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Human Biology Exam 3 Inspiration or inhalation - correct answer ✔✔air is conducted towards the lungs expiration or exhalation - correct answer ✔✔air is conducted away from the lungs ventilation - correct answer ✔✔another term for breathing which includes inspiration and expiration 4 levels of respiration - correct answer ✔✔breathing, external respiration, internal respiration and cellular respiration as air moves towards the lungs it is - correct answer ✔✔cleansed warmed and moistened as air moves out of the the lungs it - correct answer ✔✔cools and deposits moisture on the lining of the trachea and the nose the nose contains __ nasal cavities separated by a _____that empty into the _____ - correct answer ✔✔two, septum, nasopharynx Tear Glands - correct answer ✔✔drain into the nasal cavities Auditory tubes - correct answer ✔✔lead from the nasopharynx to the middle ears Throat is the common name for the? - correct answer ✔✔pharynx Three sections of the pharynx - correct answer ✔✔nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx nasopharynx - correct answer ✔✔nasal cavities open above soft palate oropharynx - correct answer ✔✔oral cavity opens laryngopharynx - correct answer ✔✔opens into the larynx Larynx - correct answer ✔✔a passageway for air between pharynx and trachea larynx moves against the ____ preventing food from passing into the larynx - correct answer ✔✔epiglottis the larynx houses the - correct answer ✔✔vocal cords trachea - correct answer ✔✔tube held open by cartilaginous rings connecting the larynx to the primary bronchi trachea divides into - correct answer ✔✔left and right primary bronchi bronchi branch into the - correct answer ✔✔bronchioles bronchiole leads to - correct answer ✔✔air pockets or alveoli alveolus - correct answer ✔✔functional unit of respiratory system the right lung has ____ lobes and the left lung has ____ lobes - correct answer ✔✔three, two each lobe in the lung is divided into ____ further divided into _____ then ______ - correct answer ✔✔lobules, bronchioles, alveoli lungs are enclosed by two membranes - correct answer ✔✔pleura membranes How many common cold viruses do we have? - correct answer ✔✔Greater than 150 Influenza (flu) - correct answer ✔✔begins as upper tract infection and spreads to other body parts Strep throat (upper respiratory infection) - correct answer ✔✔bacterium streptococcus pyogenes can lead to rheumatic fever Acute bronchitis (lower respiratory infection) - correct answer ✔✔infection of primary and secondary bronchi pneumonia (lower respiratory infection) - correct answer ✔✔viral bacterial protozoal infection of the lungs pulmonary tuberculosis (lower respiratory infection) - correct answer ✔✔tubercle bacillus bacterium Restrictive pulmonary disorders - correct answer ✔✔vital capacity is reduced because lungs have lost elasticity Pulmonary fibrosis - correct answer ✔✔formation of scar tissue in the connective tissue of the lungs Obstructive pulmonary disorders. Examples? - correct answer ✔✔air does not flow freely in airways. chronic bronchitis emphysema asthma lung cancer Lung cancer - correct answer ✔✔number one cancer killer in US What is another term for the tract that runs from the mouth to the anus? - correct answer ✔✔alimentary tract, gastrointestinal tract, G.I. tract or gut Two types of digestive processes - correct answer ✔✔mechanical chemical Digestion of food is an extracellular process due to what? - correct answer ✔✔Enzymes secreted into the gut by glands that reside in the lining or nearby Functions of digestion - correct answer ✔✔ingest food, digest it, move it along tract, absorb nutrient, eliminate nondigestible wastes Layers of the wall of the digestive tract (inside out) - correct answer ✔✔mucosa, submucose, muscularis, serosa Functions of the mouth - correct answer ✔✔ingest break down (mechanical) begin digestion (chemical) taste form into bolus for swallowing What is the roof of the mouth composed up - correct answer ✔✔Anterior (hard palate) posterior (soft palate) Tonsils help protect against what? - correct answer ✔✔Infection Three pairs of salivary glands also called what - correct answer ✔✔exocrine glands What do exocrine glands do? - correct answer ✔✔send juices through ducts to the mouth Saliva contains what? - correct answer ✔✔digestive enzymes Teeth are used to do what? - correct answer ✔✔Chew food into pieces small enough to swallow Two main divisions of teeth - correct answer ✔✔crown and root Tongue mixes chewed food with saliva and forms a what in prep for swallowing? - correct answer ✔✔bolus Pharynx receives ___ from the nasal cavities and _____ from the mouth - correct answer ✔✔air food Swallowing is a _______ that occurs in the _____. - correct answer ✔✔reflex action; pharynx Soft palate moves to close off the - correct answer ✔✔nasopharynx The trachea moves under the _____ to cover the ____. - correct answer ✔✔epiglottis; glottis Function of the esophagus - correct answer ✔✔muscular tube that passes from the pharynx through the thoracic cavity and diaphragm into the abdominal cavity. Rhythmic peristalsis does what? - correct answer ✔✔pushes food along the digestive tract What encircle tubes and act as valves? - correct answer ✔✔Sphincters Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) - correct answer ✔✔the upward flow of acid from the stomach into the esophagus Functions of the stomach? - correct answer ✔✔stores food mixes food kills bacteria and aids in digestions Columnar epithelial lining contains what? Leading into what? - correct answer ✔✔gastric pits; gastric glands Gastric glands produce what? That containing what and which enzyme? - correct answer ✔✔Gastric juice; HCI; pepsin The walls of the stomach have what that churn and mix what? - correct answer ✔✔folds; food and gastric juices What leaves the stomach and enters the small intestine? - correct answer ✔✔Chyme Glyceride - correct answer ✔✔lipids Digestive enzymes are - correct answer ✔✔hydrolytic enzymes Glucose and amino acids are absormed into blood capillaries of the - correct answer ✔✔villi Fatty acids and glycerol reform within epithelial cells and enter what? - correct answer ✔✔lacteals What is a complete protein? - correct answer ✔✔a protein that contains all essential amino acids Fats oils and cholesterol are all what? - correct answer ✔✔Lipids Why are lipids important to the body - correct answer ✔✔because the body cannot make linoleic acid by itself Low density lipoproteins - correct answer ✔✔carry cholesterol from the liver to cells High density lipoproteins - correct answer ✔✔carry cholesterol from the cells to the liver Macrominerals are present when? - correct answer ✔✔when the body is at a minimal level of 5 grams each Microminerals are present when? - correct answer ✔✔when the body is at levels under 5 grams each Why do adult females need Iron? - correct answer ✔✔because of loss of hemoglobin during menstruation What does calcium counteract - correct answer ✔✔osteporosis Sodium does what to the osmotic balance? - correct answer ✔✔helps maintain it Many vitamins are - correct answer ✔✔coenzymes Which vitamins are antioxidants - correct answer ✔✔A E C Rickets is - correct answer ✔✔the bowing of bones Pellagra - correct answer ✔✔Disease caused by deficiency of niacin, a B vitamin Scurvy - correct answer ✔✔a condition caused by deficiency of vitamin C Basal metabolic rate - correct answer ✔✔the body's resting rate of energy expenditure Obesity can be measured two ways - correct answer ✔✔body weight of 20% or more or Body Mass Index What is attached to the concave side of a kidney? - correct answer ✔✔The renal artery renal vein and ureters Excretion is - correct answer ✔✔the removal of metabolic wastes from the body Defecation refers to what? - correct answer ✔✔the elimination of feces from the body Nephron - correct answer ✔✔functional unit of excretion Three steps of urine formation - correct answer ✔✔glomerular filtration tubular reabsorption tubular secretion Antidiuretic hormone causes what? - correct answer ✔✔more water to be reabsorbed into the blood and less urine to form Diursis - correct answer ✔✔increases urine Diuretic - correct answer ✔✔chemical that increases the flow of urine Aldosterone regulates what? - correct answer ✔✔sodium reabsorption Renin is what? - correct answer ✔✔an enzyme that converts angiotensinogen Alkalosis is what? - correct answer ✔✔when blood pH rises above 7.4 Acidosis is what? - correct answer ✔✔when blood pH drops below 7.4 2 parts of the brain - correct answer ✔✔subconscious conscious The cerebrum - correct answer ✔✔largest portion of the human brain divided into cerebral hemispheres Gray matter of cerebrum consists of - correct answer ✔✔cerebral cortex and basal nuclei White matter consists of - correct answer ✔✔long myelinated axons 2 hemispheres of cerebrum connected by what? - correct answer ✔✔corpus callosum The diencephalon is made up of what? - correct answer ✔✔hypothalamus and thalamus What does the diencephalon circle and help maintain? - correct answer ✔✔the third ventricle and helps maintain homeostasis Somatic system is what? - correct answer ✔✔primarily voluntary Reflexes are? - correct answer ✔✔automatic involuntary responses to a stimulus The autonomic system is? - correct answer ✔✔involuntary Sympathetic division - correct answer ✔✔brings about fight or flight responses Parasympathetic division - correct answer ✔✔brings about relaxed responses Neuromodulators - correct answer ✔✔naturally occurring molecules that block neurotransmitter release or modify a neurons response substance P - correct answer ✔✔released by sensory neurons when pain is present endorphins - correct answer ✔✔block substance p release and act as natural painkillers Drugs have 3 basic modes of action - correct answer ✔✔promote neurotransmitter action, interfere with or decrease the action of a neurotransmitter, replace or mimic a neurotransmitter or neuromodulator Research in neurophysiology & neuropharmacology are providing evidence of what? - correct answer ✔✔some mental illnesses are caused by imbalances in neurotransmitters dopamine plays a central role in the brain's what? - correct answer ✔✔reward circuit Central nervous system - correct answer ✔✔includes the brain and spinal cord Peripheral nervous system - correct answer ✔✔somatic sensory and autonomic sensory Somatic sensory and motor neurons to skeletal muscles are what? - correct answer ✔✔voluntary autonomic sensory and motor neurons go to smooth muscles and glands are what? - correct answer ✔✔involuntary Nervous tissue contains what two types of cells? - correct answer ✔✔neurons and neuroglia neurons - correct answer ✔✔transmit nerve impulses between parts of the nervous system neuroglia - correct answer ✔✔support protect and nourish neurons Sensory neurons take impulses from where? - correct answer ✔✔a sensory receptor Interneurons receive input from where? - correct answer ✔✔sensory neurons Interneurons do what after receiving input? - correct answer ✔✔communicate with motor neurons motor neurons take nerve impulses away from what to what? - correct answer ✔✔the CNS to an effector An effector does what? - correct answer ✔✔carries out responses to environmental change Three basic parts of a neuron - correct answer ✔✔cell body dendrite and axon Cell body - correct answer ✔✔contains nucleus and other organelles Dendrites - correct answer ✔✔receive signals from sensory receptors or other neurons Axon - correct answer ✔✔conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body Some axons are covered by a? - correct answer ✔✔myelin sheath What is a myelin sheath formed by? - correct answer ✔✔schwann cells What do schwann cells contain? - correct answer ✔✔myelin in plasma membranes Nodes of Ranvier are what? - correct answer ✔✔gaps on the axon with no myelin sheath or a neurofibril node The nervous system uses what to convey information? - correct answer ✔✔nerve impulses Resting potential is what? - correct answer ✔✔voltage level when an axon is not conduction an impulse What is an action potential? - correct answer ✔✔a rapid change in polarity across an axomembrane as the nerve impulse occurs saltatory conduction - correct answer ✔✔when the electrical impulse jumps from node to node refractory period - correct answer ✔✔where the sodium gates are unable to open ensuring that the impulse only moves away from the cell body ganglia - correct answer ✔✔groups of nerve cell bodies that coordinate incoming and outgoing nerve signals