Understanding Counseling: Jung's Individuation, Group Dynamics, and Career Development, Study notes of Human Development

Download Understanding Counseling: Jung's Individuation, Group Dynamics, and Career Development and more Study notes Human Development in PDF only on Docsity! Practice Examination Human Growth and Development In general, the elements of this standard relate to the variety of psychological changes and/or cognitive developments that occur in a person across the life span (ie. from birth to death). The following are sample items that illustrate the type of questions asked about human growth and development. 1. Counselors adhering to the personality theory espoused by C.G. Jung often have to help people with problems related to what Jung called Aindividuation.@ Jung defined this term as the process A. which occurs when adolescents leave home to establish their own residences. B. occurring throughout life in which a person is becoming an individual. C. through which parents come to have unique patterns of interaction with each of their children. D. which is an outgrowth of the psychoanalytic principle of determinism. 2. A counselor completing a report for an insurance company was required to indicate whether a client had a phobia or an anxiety reaction. The counselor was able to indicate the correct classification because the counselor knew that the primary distinction between the two conditions is the A. age of onset of severe psychological distress. B. ease with which the symptoms are eliminated. C. frequency of symptom occurrence. D. specificity of the fear-causing source. 3. Erickson presented an eight-stage theory of human development, the last stage of which he entitled Aintegrity vs. despair.@ A person=s challenge in this stage is to achieve acceptance of the finality of life. Erickson postulated that such acceptance could be achieved only if the person had A. reached a parallel level of moral development. B. established an economic environment such that the person need not be concerned about having good living conditions. C. successfully met the challenges of the previous stage. D. developed the ability to distinguish among the various roles the individual had filled in life. 4. Humanists in the existential tradition assert that personal decisions are (personally) effective only if they are made consistent with personal beliefs, principles, and regardless of whether they are in agreement with those of most people or the known consequences of the decisions. This assertion also is an appropriate description of which of Kohlberg=s stages of moral development? A. naively egotistic orientation. B. respect for authority and social disorder. C. contractual-legalistic orientation. D. conscience orientation. 5. A counselor was hired to develop educational activities that would promote development of gender-fair (ie. non sex-role stereotypic) attitudes among older elementary school age children. The counselor decided to develop the activities within the context of social learning theory. Which of the following activities would be most appropriate for use be the counselor? A. having the children view movies that depict males in so-called traditionally feminine occupations (eg. nursing) or activities (eg. ironing) and vice versa. B. providing some reward (eg. small candy) to children who make gender-fair statements during a discussion of Awhat people do when they grow up.@ C. instructing the children how to ask their parents what their parents= beliefs are about appropriate roles for women and men. D. having the children share what they believe are each of their parent=s feelings about activities they do (eg. active and passive play behaviors). 6. In attempting to understand the life perspectives and characteristics of their clients, some counselors use Kohlberg=s theory of moral development as a theoretical framework. These counselors know that Kohlberg=s theory includes three progressive levels culminating in A. self-actualization, wherein the individual is fully humanistic. B. principled thought, wherein the individual adopts a self-accepting set of standards of behavior. C. androgyny, wherein the individual exhibits both male and female stereotypic behaviors. D. personhood, wherein the individual is free from moral dilemmas. 7. A professional counselor determines fees for monthly consultation services on a job-by-job basis. This is an example of which of the following types of reinforcement schedules? A. variable interval. B. fixed interval. C. variable ratio. D. fixed ratio. 8. Competitiveness between children in the same family is known as A. sibling rivalry. B. the Oedipus conflict. C. the Electra conflict. D. the Foundling conflict. 9. The best descriptor of the emotion that results when a feeling or fear is not understood by the person experiencing it is A. anxiety. B. affect. C. anger. D. arousal. 10. Many counselors in their work use stage theories of human development with older persons because they facilitate understanding older persons= general life situations. In this context, Erickson described the development stage that occurs late in life as A. intimacy vs. autonomy. B. integrity vs. despair. C. trust vs. isolation. D. intimacy vs. distrust. 11. In some settings, counselors must use diagnostic classification systems as part of the overall program management plan of the service facility. The term Aparanoia@ is used in such systems to include a group of psychotic disorders characterized mainly by a(n) A. slowing of emotional responses to a state of absolute calm. B. onset of increasingly complex delusions. C. frenzy of intense social interactions. D. irrational response to a specific stimulus. Social and Cultural Foundations In general, the elements of this standard relate to lifestyle, cultural, multicultural, and human condition aspects of life in today=s world. The following are sample items. 12. Many members of the counseling profession have engaged in social reform efforts intended to reduce spouse abuse. These efforts have had limited effect because A. spouse abuse occurs primarily among persons of low socioeconomic status, a group of people not generally prone to seek counseling services. B. many people, both male and female, believe that spouse abuse is a Afamily matter@ and, therefore, not subject to intervention from persons outside the family. C. increasing incidence of incarceration of spouse abusers has reduced the need for counseling services. D. all of the above. 13. A counselor was working with a client who had been referred by a supervisor because the client had been having problems with co-workers, problems primarily attributable to the client=s prejudicial attitudes toward ethnic minorities. The counselor asked how the client had come to hold the (prejudicial) attitudes the client was presenting. The client replied AI don=t really know or care. It just makes those folks easier to understand.@ The client=s statements reflect which of the following models that have been used to explain the formation of prejudicial attitudes? A. social learning. B. information processing. C. social conflict. D. authoritarianism. 30. Client: AMost of the time things are fine, but I hate it when my parents fight. It makes me want to run away from home.@ Counselor: AIs it possible that you both love and hate your parents?@ The counselor=s response is an example of the counseling skill known as A. reflection. B. interpretation. C. summarization. D. confrontation. 31. Which of the following is a basic assumption underlying effective use of Caplan=s Mental Health Consultation model? A. Mental health consultation is a supplement to other problem-solving mechanisms within an organization. B. Consultee attitudes and affect must be dealt with directly in the mental health consultation process. C. The technical expertise of the mental health consultant is sufficient for design of the effective intervention. D. The consultant and consultee share responsibility for case management. 32. Ellis= rational emotive therapy and Meichenbaum=s cognitive behavior modification approaches to counseling are similar in that both hold that A. a client=s cognitions are Ahypotheses to be tested,@ not absolute facts or truths. B. clients should perform Apersonal experiments@ to determine if cognitions are beliefs are consistent with objective reality. C. Arestructuring of cognitions@ is an important aspect of therapeutic change. D. all of the above. 33. Clients and counselors sit closer together, presumably reflecting being psychologically closer, when they are similar in terms of factors such as age, social status, and general appearance (eg. style of clothing worn). However, research in proxemics also has shown that forward (upper-body) trunk lean by a counselor is likely to cause a negative, distancing reaction initially in a client who is A. depressed and crying. B. less intelligent than the counselor. C. a different race from the counselor. D. much shorter than the counselor. 34. Counselors who follow a behavioral counseling orientation know that primary emphasis in it is the development of A. a loving counselor-client relationship. B. the client=s awareness of subconscious feeling. C. an awareness of client behavioral stimuli and reinforcements. D. the client=s needs hierarchy in behavioral terms. 35. In the context of the counselor=s use of active learning skills, the following is an example of which type of reflection error? Client: AI just can=t see myself sitting at a desk job all day.@ Counselor: AYou want to do outdoor work.@ A. depth. B. language. C. meaning. D. implication. 36. AMen (used here to mean all people) are disturbed not by things, but by the view which they take of them.@ This quote, attributable to Epictetus, most closely describes the counseling theory developed by A. Rogers. B. Carkhuff. C. Freud. D. Ellis. 37. The counseling technique in which the counselor intensifies the client=s emotional state in order to help the client understand the irrationality of the emotional reaction is known as A. confrontation. B. paradoxical intention. C. systematic desensitization. D. reconfiguration. Group Work In general, the elements of this standard relate to the bases, factors, and conditions that affect group and group-counseling processes. The following are sample items. 38. Although group effectiveness is difficult to define and is related to the purposes and leadership of the group, some general principles have been agreed upon. For example, group processes generally are most effective when the group A. has an authoritarian leader who maintains interpersonal rules and directions for the group. B. develops new ways of functioning in response to emerging needs and patterns of interaction among group members. C. identifies group members who inhibit movement toward the group=s goals. D. works on several group tasks simultaneously, thereby increasing group efficiency. 39. A counseling group member stated, AI feel so much better knowing that many of you have had similar problems. I guess we=re all in the same boat!@ This member=s statement is an example of a group process phenomenon known as A. transference. B. universality. C. catharsis. D. intellectualization. 40. In some counseling groups the members feel dependent upon the group counselor (leader) for direction and movement and are passive in other ways as well, and the group counselor is easily fatigued and irritated because of the responsibility to Amake everything work@ in the group. According to Yalom (among others), this situation is most likely to arise in groups A. that have failed to establish self-disclosure as an appropriate behavior for group members. B. in which unstructured, freely interactive behavior is the norm for group members. C. in which the meaningfulness of the group to each of the respective members is too high. D. that have not assumed responsibility for their own functioning. 41. Which of the following is the LEAST important consideration that a group leader should employ in the selection of potentially appropriate strategies to be used in a group? A. the types of people who will constitute the group. B. the leader=s of self-knowledge. C. the members= previous experience in groups. D. the extent to which the leader will be involved in the group. 42. The members of a group seemed to be rebelling against the group counselor=s leadership, Afighting@ with one another to establish dominance in the group, confronting the group counselor as well as one another, and generally being in a state of conflict. Based on these characteristics and behaviors, the group counselor determined that the group was in which of the following state of group development? A. orientation. B. transition C. action. D. completion 43. Counselors know that groups are formed for different purposes. For example, in some groups the primary goal is to yield some specified outcome, or Aproduct,@ while in others the primary goal is to focus on the Aprocess@ of interaction within the group. Which one of the following types of groups is more product than process orientated? A. behavioral. B. transactional-analysis. C. Adlerian. D. client-centered. 44. In the context of group counseling, members who are high in conformity also tend to be high in A. independence. B. authoritarianism. C. intelligence. D. superiority. 45. Counselors refer to the study of Aperson to person relationships@ within a group situation as A. syntaxicality. B. homeostatis. C. sociometry. D. psychodrama. 46. Which of the following is NOT a goal of Gestalt counseling groups? A. helping individuals achieve integration. B. helping group members Agrow up.@ C. helping individuals accept anxiety as a part of life. D. All of the above are Gestalt counseling goals. 47. A specific technique for reinforcing desirable behaviors by paring them with incompatible behaviors and incorporating principles for relaxation is A. satiation. B. extinction gradient delineation. C. mediation maximization. D. systematic desensitization. 48. Diagnosis is most clearly a counselor=s task in which of the following types of group counseling? A. existential. B. client-centered. C. rational emotive. D. psychoanalytic. Career and Lifestyle Development This area includes studies that provide understanding of career development and related life factors. 49. At the conclusion of a year-long career counseling activity designed specifically for 34 Aunderemployed@ persons, you are able to report to you supervisors that 22 of the participants changed to Atraining/education appropriate@ jobs, 4 became unemployed, 5 remained in their same jobs, and 3 dropped out of the counseling program. This information is which of the following types of evaluation data? A. process. B. context. C. product. D. validity. 50. The Acompensatory@ theory of leisure suggests that a certified public accountant would enjoy ________ whereas the Aspillover@ theory of leisure suggest that the accountant would enjoy as a leisure activity. A. racquet ball B chess. B. backgammon B computerized games. C. golf B tennis. D. reading mysteries B bowling. 51. A counselor who works with adolescents is familiar with the knowledge that they tend to over-select professional positions and occupations when asked about Awhat they are planning to do for a living when they grow up.@ In terms of Gelatt=s decision- making paradigm, adolescents tend to have errors in their systems. A. value. B. prediction. C. generalization. D. decision. 52. A counselor who is following Super=s theory of career development would not be surprised to learn that a person whom the counselor believed to be in the AEstablishment@ stage had A. quit work altogether. B. changed careers. C. sought preretirement counseling. D. been promoted to a management position. 53. One of the primary differences in clients= uses of career counseling resources in print media format (eg. Dictionary of Occupational Titles or Occupational Outlook Handbook) and those in computerized format (eg. Choices, Discover II, SIGI, or ECES) is the A. number of jobs/occupations for which information is available. B. speed with which information can be retrieved for use. C. lack of need for counselors when the computerized format is used. D. lack of need for the computerized format when the print media format is used. 54. A counselor who structures a career counseling group to help group members understand a Afields and levels@ approach to careers in following the theory of A. Super. B. Roe. C. discrimination. D. reliability. 71. A counselor gave a student the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale (S-B) and the student achieved an I.Q. of 97. The same counselor re-tested the student with the S-B one-year later and the student achieved a full scale I.Q. of 122. Which of the following is most likely reason for the difference in results? A. the student=s interim learning B. the counselor=s improved administration proficiency C. a practice effort from repeated administrations D. an error in the assessment process 72. A counselor administered two self-concept measures to a group of subjects and found the Pearson product-moment correlation between two tests to be .70. The Acoefficient of determination@ for this correlation is A. .21. B. .49. C. .70. D. indeterminate from the information provided. Research and Program Evaluation In general, the elements of this subsection cover conducting research in terms of guiding principles related to methodology and ethical practice, and statistical applications in research procedures. The following are sample items. 73. A counselor is conducting a survey wherein observers are rating frequency of aggressive behavior among a group of children in a play-counseling group. Most of the children are neatly dressed and well groomed, but a very few are untidy and disheveled. If the observers= ratings were biased because they psychologically equate untidiness and aggressive behavior, it would be an example of the ____effect in research. A. Hawthorne B. placebo C. multiple treatment D. halo 74. A standard deviation is a measure of A. discrepancy. B. variability. C. convariability. D. stability. 75. A counseling researcher computed a Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient of +.71 between the Graduate Record Examination Total (GRET) scores and the Graduate Grade-Point Average (GGPA) of a group of 28 students in a counselor education program. The researcher correctly concluded that A. approximately half of whatever was being measured by GGPA was also being measured by GRET for that group of students. B. the correlation coefficient was not statistically significant. C. it would have been better to correlate separately the GRE Verbal and Quantitative subsection scores with GGPA. D. a larger sample was needed to validly determine the correlation between the variables. 76. A counseling researcher completed a study, the essence of which was the clients= ratings of counseling effectiveness were positively and statistically significantly related to counselors= frequencies of use of active listening (ie. facilitative responding) skills. The counselor then wrote a manuscript describing the study and its results and implications, and submitted copies of it to the Journal of Counseling and Development, Counselor Education and Supervision, and the Journal of Counseling Psychology. The counselor was likely to A. have the manuscript accepted for publication very soon. B. have the manuscript rejected because the findings were Aold news@ in the counseling profession. C. be advised to restructure the manuscript into a Abrief report@ format. D. be charged with violation of ACA=s ethical standards and NBCC=s Code of Ethics. 77. A counseling researcher conducted a study in which adult males and females who had exhibited symptoms of depression were randomly assigned to one of three treatment conditions: A) individual counseling, B) group counseling, or C) family counseling. For each condition the counseling intervention was conducted for at least six weeks, at which time the Beck Depression Inventory was administered to the subjects. The researcher was particularly interested in Atreatment X gender@ interaction effects. Therefore, the researcher would be best advised to conduct a(n) A. one-way analysis of variance. B. factorial analysis of variance. C. multivariate analysis of variance. D. bi-level analysis of variance. 78. A counselor conducted a study intended to evaluate the effectiveness of ongoing group career counseling on the vocational maturity of high school sophomores. The study was begun in September and continued until June. This study is particularly susceptible to which of the following threats to the validity of an experiment? A. regression B. maturation C. reactive effects of experimentation D. multiple treatment interference 79. A counselor designs a study where two experimental groups and one control group complete pre- and post-experiment measures of self-concept. The subjects were not randomly assigned to the groups because of scheduling problems. Which of the following techniques is MOST appropriate for analyzing the resultant data? A. analysis of covariance B. correlated t-tests C. analysis of variance D. Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-ranks test 80. If a theory covers a maximum of facts with a minimum of assumptions, it is referred to as being A. verifiable. B. abstract. C. concrete D. parsimonious 81. What would be the dependent variable in the statement AA rolling stone gathers no moss@? A. no B. stone C. moss D. rolling 82. With which of the following types of experimental validity is the counseling researcher concerned when attempting to generalize research findings to other circumstances and subjects? A. internal B. external C. deductive D. inductive 83. A counselor was reviewing articles in professional journals and found four articles where a one-way analysis of variance had been applied as the primary statistical analysis. However, the counselor concluded that it had been applied correctly in only one case. If the following are brief synopses of the studies, for which one was the analysis of variance correctly applied? A. two groups, where ordinal data were gathered from a Awell adjusted@ group and a Apoorly adjusted@ group B. three groups, where nominal data were gathered from each group through telephone surveys C. three groups, where ratio data were gathered from the results of a self-esteem inventory D. four groups, where nominal data were gathered from Aself help@ book sales records 84. In APre-Post@ experimental design studies that use raters to evaluate the effectiveness of counseling performance, which of the following threats to external validity is always in operation. A. reactive effects on pre-testing B. maturation C. statistical regression D. selection bias Professional Orientation In general, the elements of this standard cover aspects of professionalism, professional credentialing, and involvement=s of professional in other appropriate activities. 85. The NBCC Code of Ethics and Ethical Standards of the American Counseling Association (ACA) do not include a statement reflecting the principle that A. counselors have a right to protect clients from themselves if the clients give evidence of being self-injurious. B. revelation of a counselor=s notes on a client should not be made to other professional unless the client has provided written permission to do so or the information has been subpoenaed by a court of law. C. counselors should receive appropriate fees for services rendered regardless of the situations or settings in which the services were rendered. D. improvement of the profession through a variety of professional involvement=s is a responsibility of all counselors. 86. The state in which you reside does not yet have counselor licensure, so a local civic club has asked you to address their members to present an overview of counselor licensure and its benefits to the public. In your presentation to the group you note that A. licensure automatically entitles counselors to receive third-party payments from insurance companies. B. some professional groups (eg. psychologists) have opposed counselor licensure although the need for mental health services for the public has increased steadily. C. state-level counselor licensure laws have existed for over 40 years although it is only recently that a majority of the states have counselor licensure laws. D. one of the ways that counselor licensure laws protect the public=s general warfare is through restriction of the use of the term Acounselor@ to those persons who have graduated from counselor education programs. 87. A client has concluded a series of counseling sessions with another counselor and has now come to you for counseling. According to the NBCC Ethical Standards, you should A. proceed as you would with any other new client. B. contact the other counselor and find out if it is appropriate for you to counsel the client. C. contact the other counselor to ensure that you do not cover the same topic areas with the client. D. advise the client to continue with the other counselor. 88. Your employer has a policy which necessitates that you report all instances of child abuse to state authorities. A client alludes (in your judgment) to the possibility of (the client) being a child abuser. As a counselor you should A. contact your lawyer; the policy is a violation of the Afair trade@ laws. B. refer the person elsewhere; receipt of a salary constitutes voluntary agreement with the employer=s policies. C. inform the client of the policy and let the client decide how to proceed. D. contact a consultant; then do as the consultant suggests. 89. A married couple comes to you, as a counselor in private practice, and tells you that they are having marital difficulties and have sought counseling for resolution of them. In the course of an initial session with them, one of the spouses reports being a new and active member of the local Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) group. You should A. investigate the nature of the local AA=s activities and continue counseling if those activities do not include accepted definitions of counseling. B. terminate counseling with the one spouse but continue to work with the spouse who is not an AA participant. C. offer to co-counsel with the staff of the local AA. D. refer both spouses to the local AA. 90. The Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs (CACREP) Standards for Preparation A. constitute the legal basis for certification and licensure requirements for professional counselors. B. specify the minimum professional competencies (ie. skills) which a counselor is expected to possess. C. have been adopted by more than 60% of the approximately 480 counselors preparation programs in the United States. D. are a set of guidelines for the desirable elements of and experiences in counselor preparation programs. 91. A member of the local clergy telephones and asks for your evaluation of the moral values of a person whom the caller knows was one of your clients. The caller wants your opinion because the former client is an applicant to a theological institution for which the caller is the local applicant evaluator. You should A. respond orally but require that no records be made of the conversation and that no comments be attributed to you. B. inform the caller that under no circumstances are you ethically permitted to divulge whether a person is or has been a client or any information about a client without the client=s permission. C. inform the caller that you need to call the former client and obtain the client=s permission before you can express your opinion. D. seek the counsel of your supervisor to determine what types of information it would be permissible to divulge. 92. You have been providing career counseling to a client who is seeking employment. Concurrent to the counseling, and with your knowledge, the client has made application for employment with several employers. A potential employer calls you and asks for your opinion as to your client=s suitability for the employer=s job opening. Under which of the following conditions are you free (ie. not in violation of professional ethics) to provide the information requested?