Immunology/Serology and Blood Bank exam test, Exams of Biology

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Immunology/Serology and Blood Bank

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What is the definition of Immunology? - Correct Answer The study of the immune system. What is the definition of Serology? - Correct Answer The study or diagnostic examination of serum. This is used mainly to examine the immune system's response to pathogens and other foreign substances. What is an antigen? - Correct Answer A foreign substance that invades the body. The antigens can be molecules, viruses, blood cells, tumor cells, bacteria, or fungi. What is an antibody? - Correct Answer Antibodies are proteins that react specifically with antigens to counteract/fight them. What is natural resistance? - Correct Answer This is a type of immune response that all of us have because of present physical barriers (Ex. skin, and stomach acid). In natural resistance responses are nonspecific. Meaning that the body does not need previous exposure to cause a response. What are the 2 types of specific immunity and what cells are involved in each? - Correct Answer 1. Humoral Immunity- This provides protection against bacteria, toxins, and circulating antigens. This type of immunity involves B cells. B cells produce antibodies that react to the antigens.

2. Cell-Mediated Immunity: This provides protection against viruses, fungi, tumor cells, and intracellular organisms. This involves T cells, that activate cell-mediated immunity. What 3 properties are displayed in specific immunity? - Correct Answer -Recognition: The immune system's ability to recognize small differences in a vast number of antigens. -Specificity: The ability to direct response toward a specific antigen without reacting to other similar antigens. -Memory: The immune systems ability to remember an antigen long after initial exposure. What are the immunoglobulins that are at work in our body? - Correct Answer IgG: These are in the highest concentration. This immunoglobulin provides immunity to the fetus and newborn.

IgM: These are the largest of the immunoglobulins. They are the earliest immunoglobulin to be produced. IgA: This is the second most abundant immunoglobulin in blood. It is present in secretions such as tears and breast milk. It provides protection against organisms that invade through these sites. IgD: This is present in very small amounts. Its function is unclear. It is also found anchored to B cells, where it serves as a receptor. IgE: This is the least common immunoglobulin. It is involved in allergic reactions and increases in parasitic infections. What are some diseases of the immune system? - Correct Answer Autoimmune Diseases: Rheumatoid Arthritis, Lupus, Type 1 Diabetes. Hypersensitivities: Rhinitis, Asthma, Dermatitis. Malignancies: Lymphomas, Leukemias, Multiple Myeloma. Acquired Immunodeficiencies: Infections, Systematic disease, reactions to drugs. Congenital Immunodeficiencies: DiGeorge Syndrome, Severe combined immunodeficiency. What do immunological antigen-antibody tests look for? - Correct Answer Agglutination-Visible clumping of the cells as a result of reaction with specific antibodies. Agglutination Inhibition- No visible clumping of cells. This means that there is no reaction with specific antibodies. Precipitation- The formation of an insoluble complex when a specific antibody is reacted with a soluble agent. What is immunohematology? - Correct Answer The study of human blood groups. The tests usually being performed in the hospital blood bank. How is blood grouped in ABO grouping? - Correct Answer Your blood group is based on antigens that are found on the cell membranes of red blood cells. -A person who is grouped in group A has an A antigen on their RBCs. -A person who is grouped in group B has a B antigen on their RBCs. -A person who is group AB has A and B antigens on their RBCs. -A person who is O has neither antigen on their RBCs. What are ways of testing blood for the blood group antigens? - Correct Answer Slide Method: The patient's blood is combined with a commercial antiserum on a slide and is observed for agglutination. Tube Method: Tube grouping consists of forward grouping which identifies the antigens on the cells. As well as reverse grouping which identifies the blood group antibodies in patient plasma/serum. What is a Rh antigen? - Correct Answer Rh antigens aren't fully understood. As of right now we know that Rh antigens play a structural role in maintaining the red cell membranes and allow transport of some molecules across cell membranes.

How are Rh antigens detected? - Correct Answer The antigens are detected using agglutination techniques similar to those used for ABO grouping. A drop of blood is mixed with anti D and watched for agglutination. How does one's body start producing an Rh antibody? - Correct Answer This is not a naturally occurring antibody. Some one can start to produce it when they become sensitized to the D-antigen. Which can occur following blood transfusions, or during pregnancy.