HUman anatomy and Physiology UNit 5, Assignments of Anatomy

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D. Pharma

st

Year

Human Anatomy & Physiology (HAP)

(PHS1105)

By : Mr. Bhushan Hatwar Assistant Professor Faculty of Pharmacy Kalinga university Naya Raipur (C.G) , India

(HAP – I) (BP101T)

Course Objectives Upon completion of this course the student should be able to

1. Explain the gross morphology, structure and functions of various organs of the human body.
2. Describe the various homeostatic mechanisms and their imbalances.
3. Identify the various tissues and organs of different systems of human body.
4. Perform the various experiments related to special senses and nervous system.
5. Appreciate coordinated working pattern of different organs of each system. Course Outcomes
6. The student will be able to understand the gross morphology, structure and functions of various organs of the human body.
7. The student will be able to understand the various homeostatic mechanisms and their imbalances.
8. The student will be able to Identify the various tissues and organs of different systems of human body.
9. The student will be able to Perform the various experiments related to special senses and nervous system.
10. The student will be able to Appreciate coordinated working pattern of different organs of each system

Content - Unit 5

1. Digestive system: Names of the various parts of dig system & their functions. Structure & functions of liver physiology of digestion & absorption. 2. Endocrine glands & Hormones. Location of the gland their hormones & functions. Pituitary, Thyroid, adrenal & Pancreas. 3. Reproductive system- Physiology & Anatomy of Reproductive system.

Reference Books

1. Essentials of Medical Physiology by K. Sembulingam and P. Sembulingam. Jaypee brothers medical publishers, New Delhi.
2. Anatomy and Physiology in Health and Illness by Kathleen J.W. Wilson, Churchill Livingstone, New York.
3. Physiological basis of Medical Practice-Best and Tailor. Williams & Wilkins Co,Riverview,MIUSA.
4. Text book of Medical Physiology- Arthur C,Guyton andJohn.E. Hall. Miamisburg, OH, U.S.A.
5. Principles of Anatomy and PhysiologybyTortora Grabowski. Palmetto, GA, U.S.A.
6. Textbook of Human Histology by Inderbir Singh, Jaypee brother’s medical publishers, New Delhi.
7. Textbook of Practical Physiology by C.L. Ghai, Jaypee brother’s medical publishers, New Delhi.
8. Practical workbook of Human Physiology by K. Srinageswari and Rajeev Sharma, Jaypee brother’s medical publishers, New Delhi. 4

UNIT V - Lecture Plan

• L1 Names of the various parts of dig system & their function 7- Lecture Topics to be covered Slide No.
• L2 Names of the various parts of dig system & their function 10-
• L3 Structure & functions of liver 12-
• L4 Structure & functions of liver 12-
• L5 Physiology of digestion & absorption. 20-
• L6 Location of the gland their hormones & functions 24-
• L7 Pituitary, Thyroid, adrenal & Pancreas. 37-
• L8 Pituitary, Thyroid, adrenal & Pancreas. 43-
• L9 Physiology & Anatomy of Reproductive system. 49-
• L10 Physiology & Anatomy of Reproductive system. 55-

Digestive System

Digestive System: Overview

• (^) The alimentary canal or gastrointestinal (GI) tract digests and absorbs food
• (^) Alimentary canal – mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine
• (^) Accessory digestive organs – teeth, tongue, gallbladder, salivary glands, liver, and pancreas

Digestive System: Overview Figure 23. 8

Digestive Process The GI tract is a “disassembly” line:

• (^) Nutrients become more available to the body in each step There are six essential activities:
• (^) 1) Ingestion, 2) propulsion, and 3) mechanical digestion
• (^) 4) Chemical digestion, 5) absorption, and 6) defecation

Digestive Process Figure 23.

Gastrointestinal Tract Activities

• (^) 1) Ingestion – taking food into the digestive tract
• (^) 2) Propulsion – swallowing and peristalsis
  • (^) Peristalsis – waves of contraction and relaxation of muscles in the organ walls
• 3) Mechanical digestion – chewing, mixing, and churning food

Peristalsis and Segmentation Figure 23. Esophagus Intestine

Gastrointestinal Tract Activities

• (^) 4) Chemical digestion – catabolic breakdown of food
• (^) 5) Absorption – movement of nutrients from the GI tract to the blood or lymph
• (^) 6) Defecation – elimination of indigestible and unabsorbed solid wastes

Liver

• (^) Superficially has four lobes – right , left , caudate , and quadrate
• (^) The largest gland in the body

Liver: Associated Structures The falciform ligament :

• (^) Separates the right and left lobes anteriorly
• (^) Suspends the liver from the diaphragm and anterior abdominal wall The ligamentum teres :
• (^) Is a remnant of the fetal umbilical vein
• (^) Runs along the free edge of the falciform ligament

Liver: Associated Structures

• (^) The lesser omentum anchors the liver to the stomach
• (^) The hepatic blood vessels enter the liver at the porta hepatis
• (^) gallbladder - rests in a recess on the inferior surface of the right lobe; stores bile for digestion of fats

Bile Bile leaves the liver via:

• (^) Bile ducts, which fuse into the common hepatic duct
• (^) The common hepatic duct, which fuses with the cystic duct
  • (^) These two ducts form the bile duct

Gallbladder and Associated Ducts Figure 23.

Liver: Microscopic Anatomy lobules are hexagonal shaped and the structural and functional units of the liver

• (^) Composed of hepatocyte (liver cell) plates radiating outward from a central vein
• (^) Portal triads are found at each of the six corners of each liver lobule portal triads consist of a bile duct and
• (^) Hepatic artery – supplies oxygen-rich blood to the liver
• (^) Hepatic portal vein – carries venous blood with nutrients from digestive viscera

Microscopic Anatomy of the Liver Figure 23.24c, d

• (^) Liver sinusoids – enlarged, leaky capillaries located between hepatic plates
• (^) Kupffer cells – hepatic macrophages found in liver sinusoids

Hepatocytes Hepatocyte functions include:

• (^) Production of bile
• (^) Processing bloodborne nutrients
• (^) Storage of fat-soluble vitamins
• (^) Detoxification

Endocrine System

The endocrine system is made up of glands and the hormones they

secrete. Although the endocrine glands are the primary hormone

producers, the brain, heart, lungs, liver, skin, thymus, gastrointestinal

mucosa, and placenta also produce and release hormones.

The primary endocrine

glands are the pituitary (the

master gland), pineal,

thyroid, parathyroid, islets

of Langerhans, adrenals,

ovaries in the female and

testes in the male.

The function of the endocrine system is the production and

regulation of chemical substances called hormones.