IBCLC Exam QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE 100% VERIFIED SOLUTIONS 2024/2025, Study Guides, Projects, Research of Health sciences

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% of breastmilk that is carbohydrates Approximately 7% Wikipedia. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast_milk. % of breastmilk that is fat Approximately 4% Hale and Hartman, 2007. Textbook of Human Lactation, page 50. % of breastmilk that is protein Approximately .8 - 1 % Mannel, Martens & Walker, 2008. Core Curriculum for Lactation Consultant Practice (2nd ed.), page 272. % of calories in breastmilk from carbohydrates Approximately 40% Hale and Hartman, 2007. Textbook of Human Lactation, page 69. % of calories in breastmilk from fat Approximately 50% Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 124. % of calories in breastmilk from protein Approximately 10% Mannel, Martens & Walker, 2008. Core Curriculum for Lactation Consultant Practice (2nd ed.), page 272. Acinus Any of the small sacs or alveoli that terminate the ducts and are lined with secretory cells. Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary. Available online: http://www.merriam- webster.com/medical/acinus?show=0&t= Acrocyanosis Bluish discoloration of the hands and feet in the newborn; peripheral cyanosis. Should not persist beyond 24 hours after birth. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 863. Active immunity Immunity conferred by the production of antibodies by one's own immune system. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 868. Active transport

Passage of drug into breastmilk assisted by components in breastmilk. Hale & Hartman, 2007. Textbook of Human Lactation, page 470. Acyclovir/Zovirax Antiviral used to treat herpes infections, L2. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 177. Aerobic bacteria Bacteria requiring air for metabolic processes. The breast is colonized with this type of bacteria. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 863. AGA Appropriate for Gestational Age. Having a birth weight between the 10th and 90th percentile on intrauterine growth charts. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 671. Alcohol and breastfeeding Alcohol can decrease milk supply. Breastfeeding must be interrupted for 1 hour per drink, or until mother is sober. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 171 & 188. Aldomet/Methyldopa Antihypertensive, L2. Frequently used to treat hypertension during pregnancy. No concerns reported via breastmilk. Hale, 2010. Medications and Mother's Milk (14th ed.), page 667. Allergen A substance that causes an allergic response, such as foods, drugs, inhalants. Cow's milk is common source for infants. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 863. Αlphalactalbumin A major protein found in human milk whey. Assists in processing lactose. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 863. Alveolar ridge The ridges on the upper and lower jaw where infant's teeth will grow. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 863. Alveolus, alveoli Secrete and store milk for let down. Surrounded by myoepithelial cells, contractile cells and connective tissue. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 80. Amenorrhea

A natural phase of infertility that takes place when a mother is exclusively breastfeeding. Menstruation has not returned. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 707 &865. Amoxicillin Antibiotic, L2. Observe for change in intestinal flora, compatible. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 177. Ampicillin Antibiotic, L1. Observe for change in intestinal flora, compatible. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 177. Anaphylaxis Hypersensitivity (as to foreign proteins or drugs) resulting from sensitization following prior contact with the causative agent. Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary. www.merriam-webster.com/medical/anaphylaxis. Anchor scar Surgical technique for breast reduction, slang. Ankyglossia A tongue tie. Characterized by a thick, short, or tight frenulum under the tongue. Can cause breastfeeding issues, such as a painful latch or inefficient milk transfer. Anterior pituitary This gland releases prolactin into the blood effecting milk production and ejection. It is susceptible to stress. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 91. Anthrax Infectious disease caused by a spore-forming bacterium (Bacillus anthrax), characterized by external ulcerating nodules or by lesions in the lungs. Merriam Webster Medical Dictionary. www.merriam-webster.com/medical/anthrax. Antibody Immunoglobulin formed in response to an antigen, including bacteria and viruses. Antibodies attack those bacteria or viruses helping the body resist infection. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 863. Antigen Substance that stimulates antibody production. May be dust, food, or bacteria. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 863. Apgar score Index to evaluate the condition of a newborn infant based on a rating of 0, 1, or 2 for color, heart rate, reflex response, muscle tone, and respiration with 10 being a perfect score. Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary. www.merriam-webster.com/medical/apgar%20score.

Apocrine gland Sweat glands located on the areola that secrete a scent. Mannel, Martens & Walker, 2008. Core Curriculum for Lactation Consultant Practice (2nd ed.), page 197-

Apoptosis Programmed normal cell death. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 863. Applied research Research that focuses on solving or finding an answer to a clinical or practical problem. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 863. Areola The darker pigmented skin that surrounds the nipple. Contains sebaceous glands (Montgomery Glands) Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 863. Aspirin Salicylate analgesic, L3. Use associated with Reye's Syndrome in infants. Hale, 2010. Medications and Mother's Milk (14th ed.), page 87. Atopic eczema Inherited allergic tendency to skin rashes or inflammation. Exclusively breastfed infants are less likely to develop as cow's milk protein is a common allergen. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 863. Autocrine control The point in lactation when milk supply is controlled by milk removal. Local control in the breast. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 92. Autonomy The capacity of a rational individual to make an informed, un-coerced decision. Wikipedia. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomy#Medicine. Average The middle value of a data set. Add all the numbers and divided by the amount of numbers in the set. Wikipedia. Available online: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Average. Axilla Underarm. Breast tissue (the axillary tail) can sometimes extend into axilla. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 863-864. B Cell Lymphocyte produced in bone marrow and peripheral lymphoid tissue; found in breastmilk. Attacks antigens. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 864. β lactaglobin

Major protein in bovine milk. Hale & Hartman, 2007. Textbook of Human Lactation, page 40. Back to sleep A campaign that significantly reduced SIDS. Babies are less prone to SIDS when sleeping on their back. Mannel, Martens & Walker, 2008. Core Curriculum for Lactation Consultant Practice (2nd ed.), page 632. Bactericidal Destroys bacteria. Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary. www.merriam-webster.com/medical/bactericidal. Bacteriostatic Prevents the growth of bacteria. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 864. Bactrim/Septra Sulfonamide antibiotic, L3. The mixture of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole. No concerns reported via breastmilk. Hale, 2010. Medications and Mother's Milk (14th ed.), page 249. BALT/GALT/MALT Bronchus/gut/mammary-associated immunocompetent lymphoid tissue. Intermammary pathway. IgA antibodies are transferred through breastmilk to the infant. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 864. Basic research Research that generates knowledge for the sake of knowledge. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 864. Bed-sharing Sharing adult bed with baby. Questioned safety in reduction of SIDS. Safe bed sharing has been shown to extend the duration of breastfeeding. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 282-283. Bellagio Consensus Conference Meeting to develop protocol for the Lactational Amenorrhea Method of birth control. 1988. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 714-715. Beneficence The duty to do good. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 31. BFHI Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative Initiative by UNICEF and WHO (1991) to support breastfeeding in hospitals and maternity centers. "The 10 Steps". Unicef. Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative. Available online: http://www.unicef.org/programme/breastfeeding/baby.htm.

Bioavailable The amount of a nutrient that is actually absorbed by the body. Nutrients found in breastmilk are easily absorbed by the infant's body. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 864. Bisphenol A (BPA) organic compound found in plastics. Linked to disease in infants. Now banned. (BPA) organic compound found in plastics. Linked to disease in infants. Now banned. Bivariate Statistics derived from the analysis of the relationship between two variables. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 864. Blessed thistle An herbal galactagogue. L3. Walker, 2009. Breastfeeding Management for the Clinician: Using the Evidence (2nd ed.), page 592. Bolus A quantity of medication given by IV, or a quantity of fluid (milk) given orally. Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary. www.merriam-webster.com/medical/bolus. Bradycardia Relatively slow heart rate. Opposite of tachycardia. Merriam Webster Medical Dictionary. www.merriam-webster.com/medical/bradycardia. Breastfeeding dyad A breastfeeding mother and baby. Buccal pads Fat pads on the masseter muscles in an infant's cheeks giving them a plump cheeked appearance. Provide stability for the tongue during suckling. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 864. Calories in breastmilk Mature milk has approximately 20 cal/oz. Mannel, Martens & Walker, 2008. Core Curriculum for Lactation Consultant Practice (2nd ed.), page 227. Candidiasis Fungal infection caused by Candida albicans; also called "thrush." Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 864. Caput succedaneum Diffuse swelling or collection of serum under the scalp of the newborn from birth trauma. Differentiated from cephalhematoma by unrestriction by the sutures of the skull. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 864. Casein

The main protein in breastmilk. Creates the curd when digested in the infant stomach. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 864. Walker, 2009. Breastfeeding Management for the Clinician: Using the Evidence (2nd ed.), page 26. Central pedicle technique Breast reduction surgical technique. Intended to keep ducts intact. Mannel, Martens & Walker, 2008. Core Curriculum for Lactation Consultant Practice (2nd ed.), page 654. Cephalexin/Keflex Antibiotic, L1. Observe for change in intestinal flora; compatible. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 178. Cephalhematoma Collection of blood beneath the periosteum due to birth trauma; contrasted with caput succedaneum, where the effusion overlies the periosteum and consists of serum. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 864. Chamomile A herb, L3. Used for anti-inflammatory, calminative, antispasmodic, milk sedative, and antiseptic properties. No concerns reported via breastmilk. Hale, 2010. Medications and Mother's Milk (14th ed.), page 202. Chicken pox A virus infection, mothers can continue to breastfeed. Antibodies from her breastmilk provides immunity for the baby. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 202-203. Chi-square Statistical procedure that uses nominal level data and determines significant differences between observed frequencies in relation to data and expected frequencies. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 864. Choanal atresia A rare congenital anomaly, blocked posterior nostrils on one or both sides. Feedings by mouth are either difficult or impossible. Surgery opens the airways. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 644. Chylothorax Congenital anomaly, obstruction of the lymphatic system. Chyle (lymphatic fluid) collects in the chest cavity and is drained via chest tubes. Managed by diet and medication. Fat free breastmilk has been used successfully. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 648-649. Ciprofloxacin (Cipro)

Antibiotic, L3. Recently approved by AAP. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 178. Hale, 2010, Medications in Mothers' Milk. p. 224. Claritin/Loratadine Long-acting antihistamine, L1. Observe for sedation, dry mouth, and tachycardia. Hale, 2010. Medications and Mother's Milk (14th ed.), page 617. CMV Cytomegalovirus Type of herpes virus found in human milk, genital tract, urine, and pharynx. Transmitted by close contact. Avoid pumping or breastfeeding in premature infants if mom has acute infection. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 204. Colic Syndrome in early infancy characterized by episodic loud crying, apparent abdominal pain (legs drawn up and rigid abdomen) and irritability. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 864-865. Colostrum First milk created during late pregnancy and early postpartum period. Has higher concentrations of immunoglobins, fat soluble vitamins and some minerals. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 865. Comfrey An herbal poultice, L5. Is not considered safe due to alkaloids found in breastmilk after use. Hale, 2010. Medications and Mother's Milk (14th ed.), page 259. Conceptual framework Structure of interrelated concepts that may be generated inductively by qualitative research to provide a base for quantitative study. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 865. Congenital infection Infection existing at birth that was acquired via placenta. Includes HIV and TORCH organisms. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 865. Conjunctivitis Inflammation of the mucous membrane that lines the eyelid. Sometimes treated with fresh breastmilk. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 865. Construct Higher order theoretical or empirical idea or phenomenon that has abstract meaning and requires multiple concepts to represent it more concretely. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 865. Contraception

Preventing conception. Hormonal pill, barrier methods, intrauterine device. Breastfeeding can provide contraceptive protection. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 865. Cooper's ligaments Also know as the "suspensory ligaments." Attaches the skin of the breast to the chest wall. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 82. Cord blood Blood remaining in the umbilical cord after birth. May be saved for later stem cell transplantation. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 865. Correlation coefficient Statistic that indicates the degree of relationship between two variables. The range in value is +1.00 to - 1.00; 0.0 indicates no relationship, +1.00 is a perfect positive relationship, and - 1.00 is a perfect inverse relationship. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 865. Creamotcrit The amount of cream in a milk sample. The amount of cream (fat) varies from mother to mother, feeding to feeding, and throughout the course of lactation. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 865. Cross-nursing Informal, short term wet nursing. Typically seen in the context of child care. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 865. Cultural competency Ability to understand, communicate, and interact effectively with people from different cultures. Four components: Awareness of one's own cultural worldview; attitude towards cultural differences; knowledge of different cultural practices and worldviews; cross-cultural skills. Wikipedia. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_Competency. Cultural relativism Acknowledging the variation in beliefs and actions given to the behaviors of different cultures. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 865. Culture The values, beliefs, norms, and practices shared by a group of people that guide the thoughts and behaviors of that group. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 865. Cyanotic/Cyanosis Bluish coloring due to low oxygen levels. Mannel, Martens & Walker, 2008. Core Curriculum for Lactation Consultant Practice (2nd ed.), page 296-

Cytoprotective Protection from inflammation and death for cells. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 854. De- Latin word meaning "of" or "from." Wikipedia. Available online: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De. Deductive reasoning Process of reasoning from a general premise to the concrete and specific. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 865. Deontology Approach to ethics that judges the morality of an action based on the action's adherence to rules. Described as duty or obligation, because rules 'binds you to your duty'. Wikipedia. Available online: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deontology. Dependent variable Variable the investigator measures in response to the independent or treatment variable; the outcome variable that is affected by the independent variable. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 865. DHA & ARA Docosahexanoic acid and Arachidonic acid. Essential fatty acids known for improving visual acuity and cognitive ability. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 125-126. Diffusion Process by which the molecules of one substance (e.g., a drug) are spread uniformly throughout blood or plasma. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 866. Dioxin Chemical contaminant in the environment. As dioxin levels increase, the EPA has still determined it safe for mothers to breastfeed in the United States. Mannel, Martens & Walker, 2008. Core Curriculum for Lactation Consultant Practice (2nd ed.), page 369. Disaccharide Complex sugar consisting of two monosaccharides. Forms the principle sugar in breastmilk, known as lactose. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 866. Distal Remote from the point of attachment or origin. Opposite of proximal. Wikitionary. Available online: http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/distal. Dong quai

Herb contraindicated in lactation. Used to quell uterine cramps. Humphrey, 2003. The Nursing Mother's Herbal, page 239. Donor milk Human milk voluntarily given to a milk bank. Donor is screened, milk is pasteurized. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 866. Dopamine A prolactin inhibiting factor. Decrease releases prolactin and milk production begins. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 88. Down Syndrome Duplication of the 21st chromosome. Characterized by epicanthal folds, a flat nasal bridge, broad hands and short fingers, a single crease in the upper palm (simian crease), a flattened forehead, small mouth, large tongue (macroglossia), and hypotonia. Some have congenital heart disease. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 636. DRGs Diagnostic Related Groups, used by insurance companies for reimbursement. Diagnostic Related Groups, used by insurance companies for reimbursement. Wikipedia. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagnosis-related_group. Drip milk Milk that leaks from the opposite breast during a feeding. This milk is low in fat. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 866. Ductules The small ducts in the mammary gland that transfer the milk from the alveoli to the lactiferous ducts. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 866. Echinacea Herbal immunostimulant, L3. Known for stimulating immune system and wound healing. No concerns reported via breastmilk. Hale, 2010. Medications and Mother's Milk (14th ed.), page 348. Eczema A skin inflammation or rash. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 866. Eminences of the pars villosa "Tiny swellings on the inner surfaces of the infant's lips that help the infant to retain a grasp on the breast during suckling." Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 866. EMM/EBM Expressed Mother's Milk/Expressed Breastmilk. Walker, 2009. Breastfeeding Management for the Clinician: Using the Evidence (2nd ed.), page 163.

Endocrine control The point in lactation when milk supply is hormone driven. Milk will come in whether or not a mother is breastfeeding. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 92. Enteromammary system Antigens enter maternal gut, pass to the lymph system where IgA specific antibodies are produced, then enter breastmilk. Hale and Hartman, 2007. Textbook of Human Lactation, page 200, 206 Enveloped virus Virus that cannot infect other cells without a coat (envelope). If the envelope is destroyed (e.g., by heat or soap and water) it is unable to produce infection. Ex. Cytomegalovirus and the human immunodeficiency virus. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 866. Epidemiology Study of the frequency and distribution of disease and the factors causing that frequency and distribution. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 866. Epidural Analgesia for childbirth. Anesthesia is placed in the epidural space just outside of the dura mater. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 217. Epiglottis Cartilaginous structure of the larynx, just below the soft palate. When the infant swallows it closes the larynx maintaining passage of milk to the esophagus. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 866. Estrogen This hormone dramatically drops after birth allowing milk production to begin. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 88. Ethical altruism Ethical doctrine that holds that individuals have a moral obligation to help, serve, or benefit others, if necessary at the sacrifice of self interest. Wikipedia. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethical_altruism. Ethical egoism Ethical position that moral agents ought to do what is in their own self-interest. Wikipedia. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethical_egoism. Ethnocentrism Assessing other cultures based on how one's own culture defines appropriate behavior. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 866. Ethnography

A research method that attempts to understand the beliefs, practices, and behaviors of the culture of study from the perspective of those living within the culture. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 866. Exclusive Breastfeeding Feeding with only breastmilk, no supplements of water, glucose water, artificial breastmilk, or foods. Mannel, Martens & Walker, 2008. Core Curriculum for Lactation Consultant Practice (2nd ed.), page 296-

Exercise and breastfeeding Moderate exercise is fine. Exercise to exhaustion can increase lactic acid levels in milk and baby may refuse to breastfeed. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 501. Exocytosis A cell releases secretory vesicles as in production of protein and lactose in the alveoli. Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary. www.merriam-webster.com/medical/exocytosis. Exogenous Derived from outside the body - such as iron supplements. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 866. Expected daily weight gain in the first 3 months 15 - 30 grams or 1/2 to 1 ounce a day. Walker, 2009. Breastfeeding Management for the Clinician: Using the Evidence (2nd ed.), page 284. Expected daily weight gain in the first 3 months 15 - 30 grams or 1/2 to 1 ounce a day. Walker, 2009. Breastfeeding Management for the Clinician: Using the Evidence (2nd ed.), page 284. Extension Unbending movement around a joint in a limb that increases the angle between the bones. Opposite of Flexion. Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary. www.merriam-webster.com/medical/extension. External validity Extent to which study findings can be generalized to samples and settings different from those studied. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 867. Extraneous variable Variables that can affect the relationship of the independent and dependent variables (i.e., interfere with the effect of treatment. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 867. Fat soluble vitamins

Vitamins including A, D, E, K. These vitamins are not affected by recent maternal diet, as they can be stored in the body. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 128. Fentanyl/Sublimaze Opiate analgesic, L2. A narcotic analgesic used during labor and delivery. Controversy about effect on breastfeeding. Hale, 2010. Medications and Mother's Milk (14th ed.), page 405. Fenugreek Most commonly used herb to stimulate milk production. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 175. Fibroadenoma Glandular structure (such as breast) with a large amount of fibrous tissue (benign tissue). Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary. www.merriam-webster.com/medical/fibroadenoma and http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/adenoma. Finger feeding An alternative feeding method that involves a feeding tube running along side the finger during a feed. It is believed to help coordinate suck, swallow, and breath and allows baby to pace themselves. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 232-233. Flange Hard plastic shields used to collect milk while pumping. Sometimes a soft plastic or silicone. The nipple opening is often available in a variety of diameter sizes to accommodate differing nipple sizes. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 396 & 398. Flash heating Quick, high temperature pasteurization. You Tube. www.youtube.com/watch?v=NNw1odieIoI Flat nipple A nipple that does not protrude out or retract in (it is neither everted or inverted). It may or may not have slight movement inward or outward when stimulated or compressed. Mannel, Martens & Walker, 2008. Core Curriculum for Lactation Consultant Practice (2nd ed.), page 205. Flexion Bending movement around a joint in a limb that decreases the angle between the bones of the limb at the joint. Opposite of extension. Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary. www.merriam- webster.com/medical/flexion?show=0&t=1296702486. Flow rate Refers to the milk flow during milk ejection. Can also refer to the flow of a bottle nipple. When the milk flow is high the baby sucks slower and when the milk flow is low the baby sucks faster.

Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 445 & 450. Mannel, Martens & Walker, 2008. Core Curriculum for Lactation Consultant Practice (2nd ed.), page 523. Fluconazole/Diflucan Antibiotic, L2. Safe; no untoward effects have been reported. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 179. Foods containing B Meat, fish, poultry, beans, and many fruits and vegetables, such as bananas and spinach. National Institutes of Health. Office of Dietary Supplement. //ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminB6- HealthProfessional/. Foods containing calcium Milk, milk products, broccoli, kale, and most grains. National Institutes of Health. Office of Dietary Supplement. //ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Calcium- Consumer/. Foods containing folic acid Leafy green vegetables, citrus fruits, dried beans and peas. National Institutes of Health. Office of Dietary Supplement. //ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Folate- HealthProfessional/. Foods containing iron Meat, fish, poultry, lentils, and beans. National Institutes of Health. Office of Dietary Supplement. //ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Iron- HealthProfessional/. Foods containing Vit B Animal products, such as fish, meat, poultry, eggs, milk and milk products. For vegetarians, fortified cereals or nutritional yeast. National Institutes of Health. Office of Dietary Supplement. //ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/vitaminb12/. Foods containing Vit C Citrus fruits, peppers, broccoli, and strawberries. National Institutes of Health. Office of Dietary Supplement. //ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminC- Consumer/. Foods containing Vit E Nuts, seeds, vegetable oils, and green leafy vegetables. National Institutes of Health. Office of Dietary Supplement. //ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/vitamine/. Foremilk The milk at the beginning of a breastfeeding. This milk has low fat content. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 867. Fortification of breastmilk

The process of adding extra nutrients to breastmilk for premature infants. These nutrients can be derived from human milk or cow's milk base. Walker, 2009. Breastfeeding Management for the Clinician: Using the Evidence (2nd ed.), page 46-47. Fourth intercostal nerve Essential for inervation of the nipple. Enters the areola at 5 o'clock position on the left breast and the 7 o'clock position on the right breast. Walker, 2009. Breastfeeding Management for the Clinician: Using the Evidence (2nd ed.), page 56. Frenotomy Release of tongue tie by clipping the lingual frenulum. Often preformed without anesthesia with few complications. Mannel, Martens & Walker, 2008. Core Curriculum for Lactation Consultant Practice (2nd ed.), page 389. Frenulectomy/frenuloplasty Surgical procedure to release a tongue tie. Used for more extensive tongue tie. Mannel, Martens & Walker, 2008. Core Curriculum for Lactation Consultant Practice (2nd ed.), page 389. Frenulum Membrane on the underside of the tongue that anchors it to the floor of the mouth. If short or tight it may restrict tongue extension and cause breastfeeding problems. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 867. Gag reflex Reflex that protects the airway by causing a contraction in the back of the throat. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 229 & 585. Galactocele A milk filled lacteal cyst. Most frequent lump found in a lactating breast. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page311. Galactogogue A food, herb or drug that is thought to increase milk supply in lactating women. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 867. Galactopoiesis Maintaining lactation once lactogenesis has been established. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 867. Galactorrhea Secretion of breastmilk in non-lactation women. Common among women who have previously been pregnant or breastfed. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 93. Galactose A monosaccharide derived from lactose. Helps with central nervous system development. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 867.

Galactosemia Disorder of the metabolism of galactose, a milk sugar. Baby must be on galactose-free formula. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 650 & 652. Gastroenteritis Inflammation of the stomach and intestines resulting from bacterial or viral invasion. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 867. Gastroschisis Congenital malformation characterized by herniation of abdominal contents through a fusion defect. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 867. Gentian violet Purple dye with antifungal properties used to treat candida. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 303-304. Gestational age Infant's age since conception, usually specified in weeks and partial weeks. Counted from the first day of the last normal menstrual period. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 867. Gigantomastia Massive enlargement of breasts during pregnancy can result in tissue necrosis, ulceration, and infection. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 307. Goat's Rue An herbal galactagogue. Chemically similar to metformin. Walker, 2009. Breastfeeding Management for the Clinician: Using the Evidence (2nd ed.), page 592. Golgi apparatus Cytoplasmic organelle that is active in production and transport of breastmilk proteins—called also Golgi complex. Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary. www.merriam-webster.com/medical/golgi%20apparatus. Group B Strep Common streptococcus bacteria in lower intestines. Harmless in adults, serious infection in neonates. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 526. H1N Commonly called the Swine Flu. Mother baby separation needed during communicable stage. May feed pumped breastmilk. www.cdc.gov/h1n1flu/infantfeeding.htm Half-life Length of time for half of a drug dosage to be eliminated. Five half-lives from time of original dosage usually clears the drug. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 867.

Hand expression The manual removal of milk. Mothers push hands back towards chest wall and then roll fingers towards the nipple. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 241. Harlequin sign Harmless color change in a newborn in which the dependent side of the body is a deep color while the other side is pale. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 867. HBIG Hepatitis B specific immunoglobulin. Infants who are born to mothers with hepatitis B should receive this immunization at birth. Mannel, Martens & Walker, 2008. Core Curriculum for Lactation Consultant Practice (2nd ed.), page 698. HBV Hepatitis B Virus. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 205. HELLP syndrome H (intravascular hemolysis), EL (elevated liver enzymes; LP (low platelets). Develops as a result of pre- eclampsia in about 0.1% of women. Mannel, Martens & Walker, 2008. Core Curriculum for Lactation Consultant Practice (2nd ed.), page 610-

Hematemesis Vomiting of blood. The bleeding may be from the infant's upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract or a crack in the mother's nipple. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 867. Hepatitis A Acute viral infection of the liver usually transmitted through food and water-borne routes. The newborn can be infected by vertical transmission from the mother. Baby and mother should be given gamma globulin. Breastfeeding can proceed as normal. Mannel, Martens & Walker, 2008. Core Curriculum for Lactation Consultant Practice (2nd ed.), page 697. Hepatitis B Acute viral infection of the liver. It is safe for baby to breastfeed from infected mother, if baby receives a hepatitis vaccine with 12 hours after birth. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 205. Hepatitis C Chronic viral infection of the liver. Breastfeeding is allowed if mother's titers are not high. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 205-206. Hepatitis D

Viral infection of the liver, usually a co-infection with Hepatitis B. Once immunization has begun breastfeeding can begin. Mannel, Martens & Walker, 2008. Core Curriculum for Lactation Consultant Practice (2nd ed.), page 698. Hepatitis E Viral infection of the liver that is self-limited and is not chronic. It is typically association with water contamination. Breastfeeding is considered safe. Mannel, Martens & Walker, 2008. Core Curriculum for Lactation Consultant Practice (2nd ed.), page 698. Hepatitis G Viral infection of the liver is associated with blood transfusions and has not been proven to transmit through breastmilk. Mannel, Martens & Walker, 2008. Core Curriculum for Lactation Consultant Practice (2nd ed.), page 698. Heroine Narcotic analgesic, L5. Not recommended for breastfeeding. Infant should be observed for sedation, tremors, vomiting, restlessness, and poor feeding. Hale, 2010. Medications and Mother's Milk (14th ed.), page 500. HSV Herpes Simplex Virus Sexually transmitted disease. Type 1 is infection of the genitalia. Type 2 occurs in the mouth region. However, lesions can occur on any place of the body including the breasts. Infants should not come in contact with active lesions. Good hand washing should be encouraged. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 201-202. High Temperature Short Time Pasteurization Method of pasteurization of breastmilk to preserve nutrients. www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/265421/high-temperature-short-time-method Hind-milk The milk at the end of a breastfeeding. This milk has a higher fat content. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 867. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome HIV/AIDS Sexually transmitted disease. Antiretroviral drugs are helpful in prevention of it's spread to infant during pregnancy. In the U.S. it is recommended that women do not breastfeed. In developing countries exclusive breastfeeding is recommended. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 198-199. Holder pasteurization A pasteurization process in which the milk is heated to 62.5o Celsius for 30 minutes, and then rapidly cooled in ice water. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 482. Horizontal axis

The "Y" axis in a graph The X-axis and Y-asix remembered. www.gradeamathhelp.com/x-axis-and-y-axis.html Horizontal transmission Transmission of pathogens through direct contact. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 867. Hospital grade breast pump Bilateral electric breast pump. Used in hospitals, available for rent in community. Achieves more effective suction levels and frequency. Mannel, Martens & Walker, 2008. Core Curriculum for Lactation Consultant Practice (2nd ed.), page 526. HTLV 1 Human Lymphotropic Virus. Causes T-cell leukemia and lymphoma. Breastfeeding is not recommended. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 206. Human Growth Hormone Found in human milk, it provides growth promoting and protective effects on cells. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 147. Human milk bank Organization that collects, screens, processes and distributes donor milk. The milk is dispensed on prescription for infants and adults in need. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 868. Human milk fortifiers Nutrients derived from human milk or cow's milk and added to human milk to enhance the growth of very low birth weight infants. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 868. Hyper- Meaning "excessive." Wiktionary. en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hyper-. Hyperadenia Mammary tissue without a nipple present (sometimes seen in axilla). Creasy, Resnik, Iams, 2004. Maternal-Fetal Medicine: Principles and Practice (5th ed.), page 139. Hyperalimentation Intravenous feeding of an infant, commonly a very premature infant, with a solution of amino acids, glucose, electrolytes, and vitamins. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 868. Hyperbilirubinemia A condition characterized by elevated levels of bilirubin and decreased elimination of bilirubin. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 367 & 370. Hyperprolactinemia

Higher-than-normal prolactin levels, which may result in spontaneous breastmilk production and amenorrhea. Causes include pituitary tumors and some pharmaceuticals. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 868. Hyperthelia Having supernumerary nipples (extra nipples). Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary. www.merriam-webster.com/medical/hyperthelia. Hypo- Meaning "deficient." Wiktionary. en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hypo-. Hypoglycemia Low blood glucose levels. Breastfed infants tend to have lower glucose levels than formula fed infants. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 233. Hypothalamus Links the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland. Secrets the prolactin-inhibiting factor (dopamine). Mannel, Martens & Walker, 2008. Core Curriculum for Lactation Consultant Practice (2nd ed.), page 225. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 88. Hypoxia Low blood oxygen causing tachycardia, hypertension, peripheral, vasoconstriction, dizziness, and mental confusion. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 868. IDM Infant of Diabetic Mother Walker, 2009. Breastfeeding Management for the Clinician: Using the Evidence (2nd ed.), page 227-241. IgE mediated allergy Allergic reaction to food causing immediate, systemic reaction; can sometimes be severe. Wikipedia. Available online: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_allergy. Immunoglobulin Proteins produced by plasma cells to respond to a immunogen. The 5 different types include: IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, and IgD. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 142. Incidence the relative frequency of occurrence of something Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 868. Incubation period Period between exposure to infectious pathogens and the first signs of illness. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 868.

Independent variable Experimental (treatment) variable that is manipulated by the investigator to influence the dependent (outcome) variable. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 868. Induced lactation The process of stimulating milk production in a woman who has not been pregnant for the current child. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 869. Inductive reasoning Process of reasoning from specific observations or abstractions to a general premise. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 869. Inferior pedicle technique Breast reduction surgical technique. Mannel, Martens & Walker, 2008. Core Curriculum for Lactation Consultant Practice (2nd ed.), page 654. Informed consent A patient has been given full information and offered appropriate options. Wikipedia. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informed_consent. Inframammary incision Technique used in breast augmentation where the incision is made in the fold under the breast and the implant is placed under the breast tissue. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 309. Insulin/humulin Hormone that regulates carbohydrate and fats. L1, no concerns reported breastmilk. Insulin is too large a molecule to be secreted into breastmilk. Hale, 2010. Medications and Mother's Milk (14th ed.), page 537. Internal validity Extent to which manipulation of the independent variable makes a significant difference on the dependent variable, or the extent to which the independent variable, rather than extraneous variables, has caused the change in the dependent variables. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 869. Intracellular Occurring within cells. For example, viruses live within cells as part of their reproductive period. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 869. Intrauterine Within the uterus; in utero. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 869. Intrauterine growth rate

Normal rate of weight gain of a fetus. It is considered by many to be the ideal growth rate for premature infants. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 869. Inverted nipple Nipple below the skin line. Umbilicated nipple can be pulled out or everted, while an invaginated nipple cannot be everted. Occurs in 3 percent of women. Involution When breasts return to a non-lactating state. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 869. Isoniazid Anti-tuberculosis agent, L3. No concerns reported via milk but infant should be monitored for toxicity. Hale, 2010. Medications and Mother's Milk (14th ed.), page 551. IUD Intrauterine device A birth control device inserted into the uterus. Non-hormonal types have been shown to have no effect on lactation. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 725-726. IUGR Intrauterine Growth Restriction. An infant with slower than expected intrauterine growth. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 671. Jaundice The yellow discoloration of skin, caused by high bilirubin levels. Physiologic jaundice usually resolves within the first weeks of life. Breastmilk jaundice is prolonged physiologic jaundice. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 375-376. Kernicterus Bilirubin encephalopathy, a form of brain damage resulting from unconjugated bilirubin entering the brain. Characterized by lethargy, poor feeding, vomiting, irregular respiration, perhaps death. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 370. Key milestones 1 month Watches faces intently, follows objects, reacts to noise. WebMD. Is Your Baby on Track? www.webmd.com/parenting/guide/is-your-baby-on-track. Key milestones 2 months Smiles at sound of voices. Lifts head and chest while on stomach. WebMD. Is Your Baby on Track? www.webmd.com/parenting/guide/is-your-baby-on-track. Key milestones 3 months Raises head and chest while on stomach, holds head up for periods of time, grasps objects, smiles at people, makes vowel noises.

WebMD. Is Your Baby on Track? www.webmd.com/parenting/guide/is-your-baby-on-track; Wikipedia. //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_development_stages. Key milestones 4 months Babbles, laughs, imitates sounds. Rolls over, sits with support, holds rattle. WebMD. Is Your Baby on Track? www.webmd.com/parenting/guide/is-your-baby-on-track. Key milestones 5 months Holds head steady, reaches for objects and gets them, places objects in mouth. Wikipedia. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_development_stages. Key milestones 6 months Rolls over, moves objects from hand to hand, pulls self up to sit, makes double syllable sounds like "dada". WebMD. Is Your Baby on Track? www.webmd.com/parenting/guide/is-your-baby-on-track; Wikipedia. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_development_stages. Key milestones 9 months Responds to name, finds partially hidden objects, sits without support, crawls, picks up objects with pincer grasp. WebMD. Is Your Baby on Track? www.webmd.com/parenting/guide/is-your-baby-on-track; Wikipedia. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_development_stages. Key milestones 12 months Walks with or without support, beginning to say words, imitates people. WebMD. Is Your Baby on Track? www.webmd.com/parenting/guide/is-your-baby-on-track. Key milestones 18 months Walks independently, drinks from a cup, says at least 15 words. WebMD. Is Your Baby on Track? www.webmd.com/parenting/guide/is-your-baby-on-track? L 1 Drugs that have been taken by a large number of breastfeeding mothers with no observed adverse effects in infants. Controlled studies have not shown any risk or harm to infant or the drug is not orally bioavailable in the infant. These drugs are considered "safest" to use when breastfeeding. Hale, 2010. Medications and Mother's Milk (14th ed.), page 15. L 2 Drugs that have not been widely studied in breastfeeding women, but have not been shown to have an adverse effect on the infant or the risk of adverse effect is unlikely. These drugs are considered "safe" for breastfeeding moms to use. Hale, 2010. Medications and Mother's Milk (14th ed.), page 15. L 3 Drugs that have no controlled studies on breastfeeding women or the adverse effect shown by controlled studies is only minimal. These drugs should only be given if the benefit justifies the potential risk to the

infant. These drugs are considered "moderately safe" for breastfeeding moms to use. Hale, 2010. Medications and Mother's Milk (14th ed.), page 15. L 4 Drugs with positive evidence of risk to breastfeed infant or to breastmilk production. However, the benefits for the breastfeeding mother may justify the risk to the infant. These types of drugs are considered "possibly hazardous" for breastfeeding women to use. Hale, 2010. Medications and Mother's Milk (14th ed.), page 15. L 5 These drugs are considered "contraindicated" for breastfeeding mothers to use. Studies or human experience have shown that there is a significant risk to infant. The risk of using these drugs in breastfeeding women clearly outweighs the benefit of breastfeeding. Hale, 2010. Medications and Mother's Milk (14th ed.), page 15. Lactase Enzyme needed by the infant to breakdown lactose in breastmilk to simple sugars. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 869. Lactiferous ducts The 15-24 milk ducts that collect milk from ductules and carry it to the nipple. If the alveoli are the "grapes" these structures would be the "stems". Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 869. Lactobacillus bifidus Main bacteria in the intestine of a breastfed infant. Called the bifidus factor, promotes the growth of beneficial bacteria. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 144. Lactocyte An epithelial cell that lines the alveoli. Secretory cell. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 165. Lactoengineering The process of adding nutrients to human milk that are derived from human milk. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 869. Lactoferrin An iron binding protein that prevents gastrointestinal diseases. Found only in human milk, not bovine milk. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 144. Lactogenesis The onset of milk production. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 869. Lactogenesis I