IBCLC Exam QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE 100% VERIFIED SOLUTIONS 2024/2025, Exams of Nursing

Download IBCLC Exam QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE 100% VERIFIED SOLUTIONS 2024/2025 and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! IBCLC Exam QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE 100% VERIFIED SOLUTIONS 2024/2025 % of breastmilk that is carbohydrates Approximately 7% Wikipedia. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast_milk. % of breastmilk that is fat Approximately 4% Hale and Hartman, 2007. Textbook of Human Lactation, page 50. % of breastmilk that is protein Approximately .8 - 1 % Mannel, Martens & Walker, 2008. Core Curriculum for Lactation Consultant Practice (2nd ed.), page 272. % of calories in breastmilk from carbohydrates Approximately 40% Hale and Hartman, 2007. Textbook of Human Lactation, page 69. % of calories in breastmilk from fat Approximately 50% Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 124. % of calories in breastmilk from protein Approximately 10% Mannel, Martens & Walker, 2008. Core Curriculum for Lactation Consultant Practice (2nd ed.), page 272. Acinus Any of the small sacs or alveoli that terminate the ducts and are lined with secretory cells. Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary. Available online: http://www.merriam- webster.com/medical/acinus?show=0&t=1296699192 Acrocyanosis Bluish discoloration of the hands and feet in the newborn; peripheral cyanosis. Should not persist beyond 24 hours after birth. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 863. Active immunity Immunity conferred by the production of antibodies by one's own immune system. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 868. Active transport Passage of drug into breastmilk assisted by components in breastmilk. Hale & Hartman, 2007. Textbook of Human Lactation, page 470. Acyclovir/Zovirax Antiviral used to treat herpes infections, L2. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 177. Aerobic bacteria Bacteria requiring air for metabolic processes. The breast is colonized with this type of bacteria. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 863. AGA Appropriate for Gestational Age. Having a birth weight between the 10th and 90th percentile on intrauterine growth charts. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 671. Alcohol and breastfeeding Alcohol can decrease milk supply. Breastfeeding must be interrupted for 1 hour per drink, or until mother is sober. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 171 & 188. Aldomet/Methyldopa Antihypertensive, L2. Frequently used to treat hypertension during pregnancy. No concerns reported via breastmilk. Hale, 2010. Medications and Mother's Milk (14th ed.), page 667. Allergen A substance that causes an allergic response, such as foods, drugs, inhalants. Cow's milk is common source for infants. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 863. Αlphalactalbumin A major protein found in human milk whey. Assists in processing lactose. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 863. Alveolar ridge The ridges on the upper and lower jaw where infant's teeth will grow. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 863. Alveolus, alveoli Secrete and store milk for let down. Surrounded by myoepithelial cells, contractile cells and connective tissue. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 80. Amenorrhea Major protein in bovine milk. Hale & Hartman, 2007. Textbook of Human Lactation, page 40. Back to sleep A campaign that significantly reduced SIDS. Babies are less prone to SIDS when sleeping on their back. Mannel, Martens & Walker, 2008. Core Curriculum for Lactation Consultant Practice (2nd ed.), page 632. Bactericidal Destroys bacteria. Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary. www.merriam-webster.com/medical/bactericidal. Bacteriostatic Prevents the growth of bacteria. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 864. Bactrim/Septra Sulfonamide antibiotic, L3. The mixture of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole. No concerns reported via breastmilk. Hale, 2010. Medications and Mother's Milk (14th ed.), page 249. BALT/GALT/MALT Bronchus/gut/mammary-associated immunocompetent lymphoid tissue. Intermammary pathway. IgA antibodies are transferred through breastmilk to the infant. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 864. Basic research Research that generates knowledge for the sake of knowledge. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 864. Bed-sharing Sharing adult bed with baby. Questioned safety in reduction of SIDS. Safe bed sharing has been shown to extend the duration of breastfeeding. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 282-283. Bellagio Consensus Conference Meeting to develop protocol for the Lactational Amenorrhea Method of birth control. 1988. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 714-715. Beneficence The duty to do good. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 31. BFHI Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative Initiative by UNICEF and WHO (1991) to support breastfeeding in hospitals and maternity centers. "The 10 Steps". Unicef. Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative. Available online: http://www.unicef.org/programme/breastfeeding/baby.htm. Bioavailable The amount of a nutrient that is actually absorbed by the body. Nutrients found in breastmilk are easily absorbed by the infant's body. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 864. Bisphenol A (BPA) organic compound found in plastics. Linked to disease in infants. Now banned. (BPA) organic compound found in plastics. Linked to disease in infants. Now banned. Bivariate Statistics derived from the analysis of the relationship between two variables. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 864. Blessed thistle An herbal galactagogue. L3. Walker, 2009. Breastfeeding Management for the Clinician: Using the Evidence (2nd ed.), page 592. Bolus A quantity of medication given by IV, or a quantity of fluid (milk) given orally. Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary. www.merriam-webster.com/medical/bolus. Bradycardia Relatively slow heart rate. Opposite of tachycardia. Merriam Webster Medical Dictionary. www.merriam-webster.com/medical/bradycardia. Breastfeeding dyad A breastfeeding mother and baby. Buccal pads Fat pads on the masseter muscles in an infant's cheeks giving them a plump cheeked appearance. Provide stability for the tongue during suckling. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 864. Calories in breastmilk Mature milk has approximately 20 cal/oz. Mannel, Martens & Walker, 2008. Core Curriculum for Lactation Consultant Practice (2nd ed.), page 227. Candidiasis Fungal infection caused by Candida albicans; also called "thrush." Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 864. Caput succedaneum Diffuse swelling or collection of serum under the scalp of the newborn from birth trauma. Differentiated from cephalhematoma by unrestriction by the sutures of the skull. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 864. Casein The main protein in breastmilk. Creates the curd when digested in the infant stomach. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 864. Walker, 2009. Breastfeeding Management for the Clinician: Using the Evidence (2nd ed.), page 26. Central pedicle technique Breast reduction surgical technique. Intended to keep ducts intact. Mannel, Martens & Walker, 2008. Core Curriculum for Lactation Consultant Practice (2nd ed.), page 654. Cephalexin/Keflex Antibiotic, L1. Observe for change in intestinal flora; compatible. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 178. Cephalhematoma Collection of blood beneath the periosteum due to birth trauma; contrasted with caput succedaneum, where the effusion overlies the periosteum and consists of serum. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 864. Chamomile A herb, L3. Used for anti-inflammatory, calminative, antispasmodic, milk sedative, and antiseptic properties. No concerns reported via breastmilk. Hale, 2010. Medications and Mother's Milk (14th ed.), page 202. Chicken pox A virus infection, mothers can continue to breastfeed. Antibodies from her breastmilk provides immunity for the baby. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 202-203. Chi-square Statistical procedure that uses nominal level data and determines significant differences between observed frequencies in relation to data and expected frequencies. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 864. Choanal atresia A rare congenital anomaly, blocked posterior nostrils on one or both sides. Feedings by mouth are either difficult or impossible. Surgery opens the airways. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 644. Chylothorax Congenital anomaly, obstruction of the lymphatic system. Chyle (lymphatic fluid) collects in the chest cavity and is drained via chest tubes. Managed by diet and medication. Fat free breastmilk has been used successfully. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 648-649. Ciprofloxacin (Cipro) Cytoprotective Protection from inflammation and death for cells. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 854. De- Latin word meaning "of" or "from." Wikipedia. Available online: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De. Deductive reasoning Process of reasoning from a general premise to the concrete and specific. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 865. Deontology Approach to ethics that judges the morality of an action based on the action's adherence to rules. Described as duty or obligation, because rules 'binds you to your duty'. Wikipedia. Available online: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deontology. Dependent variable Variable the investigator measures in response to the independent or treatment variable; the outcome variable that is affected by the independent variable. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 865. DHA & ARA Docosahexanoic acid and Arachidonic acid. Essential fatty acids known for improving visual acuity and cognitive ability. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 125-126. Diffusion Process by which the molecules of one substance (e.g., a drug) are spread uniformly throughout blood or plasma. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 866. Dioxin Chemical contaminant in the environment. As dioxin levels increase, the EPA has still determined it safe for mothers to breastfeed in the United States. Mannel, Martens & Walker, 2008. Core Curriculum for Lactation Consultant Practice (2nd ed.), page 369. Disaccharide Complex sugar consisting of two monosaccharides. Forms the principle sugar in breastmilk, known as lactose. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 866. Distal Remote from the point of attachment or origin. Opposite of proximal. Wikitionary. Available online: http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/distal. Dong quai Herb contraindicated in lactation. Used to quell uterine cramps. Humphrey, 2003. The Nursing Mother's Herbal, page 239. Donor milk Human milk voluntarily given to a milk bank. Donor is screened, milk is pasteurized. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 866. Dopamine A prolactin inhibiting factor. Decrease releases prolactin and milk production begins. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 88. Down Syndrome Duplication of the 21st chromosome. Characterized by epicanthal folds, a flat nasal bridge, broad hands and short fingers, a single crease in the upper palm (simian crease), a flattened forehead, small mouth, large tongue (macroglossia), and hypotonia. Some have congenital heart disease. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 636. DRGs Diagnostic Related Groups, used by insurance companies for reimbursement. Diagnostic Related Groups, used by insurance companies for reimbursement. Wikipedia. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagnosis-related_group. Drip milk Milk that leaks from the opposite breast during a feeding. This milk is low in fat. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 866. Ductules The small ducts in the mammary gland that transfer the milk from the alveoli to the lactiferous ducts. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 866. Echinacea Herbal immunostimulant, L3. Known for stimulating immune system and wound healing. No concerns reported via breastmilk. Hale, 2010. Medications and Mother's Milk (14th ed.), page 348. Eczema A skin inflammation or rash. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 866. Eminences of the pars villosa "Tiny swellings on the inner surfaces of the infant's lips that help the infant to retain a grasp on the breast during suckling." Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 866. EMM/EBM Expressed Mother's Milk/Expressed Breastmilk. Walker, 2009. Breastfeeding Management for the Clinician: Using the Evidence (2nd ed.), page 163. Endocrine control The point in lactation when milk supply is hormone driven. Milk will come in whether or not a mother is breastfeeding. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 92. Enteromammary system Antigens enter maternal gut, pass to the lymph system where IgA specific antibodies are produced, then enter breastmilk. Hale and Hartman, 2007. Textbook of Human Lactation, page 200, 206 Enveloped virus Virus that cannot infect other cells without a coat (envelope). If the envelope is destroyed (e.g., by heat or soap and water) it is unable to produce infection. Ex. Cytomegalovirus and the human immunodeficiency virus. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 866. Epidemiology Study of the frequency and distribution of disease and the factors causing that frequency and distribution. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 866. Epidural Analgesia for childbirth. Anesthesia is placed in the epidural space just outside of the dura mater. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 217. Epiglottis Cartilaginous structure of the larynx, just below the soft palate. When the infant swallows it closes the larynx maintaining passage of milk to the esophagus. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 866. Estrogen This hormone dramatically drops after birth allowing milk production to begin. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 88. Ethical altruism Ethical doctrine that holds that individuals have a moral obligation to help, serve, or benefit others, if necessary at the sacrifice of self interest. Wikipedia. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethical_altruism. Ethical egoism Ethical position that moral agents ought to do what is in their own self-interest. Wikipedia. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethical_egoism. Ethnocentrism Assessing other cultures based on how one's own culture defines appropriate behavior. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 866. Ethnography Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 445 & 450. Mannel, Martens & Walker, 2008. Core Curriculum for Lactation Consultant Practice (2nd ed.), page 523. Fluconazole/Diflucan Antibiotic, L2. Safe; no untoward effects have been reported. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 179. Foods containing B6 Meat, fish, poultry, beans, and many fruits and vegetables, such as bananas and spinach. National Institutes of Health. Office of Dietary Supplement. //ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminB6- HealthProfessional/. Foods containing calcium Milk, milk products, broccoli, kale, and most grains. National Institutes of Health. Office of Dietary Supplement. //ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Calcium- Consumer/. Foods containing folic acid Leafy green vegetables, citrus fruits, dried beans and peas. National Institutes of Health. Office of Dietary Supplement. //ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Folate- HealthProfessional/. Foods containing iron Meat, fish, poultry, lentils, and beans. National Institutes of Health. Office of Dietary Supplement. //ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Iron- HealthProfessional/. Foods containing Vit B12 Animal products, such as fish, meat, poultry, eggs, milk and milk products. For vegetarians, fortified cereals or nutritional yeast. National Institutes of Health. Office of Dietary Supplement. //ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/vitaminb12/. Foods containing Vit C Citrus fruits, peppers, broccoli, and strawberries. National Institutes of Health. Office of Dietary Supplement. //ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminC- Consumer/. Foods containing Vit E Nuts, seeds, vegetable oils, and green leafy vegetables. National Institutes of Health. Office of Dietary Supplement. //ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/vitamine/. Foremilk The milk at the beginning of a breastfeeding. This milk has low fat content. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 867. Fortification of breastmilk The process of adding extra nutrients to breastmilk for premature infants. These nutrients can be derived from human milk or cow's milk base. Walker, 2009. Breastfeeding Management for the Clinician: Using the Evidence (2nd ed.), page 46-47. Fourth intercostal nerve Essential for inervation of the nipple. Enters the areola at 5 o'clock position on the left breast and the 7 o'clock position on the right breast. Walker, 2009. Breastfeeding Management for the Clinician: Using the Evidence (2nd ed.), page 56. Frenotomy Release of tongue tie by clipping the lingual frenulum. Often preformed without anesthesia with few complications. Mannel, Martens & Walker, 2008. Core Curriculum for Lactation Consultant Practice (2nd ed.), page 389. Frenulectomy/frenuloplasty Surgical procedure to release a tongue tie. Used for more extensive tongue tie. Mannel, Martens & Walker, 2008. Core Curriculum for Lactation Consultant Practice (2nd ed.), page 389. Frenulum Membrane on the underside of the tongue that anchors it to the floor of the mouth. If short or tight it may restrict tongue extension and cause breastfeeding problems. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 867. Gag reflex Reflex that protects the airway by causing a contraction in the back of the throat. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 229 & 585. Galactocele A milk filled lacteal cyst. Most frequent lump found in a lactating breast. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page311. Galactogogue A food, herb or drug that is thought to increase milk supply in lactating women. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 867. Galactopoiesis Maintaining lactation once lactogenesis has been established. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 867. Galactorrhea Secretion of breastmilk in non-lactation women. Common among women who have previously been pregnant or breastfed. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 93. Galactose A monosaccharide derived from lactose. Helps with central nervous system development. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 867. Galactosemia Disorder of the metabolism of galactose, a milk sugar. Baby must be on galactose-free formula. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 650 & 652. Gastroenteritis Inflammation of the stomach and intestines resulting from bacterial or viral invasion. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 867. Gastroschisis Congenital malformation characterized by herniation of abdominal contents through a fusion defect. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 867. Gentian violet Purple dye with antifungal properties used to treat candida. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 303-304. Gestational age Infant's age since conception, usually specified in weeks and partial weeks. Counted from the first day of the last normal menstrual period. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 867. Gigantomastia Massive enlargement of breasts during pregnancy can result in tissue necrosis, ulceration, and infection. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 307. Goat's Rue An herbal galactagogue. Chemically similar to metformin. Walker, 2009. Breastfeeding Management for the Clinician: Using the Evidence (2nd ed.), page 592. Golgi apparatus Cytoplasmic organelle that is active in production and transport of breastmilk proteins—called also Golgi complex. Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary. www.merriam-webster.com/medical/golgi%20apparatus. Group B Strep Common streptococcus bacteria in lower intestines. Harmless in adults, serious infection in neonates. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 526. H1N1 Commonly called the Swine Flu. Mother baby separation needed during communicable stage. May feed pumped breastmilk. www.cdc.gov/h1n1flu/infantfeeding.htm Half-life Length of time for half of a drug dosage to be eliminated. Five half-lives from time of original dosage usually clears the drug. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 867. The "Y" axis in a graph The X-axis and Y-asix remembered. www.gradeamathhelp.com/x-axis-and-y-axis.html Horizontal transmission Transmission of pathogens through direct contact. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 867. Hospital grade breast pump Bilateral electric breast pump. Used in hospitals, available for rent in community. Achieves more effective suction levels and frequency. Mannel, Martens & Walker, 2008. Core Curriculum for Lactation Consultant Practice (2nd ed.), page 526. HTLV 1 Human Lymphotropic Virus. Causes T-cell leukemia and lymphoma. Breastfeeding is not recommended. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 206. Human Growth Hormone Found in human milk, it provides growth promoting and protective effects on cells. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 147. Human milk bank Organization that collects, screens, processes and distributes donor milk. The milk is dispensed on prescription for infants and adults in need. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 868. Human milk fortifiers Nutrients derived from human milk or cow's milk and added to human milk to enhance the growth of very low birth weight infants. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 868. Hyper- Meaning "excessive." Wiktionary. en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hyper-. Hyperadenia Mammary tissue without a nipple present (sometimes seen in axilla). Creasy, Resnik, Iams, 2004. Maternal-Fetal Medicine: Principles and Practice (5th ed.), page 139. Hyperalimentation Intravenous feeding of an infant, commonly a very premature infant, with a solution of amino acids, glucose, electrolytes, and vitamins. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 868. Hyperbilirubinemia A condition characterized by elevated levels of bilirubin and decreased elimination of bilirubin. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 367 & 370. Hyperprolactinemia Higher-than-normal prolactin levels, which may result in spontaneous breastmilk production and amenorrhea. Causes include pituitary tumors and some pharmaceuticals. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 868. Hyperthelia Having supernumerary nipples (extra nipples). Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary. www.merriam-webster.com/medical/hyperthelia. Hypo- Meaning "deficient." Wiktionary. en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hypo-. Hypoglycemia Low blood glucose levels. Breastfed infants tend to have lower glucose levels than formula fed infants. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 233. Hypothalamus Links the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland. Secrets the prolactin-inhibiting factor (dopamine). Mannel, Martens & Walker, 2008. Core Curriculum for Lactation Consultant Practice (2nd ed.), page 225. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 88. Hypoxia Low blood oxygen causing tachycardia, hypertension, peripheral, vasoconstriction, dizziness, and mental confusion. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 868. IDM Infant of Diabetic Mother Walker, 2009. Breastfeeding Management for the Clinician: Using the Evidence (2nd ed.), page 227-241. IgE mediated allergy Allergic reaction to food causing immediate, systemic reaction; can sometimes be severe. Wikipedia. Available online: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_allergy. Immunoglobulin Proteins produced by plasma cells to respond to a immunogen. The 5 different types include: IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, and IgD. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 142. Incidence the relative frequency of occurrence of something Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 868. Incubation period Period between exposure to infectious pathogens and the first signs of illness. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 868. Independent variable Experimental (treatment) variable that is manipulated by the investigator to influence the dependent (outcome) variable. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 868. Induced lactation The process of stimulating milk production in a woman who has not been pregnant for the current child. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 869. Inductive reasoning Process of reasoning from specific observations or abstractions to a general premise. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 869. Inferior pedicle technique Breast reduction surgical technique. Mannel, Martens & Walker, 2008. Core Curriculum for Lactation Consultant Practice (2nd ed.), page 654. Informed consent A patient has been given full information and offered appropriate options. Wikipedia. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informed_consent. Inframammary incision Technique used in breast augmentation where the incision is made in the fold under the breast and the implant is placed under the breast tissue. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 309. Insulin/humulin Hormone that regulates carbohydrate and fats. L1, no concerns reported breastmilk. Insulin is too large a molecule to be secreted into breastmilk. Hale, 2010. Medications and Mother's Milk (14th ed.), page 537. Internal validity Extent to which manipulation of the independent variable makes a significant difference on the dependent variable, or the extent to which the independent variable, rather than extraneous variables, has caused the change in the dependent variables. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 869. Intracellular Occurring within cells. For example, viruses live within cells as part of their reproductive period. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 869. Intrauterine Within the uterus; in utero. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 869. Intrauterine growth rate infant. These drugs are considered "moderately safe" for breastfeeding moms to use. Hale, 2010. Medications and Mother's Milk (14th ed.), page 15. L 4 Drugs with positive evidence of risk to breastfeed infant or to breastmilk production. However, the benefits for the breastfeeding mother may justify the risk to the infant. These types of drugs are considered "possibly hazardous" for breastfeeding women to use. Hale, 2010. Medications and Mother's Milk (14th ed.), page 15. L 5 These drugs are considered "contraindicated" for breastfeeding mothers to use. Studies or human experience have shown that there is a significant risk to infant. The risk of using these drugs in breastfeeding women clearly outweighs the benefit of breastfeeding. Hale, 2010. Medications and Mother's Milk (14th ed.), page 15. Lactase Enzyme needed by the infant to breakdown lactose in breastmilk to simple sugars. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 869. Lactiferous ducts The 15-24 milk ducts that collect milk from ductules and carry it to the nipple. If the alveoli are the "grapes" these structures would be the "stems". Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 869. Lactobacillus bifidus Main bacteria in the intestine of a breastfed infant. Called the bifidus factor, promotes the growth of beneficial bacteria. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 144. Lactocyte An epithelial cell that lines the alveoli. Secretory cell. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 165. Lactoengineering The process of adding nutrients to human milk that are derived from human milk. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 869. Lactoferrin An iron binding protein that prevents gastrointestinal diseases. Found only in human milk, not bovine milk. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 144. Lactogenesis The onset of milk production. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 869. Lactogenesis I Beginning milk production; mid-pregnancy to day 2 postpartum. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 85 & 86. Lactogenesis II Rapid increase in volume increases due to rapid drop in progesterone. Milk production switches from endocrine to autocrine control. Day 3 and 8 postpartum. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 86. Lactogenesis III Maintenance stage of milk production. Controlled by the autocrine system (supply and demand). Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 86. Lactose A disaccharide that is the primary carbohydrate found in human milk. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 869-870. Lactose deficiency/intolerance Inability of the intestines to digest lactose; the principal carbohydrate in human milk. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 870. Laryngomalacia Unusual flaccidity of laryngeal structures, a benign congenital condition that accounts for 70 percent of persistent stridor in infants. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 870. Larynx Upper end of the trachea (windpipe) through which the voice is produced. In the infant, the larynx lies close to the base of the tongue; during swallowing, it rises and is closed off by the epiglottis. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 870. Late preterm infant (weeks of gestation) An infant born between 34 0/7 and 37 6/7 weeks gestation. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 870. Lateral and medial pterygoid The muscle that controls certain movements of the jaw (medial) and acts as an antagonist of other facial muscles (lateral). It works in conjunction with the masseter and temporalis muscles. Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary. www.merriam-webster.com/medical/pterygoid+muscle. Lauric and capric acid A crystalline fatty acid found in fats and oils, also called dodecanoic acid. Active against viruses, bacteria and protozoa. Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary. www.merriam- webster.com/medical/lauric+acid?show=0&t=1296699750 and http://www.merriam- webster.com/medical/capric%20acid. Left brained thinking The side of the brain characterized by vision and hearing, art, pleasure, feeling, subjectivity. Wikipedia. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateralization_of_brain_function Leptin A hormone found in breastmilk that regulates appetite, metabolism, and food intake. Not present in formula. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 146. Lesion Area of injured or diseased skin. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 870. Let-down reflex Milk Ejection Reflex Oxytocin causes the myoepithelial cells surrounding the alveoli to contract and remove milk from the breast. Stimulated by the suckling infant and causes the suckling pattern to change from non-nutritive sucking to nutritive sucking as the milk flow increases. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 91. Mannel, Martens & Walker, 2008. Core Curriculum for Lactation Consultant Practice (2nd ed.), page 296-237. Leukocytes Living cells found in breastmilk that fight infection. Includes macrophages and lymphocytes. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 870. LGA Large for Gestational Age. Having a birth weight greater than the 90th percentile on intrauterine growth charts. There is a concern for hypoglycemia. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 671-672. Liability Professional responsibility for an occurrence or omission. Being the cause. Wikipedia. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liability. Ligand Small molecule that binds specifically to a larger molecule (e.g., the binding of an antigen to an antibody, or of a hormone to a receptor). Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 870. Likert scale Scale that primarily measures attitudes by asking respondents their degree of agreement or disagreement to a number of statements. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 870. Lipase Enzyme that digests the fat in breastmilk. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 870 & 146. Lobe Breast infection usually caused by S aureus. Localized breast tenderness and flu-like symptoms, hot, reddened spot on the breast. Stress, cracked nipples, plugged ducts, large milk supply, and engorgement/milk statis are risk factors. Treated with dicloxacillin, amoxycillin-clavulinic acid, cephalexin, erythromycin, clindamycin, ciprofloxacin or nafcillin. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 294-295. Milk stasis Breastmilk retention causing uncomfortable breast fullness. Results in slower milk production. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page264. Milk-plasma ratio Quantity of a drug in human milk in relation to maternal plasma. If the M/P ratio > 1.00, the drug is found in greater quantities in milk than in plasma. M/P ratio < 1.00, the drug is found in lesser quantities in milk than plasma. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 871. Hale, Medicaitons in Mother's Milk 2010, p 18. Mitosis Cell division in which each daughter cell contains the same DNA as the parent cell. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 871. Mode The value that occurs most frequently in a data set. For example, if the data set is 1, 3, 3, 3, 5, 7, 8, 8, the mode is 3. Wikipedia. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mode_(statistics). Molecular weight The chemical size of a molecule of a drug. The smaller the molecular weight of the medication (9300 Daltons or lower) the greater the diffusion across cell membranes. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 167. Mongolian spots A bluish-black pigmented area on the newborn's buttocks or back. Seen in newborns with dark skin and typically fade over time. Can easily be confused for bruising. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 686. Morbidity Number of ill persons or instances of disease in a specific population. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 871. Mortality Number of deaths in a specific population. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 871. Mucous membranes Membranes that line body passages or cavities that communicate directly or indirectly with the exterior (such as respiratory tract). Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary. www.merriam-webster.com/medical/mucous%20membrane. Multiparous Having carried two or more pregnancies to viability. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 871. Myelination Protective fatty sheath around nerve fibers. Long-chain polyunsaturated fats that are important to myelination are abundant in human milk. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 871. Myoepithelial cells Contractile cells that surround the milk secreting alveoli creating the milk letdown. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 871. Necrotizing enterocolitis Inflammation of the intestinal tract that may cause tissue to die. Premature infants not receiving human milk are at markedly greater risk for this serious complication. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 871. Neonatal period Birth through the first 26 days of life. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 871. Newborn normal heart rate (birth to one year) 30-60 breaths per minute. Wikipedia. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_rate. Newborn normal respiratory rate (birth to one year) 30-60 breaths per minute. Wikipedia. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_rate. NGO Nongovernmental organization. Organizations that operate independently of any government. Wikipedia. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization. Nicotine Chemical in cigarette smoke, L2. Hale, 2010. Medications in Mother's Milk, page 745. NICU Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Noncasein protein A protein found in the whey component of milk. Includes alphalactalbumin, serum albumin, lactoferrin, immunoglobulins, and lysozyme. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 871. Nonmaleficence The duty to do no harm. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 31. Non-nutritive sucking Sucking not on the breast, such as a pacifier, or sucking at the breast with brief sucks and long rest periods with minimal milk flow. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 874. Nonparametric statistics Statistical procedures used when required assumptions for using parametric procedures are not met, especially assumptions regarding a normal probability distribution. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 872. Nonprotein nitrogen Approximately 1/4 of nitrogen found in breastmilk. Contains essential amino acids for infant. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 872. Nosocomial Infections resulting from hospital treatment. Can be prevented by hand washing, hand sanitizer gels, disposable gloves, and disinfection of baby equipment. Wikipedia. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nosocomial_infection. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 527. Nucleotides A compound that has a nitrogen base. Essential for energy metabolism, enzyme reactions, gastrointestinal tract development, and immune function. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 128. Nutritive sucking Rhythmic sucking at the breast with milk flow. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 874. Obesity affect on breastfeeding Maternal obesity is linked to hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and a greater risk of birth interventions. Delays lactogenesis, lower milk supply and earlier weaning. Mannel, Martens & Walker, 2008. Core Curriculum for Lactation Consultant Practice (2nd ed.), page 255. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 107. Oligosaccharide Reduces gastric acid secretion, L1. No concerns reported via breastmilk. Hale, 2010. Medications and Mother's Milk (14th ed.), page 398. Periareolar incision A technique used in breast augmentation where the incision is made around the areola. It is associated with loss of nipple sensation. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 360. Peristalsis Involuntary, rhythmic, wavelike action. To strip milk from the breast, and infant's tongue uses a peristaltic motion that begins at the tip of the tongue and progresses toward the back of the mouth. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 872. Personal use breast pump Bilateral electric breast pump. Used primarily by working mothers. Achieves good suction and frequency. Mannel, Martens & Walker, 2008. Core Curriculum for Lactation Consultant Practice (2nd ed.), page 524. Pharynx Muscular tube at the rear of the mouth, through which air travels to the larynx and food from the mouth travels to the esophagus. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 872. Phasic bite A reflex that is characterized by a rhythmic opening and closing of the jaw when the gums are stimulated. Appears around 28 weeks gestation. Walker, 2009. Breastfeeding Management for the Clinician: Using the Evidence (2nd ed.), page 142. Philtrum The region between the nose and lips. The midline area should be grooved and defined. In fetal alcohol syndrome the area is flat. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 872. Phototherapy A treatment for jaundice involving blue spectrum light. The light is absorbed by bilirubin and changes the structure, allowing it to be excreted from the body more easily. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 374. Physiologic engorgement vs. Pathologic engorgement Physiologic engorgement is normal increase in milk production of lactogenesis II. Pathologic engorgement is excessive fullness due to restrictive feeding practices or ineffective milk removal. Mannel, Martens & Walker, 2008. Core Curriculum for Lactation Consultant Practice (2nd ed.), page 637- 638. Pierre Robin Syndrome Syndrome of oral facial abnormalities, micrognathia (a small jaw) and glossoptosis (tongue often blocks airway). Cleft palates are common. Difficulty maintaining the airway frequently causes feeding problems. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 643-644.. PIH Pregnancy Induced Hypertension Preeclampsia or toxemia. Characterized by increased blood pressure during pregnancy, after 20 weeks gestation. Treatment often includes preterm delivery. Can progress to HELLP syndrome. Mannel, Martens & Walker, 2008. Core Curriculum for Lactation Consultant Practice (2nd ed.), page 470 & 610. Pinch test Compressing the areola to see wither the nipple protrudes or retracts. Walker, 2009. Breastfeeding Management for the Clinician: Using the Evidence (2nd ed.), page 63. pKa Ph of a drug when equally ionic and nonionic. Drugs with pKa higher than 7.2 may be sequestered in breastmilk. Hale, 2010. Medications in Mother's Milk, p. 19. Placenta Intrauterine organ that transfers nutrients from the mother to the fetus. After the delivery the drop in estrogen and progesterone levels allows milk secretion to begin. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 873. Polycystic ovarian (ovary) syndrome A endocrine-metabolic disorder where multiple cysts interfere with ovarian function. Common symptoms are unusual breast development, amenorrhea, male pattern hair growth, obesity. Can effect milk supply. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 523. Polymastia Having more than 2 breasts. Additional breasts occur along the milk line and typically have little glandular tissue. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 873. Population Total set of individuals that meet the study criteria from which the sample is drawn and about whom findings can be generalized. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 873. Port wine stain Nevus flammeus. Reddish or flat pink lesion that does not blanch with pressure, caused by dilated capillaries below the epidermal skin. This lesion usually remains constant in size and does not fade with time. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 686. Post- After, later than. Merriam Webster Medical Dictionary. www.merriam-webster.com/medical/post-. Posterior pituitary This gland releases oxytocin into the blood effecting milk ejection. It is susceptible to stress. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 91. Power Probability that a statistical test will reject a null hypothesis when it should be rejected, or, in other words, detect a significant difference that does not exist. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 873. PPD Postpartum Depression 3 types of disorders: Postpartum blues is a temporary depression lasting a few days. Postpartum depression is a mild to moderate depression lasting at least 2 weeks. Postpartum psychosis is the most severe form, beginning at 2-4 weeks postpartum. Mothers may have insomnia, irrational ideas, feelings of failure, depression, hallucinations, and self-accusatory thoughts. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 539. Pre- Prior to, before, earlier than. Merriam Webster Medical Dictionary. www.merriam-webster.com/medical/pre-. Prednisone Steroid, L2. No concerns reported via breastmilk. Safe for short term use. Preeclampsia Characterized by increased blood pressure during pregnancy, after 20 weeks gestation. Treatment often includes preterm delivery. Mannel, Martens & Walker, 2008. Core Curriculum for Lactation Consultant Practice (2nd ed.), page 610. Premature infant Born at less 37 weeks gestation. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 671. Preterm infant (weeks of gestation) Under 37 weeks gestation. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 671. Primary infection First incidence of the illness after exposure to a pathogen. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 873. Primiparous First pregnancy. Having carried one pregnancy to viability. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 873. Pro- Immunoglobulin that forms antibodies in body and is critical in mucosal immunity. The most common immunoglobulin in breastmilk. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 142. Separation Anxiety Three stages: Protest stage a child attempts to recover the mother/caregiver by crying, kicking, screaming for a few hours to days. Despair stage a child grieves or mourns as they accept their new environment. May show regressive behavior, such as sucking the thumb. Denial or detachment a child begins to interact and approach others. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 595. Sepsis Presence of bacteria in fluid or tissue. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 873. Seroconvert Serum shows the presence of a factor that previously was absent. Ex., when cytomegalovirus antibodies become present in blood due to CMV disease the person is said to have seroconverted. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 873-874. Seropositive/Seronegative Serum that demonstrates (positive) or does not demonstrate (negative) the presence of a factor. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 874. Serum Clear fluid portion of blood that remains after coagulation. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 874. Serum albumin Protein in serum (blood). Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 874. SGA Small for Gestational Age Having a birth weight that is below the 10th percentile on intrauterine growth charts. There is a concern for malnutrition and hypoglycemia. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 671-672. Shatavari A herbal galactagogue. Safety rating B. Humphrey, 2003. The Nursing Mother's Herbal, page 301. SIDS Sudden Infant Death Syndrome Diagnosis when all other possible causes of death were ruled out. Major risk factors are maternal smoking, prone position, and formula feeding. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 282 & 874. Smooth muscle Involuntary muscle fiber that responds to hormones. Ex., muscle around alveoli contracts in response to oxytocin. Walker, 2009. Breastfeeding Management for the Clinician: Using the Evidence (2nd ed.), page 54. Spontaneous lactation Unusual milk production in a non-breastfeeding woman. Also known as galactorrhea. Merck manuals Online Medical Library. www.merckmanuals.com/professional/sec12/ch151/ch151g.html. Spoon feeding Alternative feeding method. Feed infant via small spoon. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 226-227. SSRIs Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor Class of antidepressants (as fluoxetine or sertraline) that inhibit the inactivation of serotonin by blocking its reuptake by nerve cell endings. Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary. www.merriam-webster.com/medical/ssri. St John's Wort Antidepressant, L2. No concerns reported via breastmilk, probably safe for breastfeeding. Hale, 2010. Medications and Mother's Milk (14th ed.), page 950. Stem cells Stem cells can differentiate into all of the specialized cells types. Have been found in breastmilk. Cregan, Fan, Appelbee, Brown, et al. (2007). Identification of nestin-positive putative mammary stem cells in human breastmilk. Cell and Tissue Research, 329(1), 129-136. Available online: http://www.springerlink.com/content/k28h687mg3n433mj/ Stroma The supporting tissues of an organ, ie, the breast. MedicineNet. com www.medterms.com/ script/main/art.asp?articlekey=12709 STS Skin to skin or Kangaroo Care. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 874. Suck, suckle The action of baby milking the breast. Related more to tongue movement than suction. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 874. Supine Lying on one's back. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 874. Supplementing at breast System for supplementing the baby while feeding at the breast. Reservoir holding milk with a tube attached that is secured to the breast. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 414. Switch nursing Baby is switched back and forth between the two breasts during a feeding to help stimulate multiple letdowns and increase milk intake. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 874. Symbiosis Intimate association of two different kinds of organisms. An example is the breastfeeding dyad. T cells Any of several kinds of thymic lymphoid cells or lymphocytes that help to regulate cellular immune response. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 874. Tachycardia Relatively rapid heart rate whether physiological (as after exercise) or pathological. Opposite of bradycardia. Merriam Webster Medical Dictionary. www.merriam-webster.com/medical/tachycardia. Tachypnea Abnormally rapid rate of breathing. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 874. Tanner stages Five stages of sexual development in adolescence evaluating pubic hair, genitals and breast development Merck manuals Online Medical Library. www.merckmanuals.com/professional/sec18/ch243/ch243a.html?qt=tanner stages&alt=sh. Target population Population that is of interest to the investigator and about which generalizations of study results are intended. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 874. TB Tuberculosis Contagious bacterial infection usually involves lungs. Mothers may breastfeed after treatment is begun. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 525. TE Fistula Tracheoesophageal fistula A fistula (passage way) between the trachea and esophagus. Oral feedings are withheld until the fistula is surgically repaired due to the risk of aspiration. Merck manuals Online Medical Library. www.merckmanuals.com/professional/sec19/ch289/ch289b.html?qt=tracheoesophageal fistula&alt=sh. Teleology The belief that all events are directed toward some ultimate purpose. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 874. Transmission of infection from mother to child transplacentally or through breastmilk. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 875. Very low birth weight infant A birth weight of less than 1500 grams. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 671. Virtue ethics Approach to ethics that emphasizes the character of the moral agent, rather than rules or consequences, as the key element of ethical thinking. Wikipedia. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtue_ethics. Vitamin D A fat soluble vitamin that prevent rickets. Produced in the skin from exposure to sunlight. Found in fatty fish, eggs and meat. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 128. Vitamin K Fat soluble vitamin necessary for blood clotting. Insufficient amounts of this vitamin can cause hemorrhagic disease. Injections of this vitamin are routinely given postpartum to infants. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 129. WABA World Alliance for Breastfeeding Action Formed in 1991, this global organization's goal is to protect, promote, and support breastfeeding. World Alliance for Breastfeeding Action. www.waba.org.my/aboutus.htm. Water soluble vitamin Dissolve in water and not stored in the body. Vitamin C, nicotinic acid, B12, riboflavin, and B6. B12 can be deficient in women who eat a vegan diet. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 129. Weaning milk Breastmilk during the end of lactation (whether intentional or unintentional). This milk is higher in sodium and immunoglobins. Mannel, Martens & Walker, 2008. Core Curriculum for Lactation Consultant Practice (2nd ed.), page 676. West Nile Virus Viral disease spread by mosquitos. Breastfeeding is permitted. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 206. Wet nurses A woman who breastfeeds a infant that is not her own. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 875. Whey The liquid portion of milk that is left after curds separate. Primarily consists of proteins alphalactalbumin and lactoferrin. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 875. Whey:Casein ratio Ratio changes throughout lactation. Early milk the ratio is 90:10, mature milk is 60:40, weaning milk is 50:50. The ratio in formula is 20:80. Walker, 2009. Breastfeeding Management for the Clinician: Using the Evidence (2nd ed.), page 26. WHO Code International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk substitutes The code protects and promotes breastfeeding by ensuring the proper use of breastmilk substitutes. The code applies to the marketing of formula, milk products, beverages, complimentary foods used for the replacement of breastmilk. The code covers the marketing of feeding bottles and nipples (teats). World Health Organization, 1981. International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes, page 8. www.who.int/nutrition/publications/code_english.pdf. Witch's milk Colostrum, formed under the influence of maternal hormones, which may be temporarily present in newborn's breasts. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 875. Zoloft/Sertraline Antidepressant, L2. A serotonin re-uptake inhibitor with a short half-life. No concerns reported via breastmilk, probably safe for breastfeeding. Hale, 2010. Medications and Mother's Milk (14th ed.), page 930.