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Human Biology Exam 3, Exams of Nursing

A comprehensive study guide or exam review for a human biology course, covering a wide range of topics related to the respiratory system, digestive system, nervous system, and other key aspects of human biology. Detailed information on the structure and function of various organs and systems, as well as common diseases, disorders, and medical concepts. It includes numerous multiple-choice questions and answers, suggesting it is likely intended for use as a study aid or exam preparation material. The level of detail and breadth of topics covered indicate this document would be most useful for university-level students enrolled in a human biology or related life science course.

Typology: Exams

2023/2024

Available from 09/19/2024

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1.4K documents

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Download Human Biology Exam 3 and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! Human Biology Exam 3 Inspiration or inhalation - correct answer ✔✔air is conducted towards the lungs expiration or exhalation - correct answer ✔✔air is conducted away from the lungs ventilation - correct answer ✔✔another term for breathing which includes inspiration and expiration 4 levels of respiration - correct answer ✔✔breathing, external respiration, internal respiration and cellular respiration as air moves towards the lungs it is - correct answer ✔✔cleansed warmed and moistened as air moves out of the the lungs it - correct answer ✔✔cools and deposits moisture on the lining of the trachea and the nose the nose contains __ nasal cavities separated by a _____that empty into the _____ - correct answer ✔✔two, septum, nasopharynx Tear Glands - correct answer ✔✔drain into the nasal cavities Auditory tubes - correct answer ✔✔lead from the nasopharynx to the middle ears Throat is the common name for the? - correct answer ✔✔pharynx Three sections of the pharynx - correct answer ✔✔nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx nasopharynx - correct answer ✔✔nasal cavities open above soft palate oropharynx - correct answer ✔✔oral cavity opens laryngopharynx - correct answer ✔✔opens into the larynx Larynx - correct answer ✔✔a passageway for air between pharynx and trachea larynx moves against the ____ preventing food from passing into the larynx - correct answer ✔✔epiglottis the larynx houses the - correct answer ✔✔vocal cords trachea - correct answer ✔✔tube held open by cartilaginous rings connecting the larynx to the primary bronchi trachea divides into - correct answer ✔✔left and right primary bronchi bronchi branch into the - correct answer ✔✔bronchioles bronchiole leads to - correct answer ✔✔air pockets or alveoli alveolus - correct answer ✔✔functional unit of respiratory system the right lung has ____ lobes and the left lung has ____ lobes - correct answer ✔✔three, two each lobe in the lung is divided into ____ further divided into _____ then ______ - correct answer ✔✔lobules, bronchioles, alveoli lungs are enclosed by two membranes - correct answer ✔✔pleura membranes How many common cold viruses do we have? - correct answer ✔✔Greater than 150 Influenza (flu) - correct answer ✔✔begins as upper tract infection and spreads to other body parts Strep throat (upper respiratory infection) - correct answer ✔✔bacterium streptococcus pyogenes can lead to rheumatic fever Acute bronchitis (lower respiratory infection) - correct answer ✔✔infection of primary and secondary bronchi pneumonia (lower respiratory infection) - correct answer ✔✔viral bacterial protozoal infection of the lungs pulmonary tuberculosis (lower respiratory infection) - correct answer ✔✔tubercle bacillus bacterium Restrictive pulmonary disorders - correct answer ✔✔vital capacity is reduced because lungs have lost elasticity Pulmonary fibrosis - correct answer ✔✔formation of scar tissue in the connective tissue of the lungs Obstructive pulmonary disorders. Examples? - correct answer ✔✔air does not flow freely in airways. chronic bronchitis emphysema asthma lung cancer Lung cancer - correct answer ✔✔number one cancer killer in US What is another term for the tract that runs from the mouth to the anus? - correct answer ✔✔alimentary tract, gastrointestinal tract, G.I. tract or gut Two types of digestive processes - correct answer ✔✔mechanical chemical Digestion of food is an extracellular process due to what? - correct answer ✔✔Enzymes secreted into the gut by glands that reside in the lining or nearby Functions of digestion - correct answer ✔✔ingest food, digest it, move it along tract, absorb nutrient, eliminate nondigestible wastes Layers of the wall of the digestive tract (inside out) - correct answer ✔✔mucosa, submucose, muscularis, serosa Functions of the mouth - correct answer ✔✔ingest break down (mechanical) begin digestion (chemical) taste form into bolus for swallowing What is the roof of the mouth composed up - correct answer ✔✔Anterior (hard palate) posterior (soft palate) Tonsils help protect against what? - correct answer ✔✔Infection Three pairs of salivary glands also called what - correct answer ✔✔exocrine glands What do exocrine glands do? - correct answer ✔✔send juices through ducts to the mouth Saliva contains what? - correct answer ✔✔digestive enzymes Teeth are used to do what? - correct answer ✔✔Chew food into pieces small enough to swallow Two main divisions of teeth - correct answer ✔✔crown and root Tongue mixes chewed food with saliva and forms a what in prep for swallowing? - correct answer ✔✔bolus Pharynx receives ___ from the nasal cavities and _____ from the mouth - correct answer ✔✔air food Swallowing is a _______ that occurs in the _____. - correct answer ✔✔reflex action; pharynx Soft palate moves to close off the - correct answer ✔✔nasopharynx The trachea moves under the _____ to cover the ____. - correct answer ✔✔epiglottis; glottis Function of the esophagus - correct answer ✔✔muscular tube that passes from the pharynx through the thoracic cavity and diaphragm into the abdominal cavity. Rhythmic peristalsis does what? - correct answer ✔✔pushes food along the digestive tract What encircle tubes and act as valves? - correct answer ✔✔Sphincters Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) - correct answer ✔✔the upward flow of acid from the stomach into the esophagus Functions of the stomach? - correct answer ✔✔stores food mixes food kills bacteria and aids in digestions Columnar epithelial lining contains what? Leading into what? - correct answer ✔✔gastric pits; gastric glands Gastric glands produce what? That containing what and which enzyme? - correct answer ✔✔Gastric juice; HCI; pepsin The walls of the stomach have what that churn and mix what? - correct answer ✔✔folds; food and gastric juices What leaves the stomach and enters the small intestine? - correct answer ✔✔Chyme Glyceride - correct answer ✔✔lipids Digestive enzymes are - correct answer ✔✔hydrolytic enzymes Glucose and amino acids are absormed into blood capillaries of the - correct answer ✔✔villi Fatty acids and glycerol reform within epithelial cells and enter what? - correct answer ✔✔lacteals What is a complete protein? - correct answer ✔✔a protein that contains all essential amino acids Fats oils and cholesterol are all what? - correct answer ✔✔Lipids Why are lipids important to the body - correct answer ✔✔because the body cannot make linoleic acid by itself Low density lipoproteins - correct answer ✔✔carry cholesterol from the liver to cells High density lipoproteins - correct answer ✔✔carry cholesterol from the cells to the liver Macrominerals are present when? - correct answer ✔✔when the body is at a minimal level of 5 grams each Microminerals are present when? - correct answer ✔✔when the body is at levels under 5 grams each Why do adult females need Iron? - correct answer ✔✔because of loss of hemoglobin during menstruation What does calcium counteract - correct answer ✔✔osteporosis Sodium does what to the osmotic balance? - correct answer ✔✔helps maintain it Many vitamins are - correct answer ✔✔coenzymes Which vitamins are antioxidants - correct answer ✔✔A E C Rickets is - correct answer ✔✔the bowing of bones Pellagra - correct answer ✔✔Disease caused by deficiency of niacin, a B vitamin Scurvy - correct answer ✔✔a condition caused by deficiency of vitamin C Basal metabolic rate - correct answer ✔✔the body's resting rate of energy expenditure Obesity can be measured two ways - correct answer ✔✔body weight of 20% or more or Body Mass Index What is attached to the concave side of a kidney? - correct answer ✔✔The renal artery renal vein and ureters Excretion is - correct answer ✔✔the removal of metabolic wastes from the body Defecation refers to what? - correct answer ✔✔the elimination of feces from the body Nephron - correct answer ✔✔functional unit of excretion Three steps of urine formation - correct answer ✔✔glomerular filtration tubular reabsorption tubular secretion Antidiuretic hormone causes what? - correct answer ✔✔more water to be reabsorbed into the blood and less urine to form Diursis - correct answer ✔✔increases urine Diuretic - correct answer ✔✔chemical that increases the flow of urine Aldosterone regulates what? - correct answer ✔✔sodium reabsorption Renin is what? - correct answer ✔✔an enzyme that converts angiotensinogen Alkalosis is what? - correct answer ✔✔when blood pH rises above 7.4 Acidosis is what? - correct answer ✔✔when blood pH drops below 7.4 2 parts of the brain - correct answer ✔✔subconscious conscious The cerebrum - correct answer ✔✔largest portion of the human brain divided into cerebral hemispheres Gray matter of cerebrum consists of - correct answer ✔✔cerebral cortex and basal nuclei White matter consists of - correct answer ✔✔long myelinated axons 2 hemispheres of cerebrum connected by what? - correct answer ✔✔corpus callosum The diencephalon is made up of what? - correct answer ✔✔hypothalamus and thalamus What does the diencephalon circle and help maintain? - correct answer ✔✔the third ventricle and helps maintain homeostasis Somatic system is what? - correct answer ✔✔primarily voluntary Reflexes are? - correct answer ✔✔automatic involuntary responses to a stimulus The autonomic system is? - correct answer ✔✔involuntary Sympathetic division - correct answer ✔✔brings about fight or flight responses Parasympathetic division - correct answer ✔✔brings about relaxed responses Neuromodulators - correct answer ✔✔naturally occurring molecules that block neurotransmitter release or modify a neurons response substance P - correct answer ✔✔released by sensory neurons when pain is present endorphins - correct answer ✔✔block substance p release and act as natural painkillers Drugs have 3 basic modes of action - correct answer ✔✔promote neurotransmitter action, interfere with or decrease the action of a neurotransmitter, replace or mimic a neurotransmitter or neuromodulator Research in neurophysiology & neuropharmacology are providing evidence of what? - correct answer ✔✔some mental illnesses are caused by imbalances in neurotransmitters dopamine plays a central role in the brain's what? - correct answer ✔✔reward circuit Central nervous system - correct answer ✔✔includes the brain and spinal cord Peripheral nervous system - correct answer ✔✔somatic sensory and autonomic sensory Somatic sensory and motor neurons to skeletal muscles are what? - correct answer ✔✔voluntary autonomic sensory and motor neurons go to smooth muscles and glands are what? - correct answer ✔✔involuntary Nervous tissue contains what two types of cells? - correct answer ✔✔neurons and neuroglia neurons - correct answer ✔✔transmit nerve impulses between parts of the nervous system neuroglia - correct answer ✔✔support protect and nourish neurons Sensory neurons take impulses from where? - correct answer ✔✔a sensory receptor Interneurons receive input from where? - correct answer ✔✔sensory neurons Interneurons do what after receiving input? - correct answer ✔✔communicate with motor neurons motor neurons take nerve impulses away from what to what? - correct answer ✔✔the CNS to an effector An effector does what? - correct answer ✔✔carries out responses to environmental change Three basic parts of a neuron - correct answer ✔✔cell body dendrite and axon Cell body - correct answer ✔✔contains nucleus and other organelles Dendrites - correct answer ✔✔receive signals from sensory receptors or other neurons Axon - correct answer ✔✔conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body Some axons are covered by a? - correct answer ✔✔myelin sheath What is a myelin sheath formed by? - correct answer ✔✔schwann cells What do schwann cells contain? - correct answer ✔✔myelin in plasma membranes Nodes of Ranvier are what? - correct answer ✔✔gaps on the axon with no myelin sheath or a neurofibril node The nervous system uses what to convey information? - correct answer ✔✔nerve impulses Resting potential is what? - correct answer ✔✔voltage level when an axon is not conduction an impulse What is an action potential? - correct answer ✔✔a rapid change in polarity across an axomembrane as the nerve impulse occurs saltatory conduction - correct answer ✔✔when the electrical impulse jumps from node to node refractory period - correct answer ✔✔where the sodium gates are unable to open ensuring that the impulse only moves away from the cell body ganglia - correct answer ✔✔groups of nerve cell bodies that coordinate incoming and outgoing nerve signals