Human Anatomy Nightingale test(125 questions and answers).docx, Exams of Biology

Download Human Anatomy Nightingale test(125 questions and answers).docx and more Exams Biology in PDF only on Docsity! Human Anatomy Nightingale test(125 questions and answers) Anatomy - answer -the study of the structure of the human body -Also called morphology - been around since 2300 years _ related to physiology morphology - answer the science of form. physiology - answer the study of body function Gross anatomy - answer is the study of body structures that can be examined by the naked eye—the bones, lungs, and muscles, - Important technique for studying GA is Dissection Studies of gross anatomy can be approached in several different ways. - answer regional anatomy Surface anatomy systemic anatomy, - answer by contrast, all the organs with related functions are studied together. - dissection - answer in which connective tissue is removed from between the body organs so that the organs can be seen more clearly. Then the organs are cut open for viewing. Some specialized branches of anatomy are used primarily for medical diagnosis and scientific research. - answer Pathological Radiographic Functional Morphology Pathological - answer deals with the structural changes in cells, tissues, and organs caused by disease. Radiographic - answer is the study of internal body structures by means of X-ray studies and other imaging techniques Functional morphology - answer The function of an organism in realtion to its form Levels of Structural Organization - answer Chemical Level Cellular level Tissue Level Organ Level Organ system Level Organismal Level atoms - answer tiny building blocks of matter such as carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen Atoms functions - answer Atoms combine to form small molecules, such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O), and larger macromolecules Four classes of macromolecules are found in the body - answer -carbohydrates (sugars), lipids (fats), proteins, and nucleic acids (DNA, RNA). T -These macromolecules are the building blocks of the structures at the cellular level: the cells and their functional subunits, called cellular organelles. Macromolecules also contribute - answer to the metabolic functions as an energy source to a cell (carbohydrates), as signaling molecules (proteins and lipid hormones), and as catalysts (enzymes). tissue level - answer A tissue is a group of cells that work together to perform a common function 4 types of tissues - answer epithelial tissue (epithelium), connective tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue. epithelium tissue - answer covers the body surface and lines its cavities connective tissue - answer supports the body and protects its organs; muscle tissue - answer provides movement nervous tissue - answer provides fast internal communication by transmitting electrical impulses. The urinary system - answer eliminates wastes and regulates water and ion balance. The respiratory system - answer supplies blood with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide. anatomical position - answer person stands erect with feet flat on the ground, toes pointing forward, and eyes facing forward. The palms face anteriorly with the thumbs pointed away from the body. axial and appendicular - answer The fundamental divisions of the body axial region - answer it makes up the main axis of the body, consists of the head, neck, and trunk. The trunk, in turn, is divided into the thorax (chest), abdomen, and pelvis; the trunk also includes the region around the anus and external genitals, called the perineum appendicular region - answer of the body consists of the limbs, which are also called appendages or extremities. The fundamental divisions of the body are subdivided into smaller regions The most frequently used body planes - answer sagittal, frontal, and transverse planes, which lie at right angles to one another sagittal plane - answer extends vertically and divides the body into left and right parts (Figure 1.4a). The specific sagittal plane that lies exactly in the midline is the median plane, or midsagittal plane. All other sagittal planes, offset from the midline, - answer parasagittal frontal (coronal) plane - answer also extends vertically and divides the body into anterior and posterior parts transverse (horizontal) plane - answer runs horizontally from right to left, dividing the body into superior and inferior parts A transverse section is also called a - answer cross section. oblique sections - answer Cuts made along any plane that lies diagonally between the horizontal and the vertical. Are seldom used. -Not frontal, transverse, or sagittal vertebrates. - answer This group also includes cats, rats, birds, lizards, frogs, and fish and humans All vertebrates share the following basic features - answer Tube-within-a-tube body plan. Bilateral symmetry. Dorsal hollow nerve cord Notochord and vertebrae. Segmentation. has a set of outpocketings called pharyngeal (far-rin′je-al) pouches that correspond to the clefts between the gills of fish. Such pouches give rise to some structures in the head and neck. An example is the middle ear cavity, which runs from the eardrum to the pharynx. dorsal body cavity - answer Dorsal body cavity contains - answer cranial cavity and vertebral cavity cranial cavity - answer (Top) Cover or encases the brain vertebral cavity - answer (Bottom) enclose the spinal cord. The hard, bony walls of this cavity protect the contained organs. visceral organs or viscera - answer such as the lungs, heart, intestines, and kidneys, The ventral body cavity has two main divisions: - answer 1.superior thoracic cavity, surrounded by the ribs and the muscles of the chest wall 2. an inferior abdominopelvic (ab-dom″ ĭ-no- pel′vic) cavity surrounded by the abdominal walls and pelvic girdle. The thoracic cavity has 3 parts: - answer (a) two lateral parts, each containing a lung surrounded by a pleural cavity (ploo′-ral; "the side, a rib"), and (b) a central band of organs called the mediastinum (me″de-ah-sti′num; "in the middle"). The mediastinum contains the heart surrounded by a pericardial cavity (per″ ĭ-kar′de-al; "around the heart"). It also houses other major thoracic organs, such as the esophagus and trachea The abdominopelvic cavity is divided into two parts. - answer The superior part, called the abdominal cavity, contains the liver, stomach, kidneys, and other organs. The inferior part, or pelvic cavity, contains the bladder, some reproductive organs, and the rectum. -These two parts are continuous with each other, not separated by any muscular or membranous partition. Many organs in the abdominopelvic cavity are surrounded by a peritoneal (per″ ĭ-to-ne′al) cavity . Many organs in the abdominopelvic cavity are surrounded by - answer peritoneal cavity . These serous membranes (indicated by the red lines in Figure 1.7) - answer are named pleura, serous pericardium, and peritoneum, respectively. Serous cavities contain a thin layer of - answer serous fluid Serous fluid - answer This fluid is produced by both serous membranes. The slippery serous fluid allows the visceral organs to slide with little friction across the cavity walls as they carry out their routine functions. This freedom of movement is extremely important for organs that move or Light microscopy can produce - answer Sharp, detailed images of tissues and cells, but not of the small structures within cells (organelles). low -Resolution—its inability to reveal small structures clearly transmission electron microscope - answer Uses electron beams of much smaller wavelength to produce sharp images at much greater magnification, thus revealing the fine details of cells and tissues. Elaborate steps are taken to prepare tissue for microscopic viewing - answer 1. Fixed 2.Cut into sections 3. Stained The stains used in light microscopy are beautifully colored organic dyes, most of which were originally developed - answer clothing manufacturers in the mid-1800s Dyes with negatively charged molecules - answer Stain the positively charged structures of the cell or tissue, and are called acidic stains. Positively charged dyes, - answer by contrast, are called basic stains because they bind to, and stain, negatively charged structures. Because different parts of cells and tissues take up different dyes, the stains distinguish the different anatomical structures. commonly used histological stains is a combination of two dyes, - answer hematoxylin and eosin (H&E stain). Hematoxylin - answer is a basic stain that binds to the acidic structures of the cell (the nucleus, ribosomes, rough ER) and colors them a dark blue to purple hue. Eosin - answer An acidic stain, binds to basic cytoplasmic structures and extracellular components, coloring them red to pink. For transmission electron microscopy, tissue sections - answer are stained with heavy- metal salts. -These metals deflect electrons in the beam to different extents, thus providing contrast in the image. Electron-microscope images contain only - answer shades of gray because color is a property of light, not of electron waves. The image may be artificially colored to enhance contrast scanning electron microscopy - answer provides three-dimensional pictures of whole, unsectioned surfaces with striking clarity The SEM image is accurate and looks very real In tissue stained with H&E stain, what color are the cellular nuclei? - answer In a tissue stained with H&E, the cell nuclei are colored dark blue to purple. this procedure (upper and lower GI imaging) to screen for ulcers or tumors Conventional X-ray images - answer More advanced Good for soft tissues Flatten three-dimensional body structures into two dimensions. One of the more useful modern imaging techniques is a refined X-ray technology ? - answer computed tomography (CT), or computed axial tomography (CAT) CT produces superb images (A) - answer (A)soft tissue as well as of bone and blood vessels. Fast and relatively inexpensive test. readily in trauma situations to assess internal injury. Does not use X-ray to produce images but it uses pose some. essential diagnostic tool for clinicians. CT is less useful for - answer nervous tissue structures and for joint images, particularly the knee and shoulder, because bone can obscure the joint details. Angiography - answer Is a technique that produces images of blood vessels. Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) - answer -provides an unobstructed view of small arteries - Is often used to identify blockage of the arteries that supply the heart wall and the brain. Positron emission tomography (PET) - answer Is an advanced procedure that produces images by detecting radioactive isotopes injected into the body. The special advantage of PET is that its images indicate regions of cellular activity. -identifies the body's most active cells and pinpoints the body regions that receive the greatest supply of blood PET Example - answer radioactively tagged sugar or water molecules are injected into the bloodstream and traced to the body areas that take them up in the greatest quantity. This procedure identifies the body's most active cells and pinpoints the body regions that receive the greatest supply of blood. As the radioactive material decays, it gives off energy in the form of gamma rays. Sensors within the doughnut-shaped scanner pick up the emitted gamma rays, which are translated into electrical impulses and sent to the computer. A picture of the isotope's location is then constructed on the viewing screen. PET scans are used in oncology - answer (cancer treatment) for detecting and staging tumors and for assessing cancer therapy. PET is used to assess the - answer The functional flow of blood and areas of high metabolic activity. In the brain, it can depict areas of the normal brain most active during specific tasks (speech, seeing, comprehension),