Infant Cognitive and Emotional Development, Exams of Psychology

Download Infant Cognitive and Emotional Development and more Exams Psychology in PDF only on Docsity! PSYC 302 FINAL EXAM Questions And Correct Answers Verified Latest 2024-2025 Guaranteed Pass Grade A + UPDATED!! What is sensation - ---CORRECT ANSWER-->the process of basic information from the external world by receptors in the sense organs What is perception - ---CORRECT ANSWER-->the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information about the objects, events and spatial layout of the world around us How can you test infant's vision - ---CORRECT ANSWER-- >preferential-looking technique Habituation What is visual acuity - ---CORRECT ANSWER-->sharpness of vision What is contrast sensitivity? - ---CORRECT ANSWER-->the ability to detect differences in light and dark areas Why are babies bad at contrast sensitivity? - ---CORRECT ANSWER-->immature cone cells - but by 2 months, are developed to adult level What is visual scanning? - ---CORRECT ANSWER-->Moving the eyes to focus attention on different locations on objects or in scenes. What is perceptual constancy? - ---CORRECT ANSWER-- >perception of objects with constant size,shape, size, etc. despite changes in lighting, distance, etc. What is object segregation - ---CORRECT ANSWER-->the ability to perceieve the boundaries between objects What is common movement - ---CORRECT ANSWER-->when two segments always move together in same direction/speed causing baby to think it is one object What is some criticism of object permanence - ---CORRECT ANSWER-->-infants reach for objects in dark so they know objects are there even if can not see -violation of expectancy What is optical expansion - ---CORRECT ANSWER-->a depth cue for infants wherein an object blocks more of background, indicating object is nearing What is binocular disparity - ---CORRECT ANSWER-->the difference between the retinal image of an object in eaceh eye that results in two different signals sent to brain What are grasp errors? - ---CORRECT ANSWER-->when a child tries to pick up an object from a 2D representation (like a photo) What are media errors? - ---CORRECT ANSWER-->When a child uses interactive technology to try and pass an object through a screen What is habituation? - ---CORRECT ANSWER-->decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation What does habituation reveal about infant learning? - --- CORRECT ANSWER-->the speed of habituation relates to information processing speed What is statistical learning? - ---CORRECT ANSWER-->Detecting statistically predictable patterns in environment i.e. the regularity with which the sound of Mom's voice is followed by her face What is the Godilocks Effect for infant learning? - ---CORRECT ANSWER-->avoiding patterns in statistical learning that are too hard/esasy What is classical conditioning? - ---CORRECT ANSWER-- >Learning through association (i.e. infants meal through breast, so sucking motion at sight of breast) What is the unconditioned stimulus? - ---CORRECT ANSWER-->A stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning (i.e. nipple in mouth) What is unconditioned response? - ---CORRECT ANSWER-->a reflexive response that is elicited by the unconditional stimulus (i.e. sucking motion) What is the conditioned response - ---CORRECT ANSWER-->the orginally reflexive response that comes to be elicited by the conditioned stimulus (i.e. anticipatory sucking movement) What is Operant conditioning? - ---CORRECT ANSWER-- >learning relation between one's own behaviour and the consequenes Why do infants divide objects into categories? - ---CORRECT ANSWER-->allows them to make inferences about unknown objects What are the three categories that infants divide objects into? - ---CORRECT ANSWER-->inanimate objects, people, animals What does object categorization of objects look like in infancy? - ---CORRECT ANSWER-->at 4 months can distinguish cats and dogs; less than 18 months rely on presence of legs to categorize as animals or wheels to categorize as vehicles What is the key dimension that infants use to categorize objects - ---CORRECT ANSWER-->overall shape What are the three levels of category hierachies beyond infancy? - ---CORRECT ANSWER-->the superordinate level; the subordinate level; the basic level What is the superordinate level? - ---CORRECT ANSWER-->the most general level -i.e. animal in an animal/dog/poodle example What is the subordinate level? - ---CORRECT ANSWER-->the most specific level - i.e. poodle in animal/dog/poodle What is the basic level - ---CORRECT ANSWER-->the middle level, and often the first level learned, within a category hierarchy, such as "dog" in the animal/dog/poodle example What is joint attention? - ---CORRECT ANSWER-->focusing of attention on an object by 2 separate individuals What is intersubjectivity? - ---CORRECT ANSWER-->the mutual understanding that people share during communication What is theory of mind? - ---CORRECT ANSWER-->an understanding of how mental processes such as intentions, desires and beliefs influence behaviour What is the false-belief problem - ---CORRECT ANSWER-->a cognitive task used in psychology to assess an individual's ability to understand that someone else may hold a belief that contradicts actual facts or current information. What do nativists think of theory of mind? - ---CORRECT ANSWER-->that there exists a hypothesized brain mechanism devoted to understanding other human beings; autistic children support this hypothesis What to empiricists think of theory of mind - ---CORRECT ANSWER-->some say it is learned from experiences with situations, interactions with people, and growth of general information-processing skills is essential What is object substitution? - ---CORRECT ANSWER-->a form of pretense in which an object is used as something other than itself (broom = horse) What is sociodramatic play? - ---CORRECT ANSWER-->a sort of pretend play where kids enact dramas with other children -i.e. doctor with sick child How do Nativists think infants understand causality? - --- CORRECT ANSWER-->infants posses an innate causal module that allows them to understand causal relations How do empiricists think infants understand causality? - --- CORRECT ANSWER-->arises from observations of events in environment and from causal effects of infants actions Map the development of causal reasoning in infancy - --- CORRECT ANSWER-->By 6 months, develop understanding of physical causality By 2 years, can infer the causal impact of one variable based on information from another How do Nativists think infants develop spatial thinking? - --- CORRECT ANSWER-->an innate module How do Empircists think infants develop spatial thinking? - --- CORRECT ANSWER-->through learning mechanisms and experiences In terms of spatial thinking, what do Nativists and Empiricists agree on? - ---CORRECT ANSWER-->- early understandinf of spatial concepts (above, velow, left, right) - self-locomotion stimualtes processing of spatial information -certain parts of brain specizlied for spatial info - geometric information (length, angles, direction) is important in spatial processing What is Piaget's egocentric spatial representation? - --- CORRECT ANSWER-->his belief that infants can code spatial locations relative to one's own body Is Piaget's egocentric spatial representation absolute? - --- CORRECT ANSWER-->No, if hidden object is near a landmark, baby can find it How can children find objects with no landmarks/their position moved? - ---CORRECT ANSWER-->self-locomotion; assembling puzzles (makes them better at spatial transformation tasks) What are the restrictions of infants using landmarks for spatial understanding? - ---CORRECT ANSWER-->- must only be one landmark - hidden objects must be directly next to landmark (helps avoid poison/bacteria) - partially learned from parents/culture (think: eating bugs normal some places) Explain the Self-conscious emotions in infancy - ---CORRECT ANSWER-->- not innate (a sense of self needs to develop first) - discontinuous growth Outline process of identifying others emotions - ---CORRECT ANSWER-->- 3 months; can identify happy, fear, surprise - 7 months; can identify more expressions like fear, sad, interest - 3 years; label emotions on pictures What is Social Referncing? - ---CORRECT ANSWER-->usage of aprents faical expression to decide how to deal with novel situations What emotions are a homeless orphan more likely to detect? - - --CORRECT ANSWER-->anger, less likely for sadness What is inability to detect emotions linked ti? - ---CORRECT ANSWER-->mental health problems Discuss the timeline of understanding real/false emotions - --- CORRECT ANSWER-->- 1.5 years; recognize exaggeration - 3 years; starts to understand some emotion expressions are false; might mask negative emotions (when opening a bad gift) - 5 years; understanding of false emotin improves What are display rules - ---CORRECT ANSWER-->cultural expectations of emotions (how often to display, where, when to display) What is emotion regulation? - ---CORRECT ANSWER-->a set of conscious and unconscious processes used to monitor and modulate emotional experiences and expressions What is co-regulation? - ---CORRECT ANSWER-->when a caregiver provides comfort/distraction to help child reduce distress; helps develop emotional regulation Outline development of Emotion regulation - ---CORRECT ANSWER-->5 months; show signs of emotion regulation through self-comforting OR self-distraction 1 year; less self-comfort and more self-distraction Outline relation between emotion regulation to social competence - ---CORRECT ANSWER-->- better emotion regulation = more liked by peers - children who can't regulate emotions, more bullied - well regulated children = better academics Explain the parent's role in emotional development. - --- CORRECT ANSWER-->acts as a model of when/how to express emotion What can expressions of positive emotions at home lead to for an infant? - ---CORRECT ANSWER-->better emotion expression, socially skilled, low agression, better understanding of emotions What can expressions of negeative emotions at home lead to for an infant? - ---CORRECT ANSWER-->low levels of social competence, experience/express negative emotions What is the still-face paradigm? - ---CORRECT ANSWER-->When a child becomes upset and withdrawn if their mother looks at them with a still face What is a parents' emoiton socialization of their children? - --- CORRECT ANSWER-->the direct/indirect influence that parents have on their children's standards, values, ways of thinking; occurs through reponse/reaction to child's emotion Explain how dismissive or supportive reactions to children's emotions impact the child's emotions - ---CORRECT ANSWER-->- if dismissive = less emotionally and socially competent when exposed to a harsh home environment also causes them to blossom when their home environment is positive - i.e. impulsive children exhibit behaviour problems with harsh families but in positive families, less problems Explain Harlow's study - ---CORRECT ANSWER-->Harlow wanted to know if there was more to attachment than just being fed from the parent. - Harlow wanted to see if comfort was a factor - He made mothers out of wire and another out of cloth - Then he made the wire mother feed the monkeys to see if food mattered - The monkeys always chose the cloth mother so it showed that comfort mattered What is Attachment Theory? - ---CORRECT ANSWER-->- developed by john bowlby infants use their primary caregiver as a secure base - children are biologically predisposed to develope attachment with caregivers as a means of increasing the chances of survivial According to Bowbly, What is the purpose of attachment? - --- CORRECT ANSWER-->enhances survival chances, emotional security, co-regulation What is the Internal Working Model of Attachment? - --- CORRECT ANSWER-->The child develops a mental representation of the self, of attachment figures, and of relationships in general - influenced by how dependable their caregiver was How does the Internal Working Model of Attachment impact romantic relationships? - ---CORRECT ANSWER-->if caregiver is responsive = children expect relationships to be gratifying; as adults, look for satisfying relationships if caregiver is unresponsive = children develop a neg. pereception of relationships What are two key factors of the Strange Situation procedure for measuring quality of attachment? - ---CORRECT ANSWER-->- extent to which infant uses caregiver as secure base - how infant reacts to brief separation What are the three attachment styles of the Strange Situation? - ---CORRECT ANSWER-->- secure attachment (pos. relationship with caregiver; upset at first but happy when return and quick recovery; caregiver IS secure base) - Insecure resistant (clingy + stay close to caregiver; upset when caregiver leaves, not easily comforted + resists efforts to comfort) - Insecure avoidant (indifferent towards caregiver, avoids them; can be comforted by a STRANGER or parent) - Disorganized attachment (no consistent way of coping; confused/dazed behaviour) What is some criticism of the Strange Situation? - ---CORRECT ANSWER-->requires many resources, should measure with dimensions not categories; NOT a strange situation anymore (may children in daycares) What are some of the sources of individual differences in attachment style? - ---CORRECT ANSWER-->- parenting and attachment styles (responsiveness, how affection with child) - Parental sensitvity (expression of warmth, consistent responsiveness) - Genetic influences (epigenetics) - Cultural variations (fairly universal, but some cultures children less/more likely to stay physically close with mother) How to securely attached infants develop in life? - ---CORRECT ANSWER-->- better social skills - harmonious relationships with peers - better at understanding others emotions - less likely to develop mental.behavioural problems - more likekly to have positive emotions - less likely for abnormal behaviour - better academics