Human Anatomy and Physiology: Multiple Choice Questions and Answers, Exams of Anatomy

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HOLE’S HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY 16

TH EDITION ALL CHAPTERS REVISED AND UPDATED Sensory impulses originate at receptors in response to a) neurotransmitters b) decreasing permeability of nerve cell membranes c) subthreshold potential d) local changes in their cell membrane potentials - CORRECT ANSWER >>local changes in their cell membrane potentials What type of receptor allows a pole vaulter to keep track of his position in mid-air? a) lamellated corpuscles b) pain receptors c) proprioceptors d) baroreceptors - CORRECT ANSWER >>proprioceptors The phrenic nerve arise from what nerve plexus? a) cervical plexus b) brachial plexus c) lumbar plexus d) sacral plexus - CORRECT ANSWER >>cervical plexus

A myelinated nerve is ____, whereas an unmyelinated nerve fiber is ________. a) gray; white b) white; black c) white; gray d) gray; black - CORRECT ANSWER >>white; gray The choroid plexus located in the _____ secretes most of the cerebrospinal fluid a) lateral ventricles b) third ventricle c) fourth ventricle d) cerebral aqueduct - CORRECT ANSWER >>lateral ventricles What type of sleep is dreamless and associated with decreased blood pressure and respiratory rate? a) REM sleep b) Non-REM sleep - CORRECT ANSWER >>Non-REM sleep The resulting cell membrane is more permeable to which ion? a) potassium b) sodium c) calcium d) magnesium - CORRECT ANSWER >>potassium

Impulses from taste receptors travel to the central nervous system via the facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerves? T or F - CORRECT ANSWER >>true What compromises the central nervous system? a) spinal and cranial nerves b) brain and spinal cord c) brain and cranial nerves d) nerves in the upper and lower limbs - CORRECT ANSWER

brain and spinal cord For most people, the dominant cerebral hemisphere is their ____ hemisphere a) left b) right - CORRECT ANSWER >>left A positive feedback loop occurs when the outcome of an event causes the event to continue occurring and amplifies its effects. Which of the following aspects of an action potential constitutes a positive feedback loop?

a) an initial flow of sodium ions into the neuron causes the opening of more voltage-gated sodium channels, rapidly causing more sodium to enter b) opening of voltage-gated channels causes the voltage- gated potassium channels to open and release potassium to the extracellular environment, slowly counteracting sodium influx c) the sodium-potassium pump exactly balances ion links by pumping three sodium and two potassium ions across the membrane d) the threshold potential is around - 55mV - CORRECT ANSWER

an initial flow of sodium ions into the neuron causes the opening of more voltage-gated sodium channels, rapidly causing more sodium to enter Nerve fibers of the somatic nervous system serve the __________, and nerve fibers of the autonomic nervous system serve the __________. a) skin and skeletal muscles; viscera b) viscera; smooth muscle c) heart and intestines; skeletal and smooth muscles d) smooth and skeletal muscles; cardiac muscles - CORRECT ANSWER >>skin and skeletal muscles; viscera

Following a brain injury, a soldier is now unable to speak. What area of the brain was most likely damaged? a) Broca's area b) Hippocampus c) Posterior portion of occipital lobe d) Basal nuclei - CORRECT ANSWER >>Broca's area The hypoglossal and glossopharyngeal nerves serve the tongue in addition to other structures T or F - CORRECT ANSWER >>true The oculomotor nerve is a cranial nerve containing nerve fibers that innervate eye muscles and control eye movement. The fibers are examples of _____ a) sensory neurons b) interneurons c) motor neurons d) unipolar neurons - CORRECT ANSWER >>motor neurons What stimulates Golgi tendon organs? a) a muscle has become metabolically active b) a muscle is stretched to nearly its limit c) a muscle starts to relax after strenuous exercise d) a muscle is contracting with minimal tension - CORRECT ANSWER >>a muscle is stretched to nearly its limit

What might result from injury to the reticular formation? a) hyperactivity b) increased sensory sensitivity c) lack of muscle coordination d) unconsciousness or coma - CORRECT ANSWER

unconsciousness or coma Transmission of pain impulses within the posterior horn of the spinal cord can be inhibited by compounds called ____, released in response to signals from several areas of the brain a) enkephalins b) endorphins c) epinephrine or norepinephrine d) cannabinoids - CORRECT ANSWER >>enkephalins When an action potential passes over the surface of a synaptic knob, the contents of the vesicles within the synaptic knob are released in response to the presence of a) calcium ions b) sodium ions c) neurotransmitters d) neuropeptides - CORRECT ANSWER >>calcium ions

What is the correct sequence of events that occurs along an axon after the membrane reaches threshold?

1. the membrane depolarizes
2. Sodium channels open and sodium ions diffuse inward
3. the membrane repolarizes
4. Potassium channels open and potassium ions diffuse outward a) 3, 2, 4, 1 b) 2, 1, 4, 3 c) 1, 2, 4, 3 d) 4, 1, 3, 2 - CORRECT ANSWER >>2, 1, 4, 3 Olfactory receptors are examples of what class of sensory receptor? a) thermoreceptors b) mechanoreceptors c) chemoreceptors d) proprioceptors - CORRECT ANSWER >>chemoreceptors What causes the lens of the eye to thicken? a) suspensory ligaments pull on the lens capsule b) ciliary processes relax c) pupillary constrictors relax

d) ciliary muscles contract - CORRECT ANSWER >>ciliary muscles contract What is convergence? a) dendrites from neurons in different parts of the nervous system contact the same neuron b) axons from neurons in different parts of the nervous system contact the same neuron c) dendrites from the same neuron touch each other d) a neurological cell contacts many neurons - CORRECT ANSWER >>axons from neurons in different parts of the nervous system contact the same neuron Enkephalins are neuropeptides. T or F - CORRECT ANSWER

true The decreased responsiveness to an ongoing stimulus is called a) sensory deficit b) receptor integration c) interpretive assimilation d) sensory adaptation - CORRECT ANSWER >>sensory adaptation

The embryonic forebrain will give rise to what part(s) of the mature brain? a) pons and cerebellum b) cerebellum and diencephalon c) medulla oblongata and spinal cord d) midbrain - CORRECT ANSWER >>cerebellum and diencephalon The cerebral aqueduct contains CSF flowing from the ____ to the ____. a) lateral ventricles; third ventricles b) third ventricle; subarachnoid space c) fourth ventricle; central canal d) third ventricle; fourth ventricle - CORRECT ANSWER >>third ventricle; fourth ventricle The neurotransmitter that controls skeletal muscle contraction is

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a) norepinephrine b) nitric oxide c) acetylcholine d) GABA - CORRECT ANSWER >>acetylcholine

During the absolute refractory period, a stimulus of high intensity may trigger a nerve impulse. T or F - CORRECT ANSWER

false Organize the following list of functions and actions according to the branch of the nucleus system that controls each one.

• heart rate
• walking
• looking to the left
• digestion
• vasoconstriction
• picking up a glass - CORRECT ANSWER >>somatic: walking, looking to the left, picking up a glass autonomic: heart rate, digestion, vasoconstriction What are the two major cell types found in nervous tissue? a) neurons and neuroglia b) dendrites and axons c) neurons and effectors d) astrocytes and schwann cells e) neurons and nerves - CORRECT ANSWER >>neurons and neuroglia

A test organism develops a genetic mutation that causes neurons to develop without synaptic knobs. How will this impact neuronal function? a) signal transduction down the axon will be interpreted, so the signal will not "jump" the synapse and reach the postsynaptic neuron b) the dendrites of the postsynaptic neurons will have no means to attach to presynaptic axons c) no neurotransmitters will be stored or released into the synapse to signal the postsynaptic neuron d) action potentials will not travel down the axon nearly as rapidly - CORRECT ANSWER >>no neurotransmitters will be stored or released into the synapse to signal the postsynaptic neuron In Guillain-Barre syndrome, the immune system attacks and degrades the myelin sheath of PNS axons. Predict the effect this will have on nerve impulse and motor function. a) lost insulation from myelin will cause neurons of the PNS to be hyper-excitable and muscle spasms will result b) motor signals will not be sent from the brain down the efferent pathway becasue the brain vannot generate them

c) the brain will slowly degrade and various brain functions will be lost, including motor functions d) lost insulation from myelin will cause neurons of the PNS to lose saltatory conduction, resulting in poor muscle function - CORRECT ANSWER >>lost insulation from myelin will cause neurons of the PNS to lose saltatory conduction, resulting in poor muscle function During a meal, the __________ nervous system stimulates digestive activity and slows heart rate. During exercise, the __________ nervous system inhibits digestion and increases heart rate. a) parasympathetic; sympathetic b) motor; sensory c) somatic; autonomic d) central; peripheral - CORRECT ANSWER >>parasympathetic; sympathetic What structure separates the two cerebral hemispheres? a) falx cerebri b) falx cerebelli c) tentorium cerebelli d) filum terminale - CORRECT ANSWER >>falx cerebri

What is one of the many functions of the hypothalamus? a) regulating body temperature b) maintaining rhythm of repetitive motions c) interpreting visual input d) coordinating voluntary movement - CORRECT ANSWER

regulating body temperature What is a dermatome? a) region of skin innervated by a single spinal nerve b) group of muscles innervated by a single spinal nerve c) branch of a spinal nerve that travels toward the posterior part of the body d) cluster of nerve cell bodies within the peripheral nervous system - CORRECT ANSWER >>region of skin innervated by a single spinal nerve The "buzz" experienced by smokers is due to the binding of nicotine to the category of ______ receptor called nicotinic receptors a) muscarinic b) adrenergic c) cholinergic

d) multipolar - CORRECT ANSWER >>cholinergic You drop a book on your foot. Immediately, you feel a sharp, stinging pain. Pain fibers called __________ are responsible for this sensation. Then, about a minute later, you feel a dull, lingering pain. Pain fibers called __________ are responsible for this sensation. - CORRECT ANSWER >>fast pain fibers; slow pain fibers How is an impulse transmitted from one neuron to another? a) an impulse stimulating presynaptic dendrites causes the release of neurotransmitters into a synaptic cleft b) an impulse stimulating a presynaptic axon causes the release of neurotransmitters into a synaptic cleft c) a neurotransmitter traveling from presynaptic dendrites crosses the synapse to postsynaptic axons or a cell body d) a neurotransmitter traveling from postsynaptic dendrites crosses the synapse to presynaptic axons or a cell body - CORRECT ANSWER >>an impulse stimulating a presynaptic axon causes the release of neurotransmitters into a synaptic cleft The interpretation of sensory input by the brain is referred to as

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a) reception

b) sensation c) perception d) recognition - CORRECT ANSWER >>perception The ______ is suspended from the hypothalamus via an infundibulum a) thalamus b) pituitary c) pons d) pineal gland - CORRECT ANSWER >>pituitary Which cranial nerves are primarily motor nerves innervating the muscles that move the eyes? a) optic nerves (CN II), oculomotor nerves (CN III), and facial (CN VII) b) oculomotor nerves (CN III), trochlear nerves (CN IV), and abducens nerves (VI) c) facial nerves (CN VII), vagus nerves (X), and accessory nerves (CN XI) d) optic nerves (CN II), trochlear nerves (CN IV), and trigeminal nerves (CN V) - CORRECT ANSWER >>oculomotor nerves (CN III), trochlear nerves (CN IV), and abducens nerves (VI)

With a subdural hematoma resulting from a blow to the head, where has the blood accumulated? a) between the dura mater and the skull b) between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater c) between the pia mater and the brain d) between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater - CORRECT ANSWER >>between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater After taking a bite of pizza, sensory receptors are stimulated in your mouth. What is the order of information flow that results? - CORRECT ANSWER >>Stimulation of sensory receptors - > impulse sent to CNS - > sensation - > perception What is the purpose of the patellar reflex? a) slows heart rate b) removes painful stimuli c) helps maintain posture d) increases running speed - CORRECT ANSWER >>helps maintain posture Which of the following connective tissue coverings surrounding a group of fascicles, and contains blood vessels within a peripheral nerve?

a) endoneurium b) perineurium c) epineurium d) endomysium - CORRECT ANSWER >>perineurium Which part of the eye is the tough, white outer layer that maintains its shape and protects the inner structures? a) cornea b) sclera c) pupil d) iris - CORRECT ANSWER >>sclera The neuronal process with many branches that conducts an impulse toward the cell body can be defined as a(n): a) dendrite b) axon c) neurilemma d) collateral - CORRECT ANSWER >>dendrite Damage to the cerebellum may result in: a) impaired memory b) loss of hearing c) difficulty with balance and coordination

d) changes in personality - CORRECT ANSWER >>difficulty with balance and coordination If the DNA sequence ATGCTCAT was found to have the complementary strand TACGGGTA, which of the following is possible? a) there was an error during the DNA replication b) the cell correctly copied the DNA strand during replication c) an error occurred during the translation in which mRNA has an incorrect nucleotide d) an error occurred during transcription in which a tRNA molecule had the incorrect codon - CORRECT ANSWER

there was an error during the DNA replication A young man who ran 6 miles a day throughout high school is injured during his first season running cross country in college, and must rest for three months, then gradually begin exercising again. The skeletal muscle size in his lower limbs decreases during this prolonged period of inactivity. The organelles that break down his muscle protein are ________ a) centrosomes b) ribosomes c) lysosomes d) peroxisomes - CORRECT ANSWER >>lysosomes

Histology is the study of _______ a) tissues b) cells c) molecules d) organ function - CORRECT ANSWER >>tissues The thoracic cavity is _______ to the abdominopelvic cavity a) dorsal (posterior) b) superior c) ventral (anterior) d) inferior - CORRECT ANSWER >>superior What organ system includes the kidneys? a) urinary b) digestive c) respiratory d) endocrine - CORRECT ANSWER >>urinary A cell is surrounded by an extremely thin, flexible membrane. Why is the membrane selectively permeable? a) it does not allow any substances to pass through as they could damage the cell

b) it allows some substances to pass through and excludes others based on size, polarity, and other factors c) it allows all substances to pass through, making it easier to absorb nutrients d) it allows all organic substances to pass through, but excludes all inorganic substances that could be harmful - CORRECT ANSWER >>it allows some substances to pass through and excludes others based on size, polarity, and other factors What is the mRNA codon that functions as an "initiation codon", indicating the start of the encoded protein? a) UUA b) UAC c) AGG d) AUG - CORRECT ANSWER >>AUG Ehlers-Danlos syndrome is a hereditary disorder that affects collagen production. What type of tissue would be most affected? a) epithelial b) connective c) nervous d) muscle - CORRECT ANSWER >>connective

Which of the following shows the correct complementary base pairing that occurs in DNA? a) cytosine to adenine; thymine to uracil b) cytosine to adenine; guanine to thymine c) cytosine to thymine; adenine to uracilterm- 59 d) cytosine to guanine; adenine to thymine - CORRECT ANSWER >>cytosine to guanine; adenine to thymine A mutation occurs that prevents the formation of intercalated discs. Which of the following muscular structures will be directly affected? a) the legs b) the tongue c) the stomach and intestines d) the heart - CORRECT ANSWER >>the heart Which of the following processes does not help to maintain life of an individual organism? a) movement b) respiration c) reproduction d) responsiveness - CORRECT ANSWER >>reproduction

Programmed cell death occurs during development, including the removal of webbing between fingers of the fetus. This process is known as ______ a) mitosis b) cell specialization c) cell differentiation d) apoptosis - CORRECT ANSWER >>apoptosis During the anaerobic reactions of cellular respiration, pyruvic acid reacts to form glucose. T or F - CORRECT ANSWER >>false What would happen if a red blood cell was placed in a hypotonic solution? a) only permeable substances will leave, but contractions in the cell do not change b) the cell will swell and may eventually burst c) the cell will shrink d) the cell will remain the same size and shape - CORRECT ANSWER >>the cell will swell and may eventually burst The smooth muscle cells of the digestive tract need to send electrical signals between each other to contract in unison. The type of intercellular junction best suited for this need is ______ a) a gap junction

b) found in the blood-brain barrier c) a desmosome d) a tight junction - CORRECT ANSWER >>a gap junction What process is defined as the eremoval of wastes? a) metabolism b) assimilation c) excretion d) absorption - CORRECT ANSWER >>excretion Which of the following best describes a characteristic of nervous tissue? a) it contracts to perform movements b) some of its cells send electrochemical messages c) it provides cushioning and protection from shearing forces d) its intercellular space is filled with collagen - CORRECT ANSWER >>some of its cells send electrochemical messages A subcellular structure built of assemblies of macromolecules that carries out a particular function is a(n) _________ - CORRECT ANSWER >>organelle

A cell is known to have a mutation in the DNA sequence of a gene that codes for an enzyme, but it still produces a functional enzyme. Why might this happen? a) the mutation did not lead to a change in the amino acid sequence of the enzyme b) chaperone proteins are able to repair the error in the DNA sequence c) the mutation must have occurred in the part of the sequence coding for the active site d) transcription of the gene into RNA was able to repair the mutation - CORRECT ANSWER >>the mutation did not lead to a change in the amino acid sequence of the enzyme The greater omentum is a structure that exists in the abdomen and hangs over the digestive tract, behind the abdominal muscles. A cross section viewed under the microscope reveals that it contains a connective tissue composed of large cells, or droplets. The cell walls are very thin and there is no collagen. The tissue looks like it might be good for cushioning. What type of connective tissue is this? a) areolar b) adipose c) elastic connective d) dense regular connective - CORRECT ANSWER >>adipose

Which organelle contains the nucleolus? a) nucleus b) golgi apparatus c) mitochondrion d) endoplasmic reticulum - CORRECT ANSWER >>nucleus Spicy foods irritate the membrane of your mouth, which triggers goblet cells to produce a protective layer of a thick substance called mucus. What membrane must be lining the mouth? a) synovial membrane b) serous membrane c) mucous membrane d) cutaneous membrane - CORRECT ANSWER >>mucous membrane Any molecule within a cell that has a uracil group will also contain

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a) ribose b) glucose c) deoxyribose d) glycerol - CORRECT ANSWER >>ribose