Immunology and Pathophysiology Concepts, Exams of Nursing

Download Immunology and Pathophysiology Concepts and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! Examination for Essential of Pathophysiology 2063 final exam {well researched questions and answers that are from trusted sources} A 6-year-old female is diagnosed with a bacterial infection of the respiratory system. Which of the following will most likely try to fight the antigen? CORRECT ANSWER>>>>>Antibodies Which statement indicates a correct understanding of antibodies? The most abundant class of antibody in the serum is: CORRECT ANSWER>>>>>IgG The predominant antibody of a typical immune response is: CORRECT ANSWER>>>>>IgM The post-surgical patient is experiencing delayed wound healing. The dietician believes the delay is related to nutritional intake. A deficiency in which of the following substances could directly affect healing? CORRECT ANSWER>>>>>Vitamin D Which of the following individuals would be at greatest risk for an opportunistic infection? a. 18 year old with diabetes b. 70 year old with congestive heart failure c. 24 year old who is immunocompromised d. 30 year old with pneumonia CORRECT ANSWER>>>>>c. 24 year old who is immunocompromised A 10 year old male is diagnosed with a parasite. Which lab result should the nurse check for a response to the parasite? CORRECT ANSWER>>>>>Eosinophils When planning care for the pregnant patient, the nurse will recall that the mammary glands enlarge as a consequence of: CORRECT ANSWER>>>>>Hormonal hyperplasia When a nurse observes muscle stiffening occuring within 6 to 14 hours after death, the nurse should document this finding as _______ present CORRECT ANSWER>>>>>Rigor mortis 70 year old male with chronic renal failure presents with edema. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this condition? CORRECT ANSWER>>>>>Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure Which of the following patients is at most risk for developing hypernatremia? A patient with: CORRECT ANSWER>>>>>Dehydration Hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia are associated with CORRECT ANSWER>>>>>Hypertonic hyponatremia A 52 year old diabetic male presents to the ER with lethargy, confusion, and depressed reflexes. His wife indicates that he does not follow the prescribed diet and takes his medication sporadically. Lab results indicate hyperglycemia. Which assessment finding is most likely to occur? CORRECT ANSWER>>>>>Decreased sodium Which organ system should the nurse monitor when the patient has long term potassium deficits? CORRECT ANSWER>>>>>Kidneys A nurse recalls regulation of acid-base balance through removal or retention of volatile acids is: CORRECT ANSWER>>>>>lungs Physiologic pH is maintained around 7.4 because carbonic acid and bicarbonate exist in a ratio of: CORRECT ANSWER>>>>>1:20 A patient presents with poison ivy on the extremities, face, and buttocks. This condition is an example of: CORRECT ANSWER>>>>>Delayed hypersensitivity A 10 year old male is brough to the ER because he is incoherent and semiconscious. CT scan reveals that he is suffering from cerebral edema. This type of edema is referred to as: CORRECT ANSWER>>>>>Localized edema The predominant phagocyte of early inflammation is the CORRECT ANSWER>>>>>Neutrophil Which patient will develop active immunity? A patient who: CORRECT ANSWER>>>>>Has natural exposure to an antigen or receives an immunization A 75 year old male presents with chest pain on exertion. The chest pain is most likely due to hypoxic injury secondary to: CORRECT ANSWER>>>>>Ischemia Which of the following is a characteristic of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which causes AIDS? CORRECT ANSWER>>>>>HIV is a retrovirus A patient has been searching the internet about natriuretic hormones. When the patient asks the nurse what do these hormones do, how should the nurse respond? Natriuretic hormones affect the balance of: CORRECT ANSWER>>>>>Sodium Which of the following patients should the nurse assess for a decreased oncotic pressure in the capillaries? A patient with: CORRECT ANSWER>>>>>Liver failure For a patient with respiratory acidosis, chronic compensation by the body will include: CORRECT ANSWER>>>>>Kidney excretion of H+ When a patient asks the nurse what hypersensitivity is, how should the nurse respond? Hypersensitivity is best defined as: CORRECT ANSWER>>>>>An excessive or inappropriate response of the immune system to a sensitizing antigen Which phase of catabolism produces the most ATP? CORRECT ANSWER>>>>>Citric acid cycle A 55 year old male is diagnosed with hepatocellular cancer secondary to hepatitis C. If the cancerous region of the liver were removed, the remaining cells would undergo: CORRECT ANSWER>>>>>Compensatory hyperplasia Which statement by the staff indicates teaching was successful concerning aldosterone? Secretion of aldosterone results in: CORRECT ANSWER>>>>>Increased blood volume Physiologic pH is maintained around 7.4 because carbonic acid and bicarbonate exist in a ratio of: CORRECT ANSWER>>>>>1:20 After teaching the students about B cells, which statement indicates teaching was successful? B cells are originally derived from cells of the: CORRECT ANSWER>>>>>Bone marrow When a nurse cares for a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), the nurse remembers this disease is an example of CORRECT ANSWER>>>>>Autoimmunity A 25 year old female experiences a headache and takes aspirin for relief. A nurse recalls aspirin relieves the headache by: CORRECT ANSWER>>>>>Decreasing prostaglandin production A 10 year old male is diagnosed with a parasite. Which lab result should the nurse check for a response to the parasite? CORRECT ANSWER>>>>>Eosinophils After a patient is exposed to a specific antigen, B cells will differentiate into CORRECT ANSWER>>>>>Plasma cells The complement, clotting, and kinin systems share which of the following characteristics? CORRECT ANSWER>>>>>Activation of a series of proenzymes A nurse is teaching the staff about antidiuretic hormone (ADH). Which information should the nurse include? Secretion of ADH is stimulated by: CORRECT ANSWER>>>>>Increased plasma osmolality The nurse would be correct in identifying the predominant extracellular cation as: CORRECT ANSWER>>>>>Sodium Water movement between the ICF and ECF compartments is determined by CORRECT ANSWER>>>>>Osmotic forces A 20 year old male shoots his hand with a nail gun while replacing roofing shingles. Which of the following cell types would be the first to aid in killing bacteria to prevent infection in his hand? CORRECT ANSWER>>>>>Neutrophils A macrophage was isolated and analyzed for major histocompatibility complex. Which of the following would be expected? CORRECT ANSWER>>>>>MHC I and II When the nurse is checking urinalysis, the finding that would alert the nurse to cellular injury is the presence of: CORRECT ANSWER>>>>>Excessive protein When a nurse observes muscle stiffening occuring within 6 to 14 hours after death, the nurse should document this finding as ___________ present. CORRECT ANSWER>>>>>Rigor mortis When planning care for a dehydrated patient, the nurse remembers the principle of water balance is closely related to ________ balance CORRECT ANSWER>>>>>Sodium A cell that is produced in the thymus and interacts with MHC class II molecules would have which of the following surface proteins? CORRECT ANSWER>>>>>CD4 Outcomes of laboratory tests include an elevated level of natriuretic peptides. Which organ is the primary assessment? CORRECT ANSWER>>>>>Heart Which statemtn indicates a correct understanding of antibodies? The most abundant class of antibody in the serum is: CORRECT ANSWER>>>>>IgG A 6 year old female is diagnosed with a bacterial infection of the respiratory system. Which of the following will most likely try to fight the antigen? CORRECT ANSWER>>>>>Antibodies A newborn is diagnosed with congenital intrinsic factor deficiency. Which of the following types of anemia will the nurse see documented on the chart? CORRECT ANSWER>>>>>Pernicious anemia A 35 year old female is diagnosed with vitamin B12 deficiency anemia (pernicious anemia). How should the nurse respond when the patient asks what causes pernicious anemia? A decrease in ______ is the most likely cause. CORRECT ANSWER>>>>>Intrinsic factor A 34 year old male presents in the emergency room with extreme fatigue and shortness of breath. His skin and sclera appear to have a yellowish discoloration. These assessment findings are consistent with which type of anemia? CORRECT ANSWER>>>>>Hemolytic anemia A 15 year old male is diagnosed with infectious mononucleosis. When the patient asks how he got this disease, how should the nurse respond? The most likely cause is: CORRECT ANSWER>>>>>Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) Thrombocytopenia may be: CORRECT ANSWER>>>>>Congenital or acquired A 1 year old female is diagnosed with anemia secondary to insufficient erythropoiesis. When the parents asked what caused this, how should the nurse respond? The most likely cause is: CORRECT ANSWER>>>>>An iron deficiency A 12 month old toddler weighing 18 pounds is brought to the clinic because of weakness, slow physical growth, and developmental delays. His mother reports that the only food he will consume is cow's milk. Considering this information, the nurse decides that the child probably has ______ anemia. CORRECT ANSWER>>>>>Iron deficiency Sickle cell disease is characterized by the presence of Hb S. A nurse is trying to differentiate between Hb S and normal Hb. Which of the following amino acids is present in Hb S and not present in normal Hb? CORRECT ANSWER>>>>>Valine A 25-year-old female has a child that is diagnosed with sickle cell anemia. She does not have the disease. Which of the following characterizes the genetic makeup of the parents with regard to this trait? CORRECT ANSWER>>>>>Hb S and Hb A Which major symptom in a patient with sickle cell anemia indicates to the nurse, the patient is experiencing a vaso-occlusive crisis? CORRECT ANSWER>>>>>Pain Which of the following symptoms would help a health care provider distinguish between ulcerative colitis and Crohn disease? CORRECT ANSWER>>>>>Malabsorption Which cells of the gastric glands secrete hydrochloric acid? CORRECT ANSWER>>>>>Parietal A nurse assesses the heart after acetylcholine because the effect of acetylcholine on the heart is to: CORRECT ANSWER>>>>>Decrease the heart rate A 20-year-old male underwent an echocardiogram to assess chest pain. Results revealed a congenital defect in papillary muscles. Which of the following would the nurse expect to occur? CORRECT ANSWER>>>>>Backward expulsion of the atrioventricular valves Clinical manifestations of bile salt deficiencies are related to poor absorption of: CORRECT ANSWER>>>>>Fats and fat-soluble vitamins A 50-year-old male is diagnosed with orthostatic hypotension. Which of the following symptoms would he most likely experience? CORRECT ANSWER>>>>>Correct Answer: Syncope and fainting Response Feedback: Orthostatic hypotension is often accompanied by dizziness, blurring or loss of vision, and syncope or fainting. A nurse recalls the internal lining of the cardiovascular system is formed by what tissue? CORRECT ANSWER>>>>>Endothelium A 65-year-old male is transported to the ER for chest pain. An electrocardiogram reveals a prolonged QRS interval. What is the nurse monitoring when the nurse observes the QRS complex on the electrocardiogram? The QRS complex reflects CORRECT ANSWER>>>>>Ventricular activity A 67-year-old female was previously diagnosed with rheumatic heart disease. Tests reveal lipoprotein deposition with chronic inflammation that impairs blood flow from the left ventricle into the aorta. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis recorded on the chart? CORRECT ANSWER>>>>>Aortic stenosis A 60-year-old female was diagnosed with mitral stenosis. As a result, the nurse realizes the patient has incomplete emptying of the: CORRECT ANSWER>>>>>Left atrium A DNA strand has a region with the sequence ATCGGAT. Which of the following would be a complementary strand? CORRECT ANSWER>>>>>TAGCCTA The nurse is teaching staff about the most common cause of Down syndrome. What is the nurse describing? CORRECT ANSWER>>>>>Maternal nondisjunction A 13-year-old girl has a karyotype that reveals an absent homologous X chromosome with only a single X chromosome present. What medical diagnosis will the nurse observe on the chart? CORRECT ANSWER>>>>>Turner syndrome An XXY person asks the nurse what this genetic disorder is called. What is the nurse's best response? This disorder is ____ syndrome. CORRECT ANSWER>>>>>Klinefelter A 15-year-old female is diagnosed with Prader-Willi syndrome. This condition is an example of: CORRECT ANSWER>>>>>Gene imprinting A nurse is discussing pre-invasive epithelial tumors of glandular or squamous cell origin. What is the nurse describing? CORRECT ANSWER>>>>>Cancer in situ An oncologist is discussing when a cancer cell loses differentiation. Which of the following is the oncologist describing? CORRECT ANSWER>>>>>Anaplasia Which statement indicates the patient has a good understanding of cancer risk factors? The most important environmental risk factor for cancer is exposure to: CORRECT ANSWER>>>>>Cigarette smoke Which of the following compounds has been shown to increase the risk of cancer when used in combination with smoking? CORRECT ANSWER>>>>>Alcohol A 50-year-old female presents with lightheadedness and overall abnormal feelings. Hyperaldosteronism is diagnosed. Which of the following symptoms would the nurse expect? CORRECT ANSWER>>>>>Hypokalemia The body's inability to conserve water and sodium when affected by Addisons disease is explained by which of the following conditions? CORRECT ANSWER>>>>>Aldosterone deficiency Which of the following diseases should the nurse teach the patient to prevent as it is the ultimate cause of death in the patient with diabetes? CORRECT ANSWER>>>>>Cardiovascular disease While reviewing lab results, the nurse recalls the most abundant cells in the blood are: CORRECT ANSWER>>>>>erythrocytes While planning care for a patient with inflammation, which principle will the nurse remember? The predominant phagocyte of early inflammation is the: CORRECT ANSWER>>>>>Neutrophil After birth, red blood cells are normally made only in the CORRECT ANSWER>>>>>Bone marrow While checking lab results, the nurse remembers the normal leukocyte count is: CORRECT ANSWER>>>>>5,000-10,000/mm3 When a nurse is reviewing lab results and notices that the erythrocytes contain an abnormally low concentration of hemoglobin, the nurse calls these erythrocytes: CORRECT ANSWER>>>>>Hypochromic A 5-year-old male was diagnosed with normocytic-normochromic anemia. Which of the following anemias does the nurse suspect the patient has? CORRECT ANSWER>>>>>Hemolytic anemia After intial compensation, what hemodynamic change should the nurse monitor for in a patient who has a reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes? CORRECT ANSWER>>>>>hyperdynamic circulatory state When a patient wants to know why vitamin B12 and folate deficiencies cause anemia, how should the nurse respond? CORRECT ANSWER>>>>>RBCs have a shorter life span A 21-year-old female was recently diagnosed with iron deficiency anemia. In addition to fatigue and weakness, which of the following clinical signs and symptoms would she most likely exhibit? CORRECT ANSWER>>>>>Spoon-shaped nails A 21-year-old woman was recently diagnosed with iron deficiency anemia. Her hematocrit is 32%. Which of the following treatments would the nurse expect to be prescribed for her? CORRECT ANSWER>>>>>Iron replacement A 15-year-old male is diagnosed with infectious mononucleosis. When that patient asks how he got this disease, how should the nurse respond? The most likely cause is: CORRECT ANSWER>>>>>Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) A 15-year-old male with infectious mononucleosis is being given instructions on how to prevent the spread of this infection to others. Which statement represents a correct instruction? CORRECT ANSWER>>>>>Do not share drinking glasses or eating utensils A 10-year-old male is diagnosed with leukemia. The nurse assesses for which other condition that could be associated with his disease? CORRECT ANSWER>>>>>Down sydrome A nurse is preparing to teach the most common malignancy in children. Which malignancy should the nurse discuss? CORRECT ANSWER>>>>>Leukemia A nurse is teaching the staff about oxytocin. Which information should the nurse include? Target cells for oxytocin are located in the: CORRECT ANSWER>>>>>Uterus A nurse monitors for the most common childhood cancer, which is: CORRECT ANSWER>>>>>Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)