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IAI LP CERTIFICATION EXAM ACTUAL EXAM COMPLETE 300 QUESTIONS WITH DETAILED VERIFIED ANSWE, Exams of History

IAI LP CERTIFICATION EXAM ACTUAL EXAM COMPLETE 300 QUESTIONS WITH DETAILED VERIFIED ANSWERS (100% CORRECT ANSWERS) / ALREADY GRADED A+/IAI LP CERTIFICATION EXAM ACTUAL EXAM COMPLETE 300 QUESTIONS WITH DETAILED VERIFIED ANSWERS (100% CORRECT ANSWERS) / ALREADY GRADED A+

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2024/2025

Available from 12/04/2024

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Download IAI LP CERTIFICATION EXAM ACTUAL EXAM COMPLETE 300 QUESTIONS WITH DETAILED VERIFIED ANSWE and more Exams History in PDF only on Docsity!

ANSWERS (100% CORRECT ANSWER S) / ALREADY GRADED A+ 1973 - correct answer Year IAI Standardization Committee adopts position that no minimum # of FR characteristics needed to establish positive ID (Ashbaugh Ch1) Point/ridge characteristic - correct answer Location on FR path where something dramatic takes place (Ashbaugh Ch1) Key aspect of quantitative-qualitative analysis - correct answer Interrelationship between clarity and presence of small FR details (Ashbaugh Ch1) Chinese - correct answer Culture to first use fprint impressions for identification. Documents, contracts, wills, etc. Passed to Asia through trading (Sourcebook Ch1) Marcella Malphighi - correct answer Has layer of skin named after him (Sourcebook Ch1) Ridgeology - correct answer Study of uniqueness of FR structures and their use for personal ID (Ashbaugh Ch1) Orient - correct answer Location in the world considered the origin of FR Identification (Ashbaugh Ch2) Rule of Hammurabi - correct answer 1792 - 1750BC; Officers took prints of arrested persons (Ashbaugh Ch2) Potters' Trademark - correct answer Prints in clay pottery; discovered in Middle East (Ashbaugh Ch2) Northwest China - correct answer Location of prints recovered in earthenware thought to be the oldest found to date est to be 6000 years old (Ashbaugh Ch2) Deed of hand mark - correct answer China; mark flexion crease on each phalangeal joint of right hand; corresponding notches cut in wooden tablets to match up. To ensure authenticity (Ashbaugh Ch2) Nail stamping - correct answer Japan; legal papers marked in ink using top of thumb and nail

ANSWERS (100% CORRECT ANSWER S) / ALREADY GRADED A+ (Ashbaugh Ch2) Blood stamping - correct answer Japan; Contracts marked with print of ring finger drawn with blood from that digit (Ashbaugh Ch2) Thomas Bewick - correct answer 1753 - 1828 Made wood engravings of fingerprints & published images in books labeled with name and "his mark" (Ashbaugh Ch2) William J. Herschel - correct answer 1833 - 1917 First European to use FR prints for ID (Ashbaugh Ch2) Konai Contract - correct answer Contract for building materials between Herschel and a local marked with prints for personal ID. (Ashbaugh Ch2) Konai Contract - correct answer 1st official use of FR skin by European (Sourcebook Ch1) Hooghly Letter - correct answer Written by Herschel to Bengal's Insp of Jails suggesting expanding ideas to other geographical areas; explains both permanence and uniqueness of FR skin (Sourcebook Ch1) William J. Herschel - correct answer British Admin for East India Company in Bengal (Ashbaugh Ch2) William J. Herschel - correct answer Claimed to be first to use prints for ID; claim disputed by historians (Ashbaugh Ch2) J.C.A. Mayer - correct answer 1788; published paper that first enunciated two principles: 1- repetitiveness and similarities of FR skin and 2-specific FR arrangements are never duplicated (Ashbaugh Ch2) J. C. A. Mayer - correct answer First to write that FR skin is unique (Sourcebook Ch1) Tip Sahib - correct answer Indian practice and custom for signature by impression

ANSWERS (100% CORRECT ANSWER S) / ALREADY GRADED A+ (Ashbaugh Ch2) William J. Herschel - correct answer First demonstration of persistency; printed himself over time (Ashbaugh Ch2) Dr. Henry Faulds - correct answer 1843 - 1930 Medical missionary in India; requested assistance from Darwin, who forwarded letter to cousin Galton. (Ashbaugh Ch2) Henry Faulds - correct answer First to publish in journal the value of FR skin for individualization, esp its use as evidence and for apprehending criminals (Sourcebook Ch1) Henry Faulds - correct answer Realized prints could be classified and ridge detail is unique (Ashbaugh Ch2) Dr. Henry Faulds - correct answer First to suggest use of FP in apprehending criminals by locating prints at scenes (Ashbaugh Ch2) Thomas Taylor - correct answer 1877 - lectured about possibility of identifying criminals; "palmistry" (Ashbaugh Ch2) Alphonse Bertillon - correct answer 1853 - 1914 France; Devised first system of criminal identification. (Ashbaugh Ch2) Bertillonage - correct answer First system of criminal identification; aka anthropometry. Complete record includes 11 body measurements, 2 photos, and 10 fprints. (Ashbaugh Ch2, (Sourcebook Ch1)) Francis Galton - correct answer 1822 - 1911 Anthropologist; trained in medicine, math, chemistry. Darwin's cousin. (Ashbaugh Ch2) Francis Galton - correct answer First to define and name specific print minutiae (Sourcebook Ch1)

ANSWERS (100% CORRECT ANSWER S) / ALREADY GRADED A+ Rene Forgeot - correct answer Published thesis in 1891 proposing use of powders and chemicals at crime scenes (Sourcebook Ch1) Francis Galton - correct answer Had measurement system similar to Bertillonage; realized fingerprints were superior for identification (Ashbaugh Ch2) Francis Galton - correct answer Wrote first book on fingerprints entitled "Fingerprints" in 1892 (Ashbaugh Ch2) Juan Vucetich - correct answer 1855 - 1925 Responsible for fingerprinting spreading through S. America (Ashbaugh Ch2) Rojas Murders - correct answer 1st murder solved by fprints by Alvarez, a police inspector trained by Vucetich (Ashbaugh Ch2) Juan Vucetich - correct answer First practical use of fprint science by LE; recorded prints of criminals and devised his own classification system (Sourcebook Ch1) Argentina - correct answer First country to abolish anthropometry and file crim records by fprint classification- 1896 (Ashbaugh Ch2) Sir Edward Henry - correct answer 1850 - 1931 India; started modern era of fprint ID with classification system with Indian police officers Hague and Bose featuring 1024 primary positions and secondary breakdowns- 1897 (Ashbaugh Ch2) Belper Committee - correct answer 1900 - Makes Henry Classification system & individualization of criminals by fprints standard practice in England (Sourcebook Ch1) Capt. James H. Parke - correct answer 1903 - first systematic use of printing for criminal record purposes in US using American Classification System developed by this person in NY (Sourcebook Ch1)

ANSWERS (100% CORRECT ANSWER S) / ALREADY GRADED A+ William and Will West - correct answer Downfall of anthropometry when two prisoners could not be distinguished by anthropometric measurements (Sourcebook Ch1) World's Fair in St. Louis - correct answer US govt fprint collections start after this event in 1904 following the work of Insp. Ferrier and Major McClaughry with printing of inmates at Leavenworth KS Federal prison (Sourcebook Ch1) Mary Holland - correct answer First female instructor of fprinting (Sourcebook Ch1) NY Civil Service Commission - correct answer 1902 - First systematic use in US where prints required to prevent unqualified people from taking test for applicants; Dr. Henry P. DeForest (Sourcebook Ch1) Jennings Trial - correct answer Landmark case for science of fprints-first appellate case regarding expert testimony Def accused of murdering man attacking his daughter. Slim evidence other than fprints. Canadian expert Edward Foster testifies and raises print on paper; defense attny spills water on paper to destroy print. (Ashbaugh Ch2, Sourcebook Ch1) People v. Crispi - correct answer 1st conviction obtained with fprint evidence alone in US (Farout develops print in front of jury; creates charts for jury) (Sourcebook Ch1) Wilder and Wentworth - correct answer Conducted 1st scientific research supporting 3rd level detail as permanent & unique; Publish book about how science and LE could function together. (Sourcebook Ch1) 1924 - correct answer The year FP collections from Leavenworth were combined with Nat. Police Bureau of Crim ID to estab. Identification Division in US Justice Dept. Bureau of Inv. (Later FBI) (Sourcebook Ch1) USS Squalus - correct answer First disaster where fprint ID played role May 23, 1939 (Sourcebook Ch1)

ANSWERS (100% CORRECT ANSWER S) / ALREADY GRADED A+ FBI Disaster Squad - correct answer FBI Identification Div responds to PanAm Central airliner crash with FBI employees on board-precursor to this group (Sourcebook Ch1) Chatterjee - correct answer 1962 article Edgeoscopy identifies specific ridge edge shapes (Sourcebook Ch1) Okajima - correct answer Japan, 1976-studied incipient ridges Nehemiah Grew - correct answer 1684 - Beginning of FR observations in Western Hemisphere "Innumerable little ridges of equal bigness on the ends of the first joints of the fingers" (Ashbaugh Ch2) Govard Bidloo - correct answer Published book on human anatomy with illustrations of great detail in friction ridges (Ashbaugh Ch2) Marcelo Malphighi - correct answer 1687 - First to use microscope to study skin; function, form, and structure of FR as tactile organ to enhance traction for walking and grasping (Ashbaugh Ch2) Johannesburg Purkinge - correct answer Classified 9 principal configuration groups of fprints (Ashbaugh Ch2) Herman Welcker - correct answer 1822 - 1898 considered 1st to start permanence study by printing his own right hand over period of years (although credit usually goes to Herschel) (Sourcebook Ch1) Arthur Kollmann - correct answer First researcher to address formation of FR in embryos; Identified volar pads in hands and foot (Ashbaugh Ch2) Klaatsch - correct answer First researcher to examine walking surfaces of other mammals (Ashbaugh Ch2) L. Reh - correct answer Describes scales that appeared on early mammals (Ashbaugh Ch2) David Hepburn - correct answer Named volar pads thenar and hypothenar; first to recognize that ridges assisted grip by creating friction (Ashbaugh Ch2, Sourcebook Ch1)

ANSWERS (100% CORRECT ANSWER S) / ALREADY GRADED A+ Inez Whipple - correct answer Research in palm and sole configurations was landmark work in genetics and ridgeology (Ashbaugh Ch2) Harris Hawthorne Wilder - correct answer Studied monkeys; first to suggest centers of disturbance of primate FR actually represented the locations of volar pads (Ashbaugh Ch2) Harris Hawthorne Wilder - correct answer Wrote book "Personal Identification" with Bert Wentworth that contains basis for quantitative-qualitative analysis of FR. Leading FP expert of his day. (Ashbaugh Ch2) Harold Cummins - correct answer Described formation & dev of volar pads on human fetuses; studied impact of disease and birth defects. (Ashbaugh Ch2) Alfred Hale - correct answer Explained differential growth of FR through studies of fetal skin in different stages of development. Very important work (Ashbaugh Ch2) Volar skin - correct answer "Continuously corrugated with narrow ridges" Furrowed, not smooth (Ashbaugh, ch3) Friction ridges - correct answer Purpose of these is to increase friction between volar surfaces and surfaces they contact (Ashbaugh, ch3) Pore duct - correct answer Opening along top of ridges of eccrine or sweat gland buried deep in dermal skin (Ashbaugh, ch3) Ridge unit - correct answer Building block of FR with one sweat gland and one pore opening (Ashbaugh, ch3) Imbrication - correct answer When FR lean in the same direction; or rolling over slightly when lateral pressure is applied (Ashbaugh, ch3)

ANSWERS (100% CORRECT ANSWER S) / ALREADY GRADED A+ Dermis - correct answer Inner layer of skin; "true skin," feeds nutrients to outer layer of skin & protects internal body; dense & physically strong (Ashbaugh, ch3) Sweat glands - correct answer Remove waste and increase friction by depositing moisture on surface of friction ridges (Ashbaugh, ch3) Eccrine sweat - correct answer 99% water & 1% solids (1/2 inorganic salts-sodium chloride and 1/2 organic compounds-urea, amino acids, peptides) (Ashbaugh, ch3) Epidermis - correct answer Outer layer of skin (Ashbaugh, ch3) Desmosome - correct answer Hold cells together; 1 type of cell junction or cement (Ashbaugh, Ch 3) Dermal papillae - correct answer Blunt, peg-like projections on surface of dermis that fit into pockets on underside of epidermis. Flatten with aging and appear to increase in number (Ashbaugh, Ch 3) Meissner Corpuscles - correct answer Contained in dermal papillae; establish sense of touch- nerve endings (Ashbaugh, Ch 3) Scar - correct answer Deformation that results from repair of basal layer infrastructure (Ashbaugh, Ch 3) Friction ridges - correct answer Immutable other than injury, disease, or decomposition. In permanent configuration when formed intrauterine. (Ashbaugh, Ch 3) Flexion creases - correct answer Areas of firmer attachment to underlying structures. Persistent within FR configuration. Devoid of ridge structures. (Ashbaugh, Ch 3) Distal transverse crease, proximal transverse, and thenar - correct answer Major flexion creases-genetically controlled (Ashbaugh, Ch 8)

ANSWERS (100% CORRECT ANSWER S) / ALREADY GRADED A+ Minor creases - correct answer These are controlled by the location of the volar pads, but structure is random (Ashbaugh, Ch 3) Secondary creases - correct answer Appear at random in palm; unique (Ashbaugh, Ch 3) White lines - correct answer Other creases; folds or buckling in skin. No firm subcutaneous attachment. Generally don't change once formed. (Ashbaugh, Ch 3) Factors in pattern design - correct answer Timing of commencement of friction ridges and volar pad regression (Ashbaugh, Ch 3) Dermatologlyphics - correct answer Study of effects of disease or aberrations on FR Branches and islands - correct answer FR dev these 2 aspects, according to Hale (Ashbaugh, Ch 3) Galton details - correct answer Major deviations in ridge paths (Ashbaugh, Ch 3) Poroscopy - correct answer Comparison of pore locations (Ashbaugh, Ch 3) Dysplasia - correct answer Genetic malfunction where ridge units don't fuse together; can affect all of volar surface or just small part (Ashbaugh, Ch 3) Dissociated ridges - correct answer Small areas of imperfect ridges that appear as patches of islands or short ridges; dog nose. Believed to be from ext pressure on volar skin during ridge formation (Ashbaugh, Ch 3) Individualize - correct answer The elimination of all similar items in the world, leaving only one possible source (Ashbaugh, Ch4) 1 - FR dev on fetus in definitive form before birth; 2-FR are persistent throughout life except for permanent scarring; 3-FR patterns and details in small areas of FR are unique and never

ANSWERS (100% CORRECT ANSWER S) / ALREADY GRADED A+ repeated; 4-Overall FR patterns vary w/in limits which allow for classification - correct answer Premises for FR Development (Ashbaugh, Ch4) Friction ridge patterns - correct answer There is strong correlation between these and the location, size, and shape of volar pads. (Ashbaugh, Ch4) Differential growth - correct answer Random growth aspect of specific ridge paths, major ridge path deviations, obvious fluctuations in ridge width, alignment and misalignment of ridge units, and pore location (Ashbaugh, Ch4) Basal layer - correct answer Immutable root system for the surface friction ridges; "motherboard" (Ashbaugh, Ch4) Desmosome - correct answer The cells from the basal layer are held together with this as they migrate toward the surface of the FR (Ashbaugh, Ch4) Differential growth - correct answer this determines where islands and branching will appear (Ashbaugh, Ch4) Clarity - correct answer How well 3D details are reproduced in 2D print. The key link between premises of FR ID, dealing with friction skin, and scientific ID process (Ashbaugh, Ch4) Clarity - correct answer Dictates the level of tolerance for discrepancy & the size of area needed to individualize Poor prints=higher tolerance for discrepancies (Ashbaugh, Ch4) 1st level detail - correct answer Overall pattern-class characteristics, nonspecific details, do not have individualizing power; described in degrees of rarity (Ashbaugh, Ch4) 2nd level detail - correct answer Specific FR path, has individualizing powers, described in degrees of uniqueness

ANSWERS (100% CORRECT ANSWER S) / ALREADY GRADED A+ (Ashbaugh, Ch4) 3rd level detail - correct answer Intrinsic ridge shapes and relative pore locations, small details from accidental damage; described in degrees of uniqueness. Tremendous individualizing power. (Ashbaugh, Ch4) Agreement of FR formations In sequence Having sufficient uniqueness To individualize - correct answer Philosophy of FR Identification (Ashbaugh, Ch4) Scars - correct answer Characteristics that are caused by damage and are extremely unique; can be used to individualize (Ashbaugh, Ch4) Identification/individualization - correct answer Subjective opinion formed based on agreement of FR formations; must be able to defend based on knowledge, ability, and experience (Ashbaugh, Ch4) Analysis - correct answer Uncontaminated look at unknown FR detail. Increases in importance in proportion to complexity of print. Move from substrate to FR. (Ashbaugh, Ch4) 2700 - correct answer Approximate number of ridge units on one square inch of FR skin (Ashbaugh, Ch4) Double tap - correct answer Single print deposited with two distinct and separate applications of pressure (Ashbaugh, Ch4) Red flags - correct answer Crossovers, misaligned ridges, extra thick ridges, protruding ridge ends, hatch ridges, lines through pattern area, angular joints, similar shaped major ridge path deviations in close proximity, substrate artifacts, lack of harmony in distortions, having to qualify each ridge formation for agreement, matrix smears (Ashbaugh, Ch4)

ANSWERS (100% CORRECT ANSWER S) / ALREADY GRADED A+ Substrate distortion - correct answer Caused by: Flexible substrates-folds in surface (ex plastic bag) Substrate shape-round bottle or uneven surface Dirty substrates may not accept all of matrix available during deposition Soft substrate permit FR to sink into surfaces and create molded impressions Improper lifting procedures (Ashbaugh, Ch4) Matrix - correct answer Actual substance deposited by FR: sweat, sebaceous oils from other parts of body, foreign materials, combination (Ashbaugh, Ch4) Matrix - correct answer Sweat plus sebaceous oils is the most common ____________. (Ashbaugh, Ch4) Wet prints - correct answer Make FR appear as series of rounded units from pore openings; limited use of 3rd level detail in these prints (Ashbaugh, Ch4) Wet prints Mud-type matrix Paint/blood matrix Corrosive matrix - correct answer Examples of matrix that may cause distortion (Ashbaugh, Ch4) Development media - correct answer Used to increase contrast between latent FR prints and substrate; has catalyst and signature (Ashbaugh, Ch4) Catalyst - correct answer Substance or lack of substance on which development media reacts (ninhydrin-amino acid) (Ashbaugh, Ch4) Signature - correct answer Manner in which development media appears after reacting to catalyst (spotty appearance of ninhydrin) (Ashbaugh, Ch4)

ANSWERS (100% CORRECT ANSWER S) / ALREADY GRADED A+ Deposition pressure - correct answer Changes the shape of FR by flattening or broadening each ridge More pressure=narrow appearance of furrows Extreme pressure pushes matrix to each side of ridge creating hollow ridge appearance=train tracks (Ashbaugh, Ch4) Deposition pressure - correct answer Vertical weight on FR (Ashbaugh, Ch4) Pressure distortion - correct answer Lateral or horizontal plane; sideways sliding of FR (Ashbaugh, Ch4) Discrepancies - correct answer Must be consistent with factors in substrate, matrix, dev medium, deposition pressure, pressure distortion, & anatomical factors. (Ashbaugh, Ch4) Ridge breaks - correct answer Caused by failure in deposition of matrix, signature of dev medium, dirt, dip in ridge at pore opening; adjacent ridges will not be disturbed. Treat as continual ridge. (Ashbaugh, Ch4) Ridge ending - correct answer Voids caused by these will be filled in by ridges on either side. Directional change will be visible in ridge (Ashbaugh, Ch4) Cluster identifications - correct answer More than 1 digit used for individualization. Weight of unique details are accumulative in the aggregate. Advanced analysis. (Ashbaugh, Ch4) Comparison - correct answer Process where visual and sometimes physical measurements are made between latent and exemplar prints; sequential, spatial, and configuration measurements (Ashbaugh, Ch4) Islands and bifurcations - correct answer Two major ridge path deviations that appear in various forms or combinations. All characteristics break down to these two. (Ashbaugh, Ch4) Ridge dot - correct answer 1 ridge unit, shortest island possible

ANSWERS (100% CORRECT ANSWER S) / ALREADY GRADED A+ (Ashbaugh, Ch4) Short ridges - correct answer More than 1 ridge unit, but both ends of island are clearly related to one another (Ashbaugh, Ch4) Ridges - correct answer Ends of islands are far enough apart within the pattern that it's difficult to recognize they are ends of the same ridge (Ashbaugh, Ch4) Bifurcation - correct answer Branching (Ashbaugh, Ch4) Enclosure - correct answer 2 bifurcations on the same ridge that face each other and branches join (Ashbaugh, Ch4) Spur - correct answer 1 branch of bifurcation terminates as only short ridge (Ashbaugh, Ch4) Crossover - correct answer Short ridge joins ridge across furrow (Ashbaugh, Ch4) Trifurcation - correct answer 2 bifurcations on the same ridge and flowing in the same direction (Ashbaugh, Ch4) Overlaps - correct answer Two ridge endings meet and overlap on bias (Ashbaugh, Ch4) Elimination - correct answer Specific details are not the same and therefore, the donors are different (Ashbaugh, Ch4) Evaluation - correct answer Review of data compiled during comparison to determine if there is agreement in FR formations present and sufficient uniqueness to individualize the donor as the source. (Ashbaugh, Ch4) Insufficient uniqueness to individualize - correct answer Conclusion made when details are in agreement, but only few present; details lack quality

ANSWERS (100% CORRECT ANSWER S) / ALREADY GRADED A+ (Ashbaugh, Ch4) Verification - correct answer Purpose is to verify process and objectivity, not to protect against errors (Ashbaugh, Ch4) Edmond Locard - correct answer France, 1912 Established science of poroscopy (Ashbaugh, Ch5) 1 - Visual examination of pores and shapes surrounding a ridge characteristic 2 - pores marked on overlay - correct answer 2 methods of pore comparison (Ashbaugh, Ch5) Poroscopy - correct answer This practice relies on key quantitative-qualitative principle that smaller the detail found progressively in agreement, the greater the individualizing value (Ashbaugh, Ch5) Locard's Tripartite Rule - correct answer >12 concurring points present and sharp=beyond debate 8 - 12 points=borderline case that will depend on sharpness, rarity, presence of core or delta, presence of pores, obvious info regarding ridges and valleys, directions of lines, angular value of bifurcations. 2 competent experts needed. Limited #=can't ID, but only presumption proportional to # of points and clarity (Ashbaugh, Ch5) Edgeoscopy - correct answer Automatic process where brain compares edges or shapes (Ashbaugh, Ch5) Salil K. Chatterjee - correct answer Coined term Edgeoscopy; named 8 commonly encountered shapes (Ashbaugh, Ch5) Clarity - correct answer Little distortion and a large volume of detail reproduced that is representative of the 3D FR skin (Ashbaugh, Ch7) Methodology - correct answer The scientific procedure followed to carry out a FR Identification (Ashbaugh, Ch7)

ANSWERS (100% CORRECT ANSWER S) / ALREADY GRADED A+ Analysis - correct answer Structured intelligence gathering process; examines all forms of distortion and identifies red flags (Ashbaugh, Ch7) Comparison - correct answer Unknown or latent compared to known or exemplar; proceeded in sequence or systematically to compare all available FR (Ashbaugh, Ch7) Evaluation - correct answer Process that asks two questions: 1-is there agreement between latent and exemplar? 2-is agreement sufficient to eliminate all other possible donors? (Ashbaugh, Ch7) Verification - correct answer Part of scientific process in form of peer review; quality assurance. (Ashbaugh, Ch7) Major flexion creases - correct answer Distal transverse; proximal transverse; thenar (Ashbaugh, Ch8) Minor flexion creases - correct answer variable in presence, prominence, and length Longitudinal or finger creases-middle of base of fingers toward center of wrist Accessory Distal transverse crease-between base of fingers and distal transverse crease, 3rd, 4th, sometimes 5th finger E Lines-3 parallel short creases between base of little finger and distal transverse crease hypothenar crease-usually single, concave crease toward the ulnar side of palm (when present) (Ashbaugh, Ch8) Secondary creases - correct answer Ex: major accessory creases, thenar eminence (checker), wrist hatch creases. Appear at random—differentiating factor (Ashbaugh, Ch8) Palmar flexion creases - correct answer Firm attachment to underlying skin structures and are folding points during movement. Formation impacted by genetic programming and physical movement. PERSISTENT features (Ashbaugh, Ch8) White lines - correct answer Creases formed after FR differentiation; skin folds. Stable, but not permanent.

ANSWERS (100% CORRECT ANSWER S) / ALREADY GRADED A+ (Ashbaugh, Ch8) Individualization - correct answer Due to persistence and uniqueness, palmar flexion creases alone can be used for this, though the preferred method is combination of creases and FR detail. (Ashbaugh, Ch8) 6 - 10 weeks-hands take shape, fingers are visible 6 - 12 weeks-volar pads appear with palmar flexion creases 12 weeks plus-FR form - correct answer 3 stages of morphological formation of hand (Ashbaugh, Ch8) Epidermis, Dermis, Hypodermis - correct answer 3 anatomical layers of skin (Sourcebook, Ch2) Epidermis - correct answer Stratified, continually renewing epithelium that exhibits progressive differentiation. Prevents water loss through evaporation, acts as receptor organ, provides protective barrier (Sourcebook, Ch2) Dermis - correct answer Connective tissue that supports outer layer. Cells, fibers, blood vessels, and gelatinous material. (Sourcebook, Ch2) Hypodermis - correct answer Loose connective tissue; pad of adipose cells that contour body and serve as energy reserve (Sourcebook, Ch2) Eccrine sweat gland - correct answer Only skin appendage of FR skin (Sourcebook, Ch2) Keratinocyte - correct answer Primary cell of epidermis (90-95%) (Sourcebook, Ch2) Stratum basale Stratum spinosum Stratum granulosum Stratum lucidum

ANSWERS (100% CORRECT ANSWER S) / ALREADY GRADED A+ Stratum corneum - correct answer Layers of epidermis (Sourcebook, Ch2) Stratum basale - correct answer This layer is considered the wellspring of keratinocytes in upper layers (Sourcebook, Ch2) Basement membrane zone - correct answer Connects keratinocytes of stratum basale to the dermis (Sourcebook, Ch2) Hemidesmosomes - correct answer Attachment plaques that project anchoring filaments down toward dermis (Sourcebook, Ch2) Desmosomes - correct answer Round plaques that bind together the plasma membranes of adjacent cells (Sourcebook, Ch2) Focal tight junctions - correct answer "Spot welds; " cell membranes of adjacent cells fuse together to eliminate intercellular space. Provide additional anchoring and low-resistance electrical pathway for communication between cells. (Sourcebook, Ch2) Suprabasal layer - correct answer This layer is located under primary ridges only where cells undergo additional cell divisions to create transient amplifying cells (Sourcebook, Ch2) Secondary ridges - correct answer Contain the most keratin in their basal cells; have long projections that extend deep into dermis and serve as an anchor (Sourcebook, Ch2) Stratum Spinosum - correct answer Cell differentiation begins and cells become polyhedral in this layer (Sourcebook, Ch2) Lamellar granules - correct answer These pockets of lipid appear in the stratum spinosum and become active in the stratum granulosum. Lipid content will coat the cells and create hydrophobic barrier. (Sourcebook, Ch2)

ANSWERS (100% CORRECT ANSWER S) / ALREADY GRADED A+ Stratum Granulosum - correct answer Keratinocytes containing keratohyalin granules enter this layer. Lamellar granules become active. (Sourcebook, Ch2) Stratum Lucidum - correct answer Keratinocytes undergo abrupt transition in this layer; have completed cell death (Sourcebook, Ch2) Stratum corneum - correct answer Keratinocytes are arranged in brick (keratin filled cells) and mortar (lipids) configuration in this layer. Cell membrane becomes rigid, desmosomes are degraded, and cells shed at the surface. (Sourcebook, Ch2) Nonkeratinocytes - correct answer Melanocytes, langerhans cells, merkel cells (Sourcebook, Ch2) Melanocytes - correct answer Produce pigment, protect genetic material from UV damage, and produce vitamin D (Sourcebook, Ch2) Langerhans cells - correct answer In response to bacteria, initiate alert that causes body to recruit aggressive immune cells (T cells) (Sourcebook, Ch2) Merkel cells - correct answer Transmission of sensation of touch; occur in epidermis and are associated with free nerve endings from dermis (Sourcebook, Ch2) Papillary layer and reticular layer - correct answer 2 layers of dermis (Sourcebook, Ch2) Reticular dermis - correct answer Compact connective tissue containing large bundles of collagen and elastic fibers. Connected to dermis by network of fibers. (Sourcebook, Ch2). Anastomoses - correct answer Sheets of tissue that mold dermal papillae into more complex structures with age; cross link primary and secondary ridges. (Sourcebook, Ch2)

ANSWERS (100% CORRECT ANSWER S) / ALREADY GRADED A+ Eccrine sweat glands - correct answer Primary function is thermoregulation; larger, more active, and denser than on any other skin. (Sourcebook, Ch2) Adipocyte - correct answer Primary cell of Hypodermis (Sourcebook, Ch2) Hypodermis - correct answer This layer serves as energy reserve, cushions skin, contours the body, and allows mobility of skin over underlying structures (Sourcebook, Ch2) Gap junctions - correct answer Allow rapid communication and direct exchange of small molecules, ions, and hormones (Sourcebook, Ch2) Chalones - correct answer Concentration is monitored by cell surface receptors during cell cycle to indicate when to shut down production of new cells. (Sourcebook, Ch2) Stages of DNA replication - correct answer G1-resting period between mitosis S Phase-cell replicates DNA (8-12 hours) G2-approx 8 hour gap phase M phase-mitotic phase-physical division of cell into 2, each with complete copy of DNA (Sourcebook, Ch2) Sebum - correct answer Major components are fatty acids, wax esters with diglycerides, triglycerides with monoglycerides and cholesterol esters, squalene, and cholesterol. Persist even in presence of water. (Adv in FPrint Tech, Ch14) Sufficiency - correct answer Using a threshold that must be met in order to move on to the next stage of the process or form a conclusion at the end of the examination (Adv in FPrint Tech, Ch15) Balthazard - correct answer First to suggest a predetermined # of corresponding minutiae (17) needed to conclusively exclude all but one person as source (Adv in FPrint Tech, Ch15) Statistics and probability - correct answer Crucial to address evaluation of weight of fprint evid

ANSWERS (100% CORRECT ANSWER S) / ALREADY GRADED A+ (Adv in FPrint Tech, Ch15) Statistical model - correct answer This would allow a continuous reporting scheme (instead of categorical reporting scheme) (Adv in FPrint Tech, Ch15) Stats and probabilities support fprint community by: - correct answer 1 - providing logical reasoning framework for inductive inference for source of latent from scene 2 - providing data to measure variability and specificity of fprint features 3 - providing data for rendering the current reporting scheme more robust, reproducible, & transparent or for continuous reporting scheme 4 - measuring and reporting error rates (Adv in FPrint Tech, Ch15) 3 elements to validate fprint models - correct answer 1 - robustness of underlying assumptions 2 - precision of outputs 3 - accuracy of outputs (Adv in FPrint Tech, Ch15) Similarity score - correct answer Proposed as basis for fprint stat model (Adv in FPrint Tech, Ch 15) Resolution - correct answer Degree of sharpness of computer generated image; measured in pixels (Adv in FPrint Tech, Ch16) Signal-elements of interest Noise-anything that makes signal difficult to see - correct answer 2 main components of image (Adv in FPrint Tech, Ch16) Elements of digital imaging process - correct answer Adhere to standardized process for evid image Prep of subject and capture of image (lighting & camera selection) Saving, archiving, and exhibiting of original images must ensure secure maintenance of digital data in original state over extended time Processing must be done on working copy and be repeatable

ANSWERS (100% CORRECT ANSWER S) / ALREADY GRADED A+ Output must allow for details to be faithfully reproduced as captured; as vital as capture Unbroken digital chain of custody (Adv in FPrint Tech, Ch16) Maceration - correct answer Separation and softening of skin by soaking in liquid (Sourcebook, Ch 4) Printing macerated skin - correct answer Not badly damaged, clean with alcohol and print normally *Wrinkled, pull loose skin from back of finger *Wrinkled but not pliable, inject tissue builder or glycerin *expands pattern area, search in AFIS at 70% Osmotic rehydration (boiling method)-heat water just below boiling point and immerse skin for 10 seconds (Sourcebook, Ch4) Printing putrefied skin - correct answer If not badly damaged, roll as normal. If rubbery or separating, remove FR skin, clean & dry, put over gloved hand to print. Can be soaked in formaldehyde. (Sourcebook, Ch4) Photo with oblique lighting - correct answer How do you record charred FR skin? (Sourcebook, Ch4) Traditional method of rehydrating skin - correct answer Soak fingers or toes in separate jars filled with 1-3% sodium or potassium hydroxide. Refrigerate and check periodically. Desiccation - correct answer Drying out of skin (Sourcebook, Ch4) Printing desiccated skin - correct answer clean and dry skin, light dusting of fprint powder, Mikrosil If above fails, traditional methods of rehydrating and softening, then Mikrosil (Sourcebook, Ch4) Control and pressure - correct answer Key factors in collecting fingerprints (Sourcebook, Ch4)

ANSWERS (100% CORRECT ANSWER S) / ALREADY GRADED A+ Major case prints - correct answer Recording of all FR detail covering the hands. Fingerprints, palm prints, legible and completely recorded set of tips of fingers. (Sourcebook, Ch4) Methods to collect difficult prints (elderly, children, damaged skin) - correct answer Apply small amount of ink from inking plate trying just to coat tops of ridges Use ice on FR skin Dust FR with black powder and use opaque lifting material (Handiprint) (Sourcebook, Ch4) Pugilistic attitude - correct answer May protect skin in intense heat by tightening of flexor muscles, ligaments, and tendons in hands and arms. (Sourcebook, Ch4) To record underside of FR detail - correct answer Lightly coat underside of epidermal layer with fprint powder before applying ink; roll onto adhesive side of FP tape. This produces impressions in the correct orientation for comparison. Will be tonally reversed. (Sourcebook, Ch4) Faulds - correct answer Along with students, researched permanence by damaging friction ridges and observing regrowth. (Sourcebook, Ch5) Galton - correct answer Cousin of Darwin (Sourcebook, Ch5) FBI and Chatterjee - correct answer 2 main footprint classification systems (Sourcebook, Ch5) Chatterjee - correct answer Developed footprint classification system based on 6 areas: 1-ball of foot, 2- 4 - interspaces between toes, 5-center of foot, 6-heel (Sourcebook, Ch5) 3 Palmprint classification systems - correct answer Western Australia Liverpool, England Denmark (Sourcebook, Ch5)

ANSWERS (100% CORRECT ANSWER S) / ALREADY GRADED A+ AFIS - correct answer Based solely on computerized extraction of minutiae which creates mathematical maps of each impression. Early 80s. (Sourcebook, Ch5) ANSI/NIST Standard - correct answer Standardized fprint collection to permit prints captured on compliant Livescans to be read by AFIS/IAFIS. Accept Type 4, 550ppi grayscale images. (Sourcebook, Ch6) 1000 ppi - correct answer Resolution required by EFTS Appendix F for latent image capture. (Sourcebook, Ch6) 15:1 - correct answer Compression standard for fingerprint images using wavelet scalar quantization (WSQ). (Sourcebook, Ch6) Algorithm - correct answer Finite set of well-defined instructions for accomplishing some task which, given an initial state and input, will terminate in a corresponding recognizable end-state and output. "Mathematical map" (Sourcebook, Ch6) Eccrine Sebaceous Apocrine - correct answer 3 types of glands (Sourcebook, Ch7) Lipids - correct answer Primary compound in sebaceous secretions (Sourcebook, Ch7) Photoluminescence - correct answer Excess energy is given off as light (Sourcebook, Ch7) Fluorescence - correct answer Excess energy is given off by light with an immediate response that stops when the light source is turned off. (Sourcebook, Ch7) Phosphorescence - correct answer Excess energy given off by light; long-lived (Sourcebook, Ch7) Stokes Shift - correct answer Difference in wavelengths of excited and emitted light

ANSWERS (100% CORRECT ANSWER S) / ALREADY GRADED A+ (Sourcebook, Ch7) Gun blueing reagents - correct answer Simultaneous deposition of 2 metals, selenium and copper, on metal surface. 3 active ingredients: selenious acid, cupric salt, acid. Results in blue black metallic coating everywhere except on sebaceous print. (Sourcebook, Ch7) Sudan Black - correct answer Dye stain for detecting sebaceous components on nonporous and some semiporous substrates. Good for sticky surfaces and those contaminated with food residues. (Sourcebook, Ch7) Chalones - correct answer These are released by differentiating cells and diffuse through intercellular spaces until they reach the basal cells. Basal cells monitor the concentration to signal when cell cycle needs to stop. (Sourcebook, Ch2) Remodeling of dermal papillae - correct answer Most striking change to skin as result of aging (Sourcebook, Ch2) Age effects on skin - correct answer Surface ridges tend to flatten and appear less sharp. Loss of elasticity in dermis causes skin to become flaccid and wrinkle. (Sourcebook, Ch2) Dermis - correct answer Most significant changes due to aging are in what layer of the skin (Sourcebook, Ch2) Basal keratinocyte template - correct answer The morphology of FR can only be altered if this is damaged. (Sourcebook, Ch2) Puckering at scar - correct answer Created when the dermis responds to injury and contracts wound bed (Sourcebook, Ch2) 3 phases of wound healing - correct answer Inflammation Proliferation & tissue formation Tissue remodeling (Sourcebook, Ch2)