive abilities. Jane Goodall - correct answer ✔✔The social science method used by Jane Goodall in her study of chimpanzees was participant/naturalistic observation. While she did observe and record the behaviour and lifestyle of the wild Gombe chimpanzees, she also actively interacted with the chimpanzees and she went on to establish lasting relationships with. The advances of this research method include collecting a lot of in depth information, and building trust with subjects. The challenges of this research method include the amount of time needed to devote ones' self to this method. Jane Goodall needed to leave her home, go to an entirely different continent, and had to spend her time there for quite some time. Ethical concerns of this observation could be emotional attachment. Goodall named the chimpanzees which physical anthropologists usually do not do. The names of these chimpanzees have also caused them to become famous. Dianne Fossey - correct answer ✔✔The social science research method used by Fossey was a naturalistic observation. The approach Fossey took with this observation was by mimicking the actions of the gorillas in order to blend in with the rest of the gorillas. Although, the challenge of this method is that Fossey doesn't know how the gorillas will react to her actions. This ended up in her near death experience, where a gorilla aggressively approached her after she punched her chest. Advances of this research method is getting a lot of in-depth information about her subjects. Fossey used a pen and paper to jot down observations and had a tape-recorder to record the different sounds the gorillas made. Ethical concerns of this research method is the risk of emotional attachment. This ended up happening to Fossey because when her gorillas get poached and kidnapped, she was outraged. This drove her to kidnapping a young boy and lashing out at strangers. Fossey even goes to large lengths to burn poacher's