IB Biology HL Exam Review questions with correct answers, Exams of Biology

Download IB Biology HL Exam Review questions with correct answers and more Exams Biology in PDF only on Docsity! IB Biology HL Exam Review questions with correct answers Outline the cell theory. - .......🔷ANSWERS🔷......✔✔ Living organisms are composed of cells.Cells are the smallest unit of life.Cells come from pre-existing cells. Discuss the evidence for the cell theory. - .......🔷ANSWERS🔷......✔✔ The nature of scientific theories could be introduced here: the accumulation of evidence that allows a hypothesis to become a theory; whether a theory should be abandoned when there is evidence that it does not offer a full explanation; and what evidence is needed for a theory to be adopted or rejected. State that unicellular organisms carry out all the functions of life (Name the six functions). - .......🔷ANSWERS🔷......✔✔ Metabolism, response, homeostasis, growth, reproduction, and nutrition. Compare the relative sizes of molecules, cell membrane thickness, viruses, bacteria, organelles, and cells using the appropriate SI unit. - .......🔷ANSWERS🔷......✔✔ Molecules: 1 nmThickness of membranes: 10 nmViruses: 100 nmBacteria: 1 umOrganelles: (up to) 10 umMost cells: (up to) 100 um Explain the importance of the surface area to volume ratio as a factor limiting cell size. - .......🔷ANSWERS🔷......✔✔ The rate of heat production/waste production/resource consumption of a cell is a function of its volume, whereas the rate of exchange of materials and energy (heat) is a function of its surface area. State that multicellular organisms show emergent properties. [pen analogy] - .......🔷ANSWERS🔷......✔✔ Emergent properties arise from the interaction of component parts: the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. How do multicellular organisms differentiate to carry out specialized functions? - .......🔷ANSWERS🔷......✔✔ By expressing some of their genes but not others. What two abilities do stem cells have? - .......🔷ANSWERS🔷......✔✔ Stem cells retain the capacity to divide and have the ability to differentiate along different pathways. Outline one therapeutic use of stem cells. - .......🔷ANSWERS🔷......✔✔ In 2005, stem cells were used to restore the insulation tissue of neurons in laboratory rats, resulting in subsequent improvements in their mobility. How do prokaryotic cells divide? - .......🔷ANSWERS🔷......✔✔ Binary fission Compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. - .......🔷ANSWERS🔷......✔✔ Naked DNA vs. DNA associated with proteinsDNA in cytoplasm vs. DNA enclosed in a nuclear envelopeNo mitochondria vs. mitochondria70s vs. 80s ribosomes.Eukaryotic cells have internal membranes that compartmentalize their functions. Outline two roles of extracellular components. - .......🔷ANSWERS🔷......✔✔ The plant cell wall maintains cell shape, prevents excessive water uptake, and holds the whole plant up against the force of gravity.Animal cells secrete glycoproteins that form the extracellular matrix. This functions in support, adhesion, and movement. List the functions of membrane proteins. - .......🔷ANSWERS🔷......✔✔ Hormone binding sites, immobilized enzymes, cell adhesion, cell-to-cell communication, channels for passive transport, and pumps for active transport. What are the four methods of membrane transport in nerves and synapses? - .......🔷ANSWERS🔷......✔✔ Active transport, simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and vesicle transport. What is ventilation? - .......🔷ANSWERS🔷......✔✔ The movement of air in and out of the lungs. What is gas exchange? - .......🔷ANSWERS🔷......✔✔ The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide at the alveoli. What is the net yield of glycolysis? - .......🔷ANSWERS🔷......✔✔ 2 ATP What happens in oxidation? - .......🔷ANSWERS🔷......✔✔ Loss of electronsGain oxygenLoss of hydrogen What happens in reduction? - .......🔷ANSWERS🔷......✔✔ Gain electronsLoss of oxygenGain hydrogen Where does the Kreb's Cycle occur? - .......🔷ANSWERS🔷......✔✔ The matrix of the mitochondria Where does link reaction occur? - .......🔷ANSWERS🔷......✔✔ The matrix of the mitochondria Where does glycolysis occur? - .......🔷ANSWERS🔷......✔✔ The cytoplasm What is decarboxylation? - .......🔷ANSWERS🔷......✔✔ Losing carbon as carbon dioxide State two types of meristems found in plants. - .......🔷ANSWERS🔷......✔✔ Apical and lateral In monocots, the leaves are arranged in multiples of what? - .......🔷ANSWERS🔷......✔✔ 3 In dicots, the leaves are arranged in multiples of what? - .......🔷ANSWERS🔷......✔✔ 4or 5 How many cotyledons do monocots have? - .......🔷ANSWERS🔷......✔✔ One How many cotyledons do dicots have? - .......🔷ANSWERS🔷......✔✔ Two How is the vascular tissue arranged in monocots? - .......🔷ANSWERS🔷......✔✔ Random distribution How is the vascular tissue arranged in dicots? - .......🔷ANSWERS🔷......✔✔ Arranged in rings What veins do monocots have? - .......🔷ANSWERS🔷......✔✔ Parallel What veins do dicots have? - .......🔷ANSWERS🔷......✔✔ Branched Where is the apical meristem found in plants? - .......🔷ANSWERS🔷......✔✔ At the root stem or tip Where is the lateral meristem found in plants? - .......🔷ANSWERS🔷......✔✔ Thickening layers of cambium. What two things can terrestrial plants support themselves with? - .......🔷ANSWERS🔷......✔✔ Roots and stems. Explain how roots absorb water and then transport it to the xylem, noting any special adaptations that help these processes to occur. - .......🔷ANSWERS🔷......✔✔ Mineral ions are diffused slowly towards the root, generating a small concentrationgradient. Water and solutes are literally sucked up into the roots, which generates a gradient of hydrostatic pressure. The water is carried up the stem to the rest of the plant through the xylem vessel. Lignin rings are present periodically through the length of the stem for added support too. Outline the role of the poem in the active translocation of biochemicals. - .......🔷ANSWERS🔷......✔✔ The movement of phloem sap requires energy. The food needs to be transported (translocated) for the plant to grow and reproduce, so it is called active translocation. Describe the metabolic events of germination in a starchy seed. - .......🔷ANSWERS🔷......✔✔ 1. Water is absorbed through the microphyle and activates cells2. Synthesis of gibberelins (plant growth hormones)3. Gibberelins cause synthesis of amylase4. Amylase hydrolyses stored starch to maltose.5. Maltose absorbed by plumule and radicle.6. Further hydrolysis breaks maltose into glucose, which is used for respiration in the growing tissues. State four factors that affect the rate of transpiration. - .......🔷ANSWERS🔷......✔✔ Light, wind, temperature, and humidity. State four things needed to start germination. - .......🔷ANSWERS🔷......✔✔ Oxygen for respiration, ideal temperature, pH, and water. What is the first identifiable product of carbon dioxide fixation in photosynthesis? - .......🔷ANSWERS🔷......✔✔ Triose phosphate (TP) What substance is moved into the thylakoids of the chloroplast using energy derived from light? - .......🔷ANSWERS🔷......✔✔ Protons (H+) What percentage of glucose and amino acids are recovered in selective reabsorption? - .......🔷ANSWERS🔷......✔✔ 100% of glucose and amino acids are recovered. What does facilitated diffusion carry into the blood? - .......🔷ANSWERS🔷......✔✔ Glucose and amino acids What is osmoregulation? - .......🔷ANSWERS🔷......✔✔ The control of the water balance of the blood, tissue, or cytoplasm of a living organism What does the Loop of Henle generate in the cells and fluid of the medulla? - .......🔷ANSWERS🔷......✔✔ A high concentration of solutes Descending loop vs. ascending loop of the Loop of Henle - .......🔷ANSWERS🔷......✔✔ Descending Loop: Permeable to water, impermeable to sodium Ascending loop: impermeable to water, permeable to sodium Overall effects of the Loop of Henle: - .......🔷ANSWERS🔷......✔✔ Filtrate volume decreases, output is slightly more dilute than input, and a large amount of salts areremoved What does the collecting duct do? - .......🔷ANSWERS🔷......✔✔ It balances the water concentration of the blood through hormonal control. How does water move from the collecting duct to the capillaries in the collecting duct? - .......🔷ANSWERS🔷......✔✔ Osmosis What does hypertonic mean? - .......🔷ANSWERS🔷......✔✔ There is a high solute concentration. What is spermatogenesis? - .......🔷ANSWERS🔷......✔✔ The process of making sperm Are sperm cells haploid or diploid? - .......🔷ANSWERS🔷......✔✔ Haploid. Steps of spermatogenesis: - .......🔷ANSWERS🔷......✔✔ Mitosis, Meiosis 1, meiosis 2, Differentiation. What two hormones are in both spermatogenesis and oogenesis? - .......🔷ANSWERS🔷......✔✔ FSH and LH