INS3003 Final Exam Study Guide Questions with 100% Correct Answers | Verified | Latest Upd, Exams of Advanced Education

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INS3003 Final Exam Study Guide

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WhatishouldiyouiknowiaboutitheiDestructivenessiofiNucleariWeapons?i WhatiisiFirebombing?Whatiisitheidaisyicutter?i-iCorrectiAnswer- NucleariWeaponsiareisupposeditoibeidestructive,ithat'sitheipoint.iOutia bilityitoikillihasiincreased;iweaponsihaveibecomeimoreipowerfuliandipr ecise.iBefore,iincendiaryidevices,ioridevicesidesignitoilightifiresiwasiwer eiusediiniWWIIitoiincreaseitheicapacityitoikill.iFirebombsiwereiusediiniDr esen,iHamburg,iandiTokyoitoikillihundredsiofipeople.iTheiDaisyicutteriisi aitriggerisetioniaibombithatiallowsitheibombitoigoioffibeforeiimpact,ither eforeimakingiitimoreidestructivei-iwithiailargeriblastizone. Whatiisitheibattlefieldiutilityiofinucleariweapons?i-iCorrectiAnswer- TacticaliNucleariweaponsihaveibattlefieldiutilityiinitheisenseithatitheyiar eimoreipreciseiwithiheavyiimpact.iSmallerinucleariweaponsidoinotidestr oyientireicitiesibutiweistillidoinotiuseithem. Whatiisitheimoraliargumentiagainstinucleariweapons?i-iCorrectiAnswer- Theimoraliargumenticanifirstlyibeiseeniinitheilongilastingieffectsiofinucle ariweapons.iTheyiareiPotentiallyiworseithanitheifireibombingibecauseit heiradiationiaspecticausesidamageitoibeicausedieveniafteritheiwariisiove r.iThisicanibeidemonstratediiniasiUSiCitizensiwereiaskedirightiafteriWWII iifitheyiagreediwithiusingitheiatomicibombiagainstiJapan,iandi80%iofithe misaidiYES.iInitially,itheiUSipubliciwereistillisupportingitheiuseiofitheiato

micibomb.iAsitimeiwention,ithereiwasiaistrongireactioniAGAINSTinuclea riweapons. Theinormibecameinon- useiofinucleariweapons.iInstead,itheyiwereiusediasideterrence.iTheinewi globalinormiofinoneiuseimeantithatianyidemocracyitoiuseithe,iwouldibei aniinternationalicriminal,iasiaudienceicostsioutweighianyigoodiforitheist ate. WhatiisiNucleariTaboo?i-iNinaiTannenwaldi-iCorrectiAnswer- NinaiTannenwaldiclaimsiitiisitabooitoievenimentioniusinginucleariweapo ns.iBecauseieveniwhenistatesihaveiissuesianditensionsibeginitoirise,iyoui still don'tithreatenitheiuseiofinucleariweapons.iThisiisidueitoitheiextreme/la rgeinormiofinon- use,ithusimakingiiti"taboo".iAniexampleiofithisicanibeiseeniasiGeneraliD ouglasiMacArthuriwanteditoiuseinucleariweapons,ibutiTrumanisaidinoia ndifiredihimiafteriheipersisted. WhatiisitheiTragedyiofiHiroshimaiandiNagasaki?i-iCorrectiAnswer- WhenibombingiJapan,itheiUSAichoseiHiroshimaiandiNagasakiiiniparticul aribecauseitheyihadinotibeenibombediyet;iweiwanteditoiobserveitheida mageithatiwouldioccur.iTheiImpactideathitolliforiHiroshimaiwasi70,000i withiaimushroomicloudioveritheicity.iThereiwereishadowsiburnediintoit heiwallsiandibyiDecember,i1945,itheideathitollihadirisenitoi140,000.iByi 1 950,itheideathitollihadirisenitoi200,000iThoseiwhoisurvived,isurvivedihor rifically.iClothesiburnediintoiskin;ifaceiscarredibeyondirecognition.iWo meniwhoihad

babiesilateriwereihorrificallyideformed.iDogsiandicatsiwereibeingibornia ndiyouicouldn'tievenitell whatispeciesitheyiwereibecauseitheyiwereisoideformed.iIntelligenceilev elsiofiaffectedipopulationsiwentidownisignificantlyi.iTheipeopleirealizedi thatithisibombiwasn'tijustiaibomb,ibutiaibomb ofiradiation.iThisiisiailargeireasoniwhyitheinon- useinormidevelopediini1950. Biologicali(1972)iandiChemicaliWeaponsi(1993)iTreatiesi- iCorrectiAnswer- BiologicaliandiChemicaliweaponsiareialsoiconsidereditoihaveianiimmora lielementitoithem.iTheyikillinon- selectivelyiandiareinoticonventionaliweapons.iThe BiologicaliWeaponsitreatyibannedibiologicaliweaponsiini 1972 iandiTheiC hemicaliWeaponsiConventionibannedichemicaliweaponsiini1993.iTheico untriesiwhoicommititoitheseitreatiesiwereicommittingitoidestroy theiribiologicaliandichemicaliweapons.iThisiisiaislowiprocess,ibecauseiitii siharditoidestroyithese weaponsiiniaisafeiway. DisarmamentioriDeterrencei-iCorrectiAnswer- Thereiarei 2 iveryidifferentiapproachesitoihandlinginucleariweapons.iPeo pleiask,iShouldiweigetiridiofinucleariweapons,iandidisarm?iOrishouldiwe useithemiforipurposesiofideterrence?iNevertheless,iNuclearipowersiref useditoieveniconsideridisarming,isoiiticameidownitoinotiusingitheseiwea ponsiandiusingithemiforideterrence.iInitheibeginningiofitheiColdiWar,iiti wasitheigoalitoigetiasimanyinucleariweaponsiasiweicould,iasiquicklyiasiw

eicouldiuntilithei1960siwhereithereiwasianiextremeibuildiupiofinucleariw eapons.iWeithenistartediconsideringiprotectiveistrategiesibecauseibothi sidesihadimassiveiamountsiofinucleariweaponsiandideterrenceibecamei theimethodiofiuseilaterion. ArmsiControliHistoryi-iOverviewi-iCorrectiAnswer- Thereiwasiaishiftiinithinkingifromi"franticibuildup"itoi"armsicontrol"iini 1 960s.iThisiwasineveriaboutidisarmament — thisiwasiabout,iatisomeipoint,ilimitingitheibuildupiandimatchingicapabili tiesiwithitheienemy.iConsequently,i"BalanceiofiCapabilities"iwasitheigo aliforinationsiiniconflictibecauseiequallyibalancedipowersicanioff- setieachiother.iAibalanceioficapabilitiesiwheniconsideringigoingitoiwar,i meansithatiitiisitooiriskyitoigoitoiwar,isoitheiconflictiwillinotioccur.iPartiof ithisiideaiwasiachievingimutualivulnerability. MADitoiMAPi-iCorrectiAnswer- MutualivulnerabilityifactorediintoiMutuallyiAssurediDestructioni(MAD) .iAimaintainedivulnerabilityimeansireducingidefensiveicapabilities.iBoth itheiUSAiandiSovietiUnionididithisibecauseitheyibothihadisecondistrikeic apabilitiesiandiainuclearitriad.iSo,iIfiweicouldiattackithemibutiknowitheyi couldihitiusiback,ihowilikelyiwouldiweibeitoiinitiateitheifirstistrike?iNotia tiall.iTheinucleariwariisithei"suicidal"iwar;inobodyiisigoingitoiwin, nobodyiisigoingitoisurvive.iItiisiassuredithatiifitheiwaristarts,ibothicountri esiareidestroyed.iTheistrategyiofiMADiprovidedideterrenceisoithatineith erisideiwaswillingitoiinitiateitheiwar.iAfteriailongiseriesiofinuclearitreatie siafteriMADithereiwereimoreitalksianditensionsiwereieased.iTheifocusiw asinowionireducingiarmsiwhichipavediwayiforiMutuallyiAssurediProtecti

oni(MAP)/iMAPireduceditheinumberiofinucleariweapons,ibutiincreasedi ouridefensiveicapabilities. ArmsiTreatiesiandiDatesi-iCorrectiAnswer- 1963 i-iPartialiTestiBaniTreatyi- ilimitsitestinginucleariweaponsiiniorderitoipreserveitheienvironment 1968 i-iNPTi 1968 i-iSALTiIi- StrategiciArmsiLimitationiTalk;ilimitingitheidevelopmentiofinucleariwea pons.i 1972 i-iABMiTreatyi-iAnti- BallisticiMissileitreaty,iresultiofiSALTiI.iIticallediforiusitoilimitidevelopme ntiandiproductioniofiInter-continentaliBallisticiMissilesi(ICBM)

• Weiweren'tilimitingitheiICBMs,ibutitheiINTERCEPTORS ithatiwouldigetiridiofithemiifitheyiwereishotioverihere. PlayedidirectlyiintoiMADibecauseiweakenediouridefensiveicapabilities.i **1972iBiologicaliWeaponsiTreatyi&i 1993 iChemicaliWeaponsiConventi on 1979 i-iSALTiIIi- italksiaboutilimitingiouridevelopmentiofinucleariweaponsiandilimitingid evelopmentiofinewiICBMs.iThisiwasinotiratifiedibyiCongress.i 1996 i-iComprehensiveiTestiBaniTreatyi-iNoinuclearitestingiATiALLi 1990sioni-iSTARTi(1991,i1993,i1997,i2000s)i-iStrategiciArmsiReductioni---
• ilediwayiforiMAP

NucleariProliferationiTreatyi-iCorrectiAnswer- NPTimakesicurrentinuclearipowersicommitinotiuseitheirinucleariweapo nsiorihelpiothericountriesidevelopinuclearipowers.iNon- nucleariNPTistatesicommititoinotidevelopioffensiveinuclearicapabilities.i But,ithereiarei 4 ipowersiwhoineverisignediNPTi- iIsrael,iPakistan,iSouthiSudan,iandiIndia,itheniNorthiKoreaiwhoisignediiti andipulledioutiini2003.iAniexampleiofitheiNPTsipoweriisishowniiniIran.iW eihaveitrieditoikeepiIranifromigettinginucleariweapons,ibutiwhyisoimuchi concerniwithithis?iIticomesidownitoitheifactithatiIraniisiaimemberiofithei NPT.iTheyiareiviolatingiaitreatyithatitheyiareiaipartiof.iPeopleiareiconcer nedithatitheimotivesiforiitsigaininginucleariweaponsiareinotigood. RealistiPerspectiveioniProliferationi-iCorrectiAnswer- theirealistiapproachioniproliferationiisithatideterrenceican'tiexistisimplyi withinucleariweapons,ibutiwithistrongistableigovernments.iTheseistates imustihaveiaccessitoiadvanced,ireliableitechnology,iadvancedicommuni cationsiandilargeistockpilesiofinuclear iweaponsithatiareidispersediwithisecondistrikeicapabilitiesiandimeasure sitoipreventicorruptioniinitheirifacilities.iRealistsiareionlyiinifavoriofinucl eariweaponsiwhenithereiisiproperideterrence. WhatiisiSecondiStrikeiCapability?i-iCorrectiAnswer- SecondiStrikeiCapabilityiisiwheniaicountryicanisendianiattackibackiafteri beingihitiwithiainucleariweapon.iTheiUSAiknewithatitheyineededitoisurvi veitheifirstiattackiiniorderitoisendianiattackiback.iSoiNucleariweaponsiha veitoibeidisbursed,iorielseitheienemyiwilli"knock"ioutiaicountryiinioneihit .

WhatiisitheiNucleariTriad?iWhatiisiSDI?i-iCorrectiAnswer- Theinuclearitriadiisiwheninucleariweaponsiareioniland,idisbursedithroug houtiouricountryiandiinitheiairioniplanes,ioriatiseaioninuclearisubmarine s.iThisiensuredithatitheiUSAiwouldibeiableitoihitithemibackiatianyitime TheiSDIiisiReagan'siStrategiciDefenseiInitiativei(SDI)iori"StariWars".iItipr oposediputtingiaidefenseisystemiinispace,isoithatiifianyoneiwouldishooti missilesiatiusitheimissilesiwouldibeidestroyed.iItilediusitoifocusingionipro tectingiourselvesiratherithanioffensiveistrategies. WhatiareiHuntington'siPost-ColdiWariPredictions?i-iCorrectiAnswer- Huntingtonibelievesithatitheinexticonflictiwillibeicivilizationaliandioniaib roaderiscale.iHeiclaimsithatiweiareimovingiintoiaidifferentitypeiofiworldi thatiisifundamentallyidifferentiandimoreithreateningithanitheiworldiwei hadijusticomeioutiofibecauseiouriidentitiesiwereibecomingibroaderitoith eipointithatiwe wereidevelopingicivilizationaliidentities. HowiDoesiHuntingtoniDefineiCivilizations?i-iCorrectiAnswer- Itiisidefinediasi"Aicivilizationiisitheihighesticulturaligroupingiofipeopleiati theibroadestilevelioficulturaliidentityithatipeopleihaveishortiofithatiwhic h idistinguishesihumansifromiotherispecies.iItiisidefinedibothibyicommoni objectiveielements,isuchiasilanguage,ihistory,ireligion,icustoms,iinstituti ons,iandibyithe subjectiveiself- identificationiofipeople."i(1993)iSo,ithisiidentityiisibroaderithanibeingiIt

alianioribeingiamerican,iinstead,itheseipeopleiidentifyiasibeingiWestern. iHeigivesitheifollowingiideas:i 1.iWesterniCivilization 2.iLatiniAmericaniCivilization 3.iSlavicioriOrthodoxiCivilizationi(RussiaiandiEasterniEurope) 4.iIslamiciCivilization 5.iHinduiCivilizationi(India) 6.iConfucianiCivilizationi(China,iKoreas,iandiVietnam) 7.iShintoiCivilizationi(Japan) 8.i(maybe)iSub-saharaniAfrica 9.iBuddhistiCivilization ConflictiBecomesiCivilizationali-iCorrectiAnswer- Heithinksithaticonflictihasievolveditoicivilizationsifromi

• Princes,itoiPeoples,itoiIdeologies,itoiCivilizations.i ThisicanibeitracedioutithroughifeudaliEurope,iasitheiconflictsiwereitypic allyioveriterritoryiandiprestige — betweeniprinces.iThen,itheiFrenchirevolutionishowsiconflictiofipeopleia nditheiBolshevikirevolution,ifascismiiniEuropeiduringiWWII,itoitheiColdi Wariisiaiconflictiofigovernmentaliandieconomiciideologies.iAfteritheseiw arsithereiisitheiconflictioficivilizationsiiniaiglobalizediworld.iSo,iFukuyam aiandiHuntingtoniareionitheisameipageiatithisipoint,ibutitheyidifferiinireg ardsitoitheifutureiasiFukuyamaibelievesithatiliberalidemocracyihasiprov editoibeitheibest,iandithatiitiwillipersist.iHuntingtonicriticizesiFukuyamai claimingithatiliberalidemocracyiisiaiWesterniideaianditheirestiofitheiworl

diwon'tiacceptiouriideasi- idemocracyiisiforeignitoiothericivilizations.iForiexamplei,China'sientireihi story,iforiexample,ihasibeeniauthoritarian.iWhileitheiwestiisifigurediouti theirisystem,itheirestiofitheiworldistillineedsitoiandithatifocusiisishiftingif romiwestitoitheirest.i Heialsoisaysithereicanistillibeiinter-icivilizationaliconflict. WhyiHasiCivilizationaliIdentityiIncreasediwithiGlobalization?i- iCorrectiAnswer- Huntingtonidoesinotibelieveithatiglobalizationiisibringingiusicloseritoget her;iheibelievesithatiitiservesitoihighlightioutidifferences.iGlobalizationii sifuelingiouriconceptioficivilizationaliidentity.iThei"industrializediwest,"i foriexample,irefersitoimanyidifferenticountries thatihaveiundergoneiindustrializationiandihaveiwesternivalues.iFamiliar ityiwithianothericultureisometimesibuildsicontempt;iforiexample,imanyi negativeistereotypesitowardsipeopleifromiLatiniAmerica.i

Weidon'tihaveitheinegativeiviewsiaboutipeopleifromiEuropeibecauseith ey'reilikeius WhyiWeiMightiHaveiaiClashiofiCivilizationsiiniregardsitoiwesternipower,i basicidifferences,iimmutableiculture,iUsivs.iThem,iandikinicountryisyndr ome?i-iCorrectiAnswer- Iniregardsitoiwesternipower,iitimayibeiaireactionitheitheilargeiinfluencei ofitheiwest.iTheiwestihasigotteniinvolvediallioveritheiworld,ibutidemocr acyihasinotisolvedieverybody'siproblems,iandisometimesiiticreatedinewi ones.iAndiWhileiweihaveiexportediouriideasiandidevelopments,iweihav

einotiseenitheirestiofitheiworldifollowiourimodel — especiallyisinceiourimodelihasn't workediforithem,isoimanyicountriesiswingiawayifromiwesterniideologie s.i IniregardsitoiBasiciDifferences,ithereiareioficourseidifferencesilikeilangu ageianditraditionsithatiareieasyitoiovercome.iButifundamentalidifferenc esilikeisocial,ireligiousiandiculturalionesidefineicivilizationiandihowigrou psiseeitheiworld.i IniregardsitoitheiImmutableiCulture,ithereiareiaspectsioficultureithatican notibeicompromisediandiconflictsioccurioutiofithem.i Initermsiofi"Us"iversusi"Them",iouriviewiofipeopleithroughidifferenticivi lizationaliidentitiesicreatesi"aniother"i- ithisirelatesitoitheisimilaritiesiwithiEuropeansiasiwesternibutidiscriminat ioniagainstipeopleifromiLatiniAmerica.i Lastly,iiniregardsitoiKin- CountryiSyndrome,iitikicksiiniifithereiareiinternationaliconflicts;ialliofithe iotheristatesiofioneicountry'sicivilizationiwillicomeitoithaticountry'siaidii niorderitoipreserveitheicivilization;isuchiasitheisolidarityiforiParisiandiBr usselsiwhileitheiattacksiiniLebanoniwentiunnoticed. Huntington'siPredictionsi-iCorrectiAnswer- HeipredictsithatithereiwillibeiconflictibetweeniIslamianditheiWest,iandiIs

lamiwillialigniwithiConfucianistatesitoibalanceioutitheiwest.iThisiisianiint erestedipredictionibecauseiitiwasibeforei9/11. WhatiareiIslam'sibloodyiborders?i-iCorrectiAnswer- HuntingtoniidentifiesiIslamiasihavingi"bloodyiborders".iHeibelievedithat iconflictiwouldiariseialongithei"faultilines'"ioficivilizations,ior,iwhereionei civilizationimetianother.iHeifoundithatiailotiofitheseifaultilinesiwereioccu rringiarounditheiIsraeliiborders,iIndiai&iPakistaniconflicts,iconflictiiniSud an. WhatiisitheiessentialismiagainstiHuntingtoniandiwhatididiEdwardiSaidicl aim?i-iCorrectiAnswer- TheiEssentialismiargumentiagainstiHuntingtoniisithatiheiisisayingimanyic ountriesiarei"essentiallyitheisame".iAndievenithoughithereiareifundame ntalisimilaritiesiplacesilikeiAfricaiareiincrediblyidiverse,iwithitheigreates tivarietyiiniethnicigroupsiinitheiworld.iIniaddition,iidentityiisiaiveryicomp lexiissueiinitheiMiddleiEastiwithidivisionsiofiIslam.iSo,icritiquesisayiitiisito oiharditoigroupieveryoneitogether.iEdwardiSaidicallsithisi"theiclashiofiig norance"iandithatiHuntingtonihasicreatedivulgariformiofiracismitoiattac kiIslam.iThereialsoiisinoiJewishicivilizationi.... WhatiareitheiotheriminoriargumentsiagainstiHuntingtonibesidesitheiess entialismiargument?i-iCorrectiAnswer- OneiargumentiisithatiheiisitooiMonolithic,iviewingiconflictiasitheiwestive rsusitheirest.iAnotheriargumentiisithatithereiisinoiwayitoiactuallyiproveit heseicivilizationsiactuallyiexist,iandithatiit'sireallyionlyiHuntington'sivie wiofithings.iTheiliberalicritiqueiclaimsithatidespiteitheidifferencesiHunti ngtonilaysiout,ithereiareimanyiexamplesiofinationsiworkingicooperative

lyiforicommonigoals.iMeanwhile,itheirealisticritiqueiclaimsithatistatesid on'tialwaysiseeiitiinitheiribestiinterestitoialigniwithiotheristatesithatihav eitheisameicivilizationaliidentity,ibecauseitheiidentityiisitooilargeiandista tesiwantitoiactiinitheiriownibestiinterest.i Realistsithinkiinitermsiofitheination- state.iTheicivilizationaliidentityileadsitoiaisecurityidilemma.iTheilasticriti queiisitheiglobalistandardicritique.iItiisimadeibyiFukuyamaiandipointsiou tithatinobodyiisiadoptingiChina'simodelioriothers.iThisiessentiallyimeans ithatiWesternicultureistillihasitheimostiappealiforiitsidemocracyiandicani beiseenithroughieffortsisuchiasitheiArabiSpring. WhatiisiHuntington'siDefenseitoihisicritiques?i-iCorrectiAnswer- Huntingtonidoesn'tiargueithatitheistateiwillidisappearioricivilizationsiwil lireplaceiotheriidentities.iGroupsiwithinicivilizationsicanialsoifightioneia nother.iHeisaysicivilizationsiareiimportantiandiotheriactorsibesidesithei Westiwillieventuallyibecomeimoreiofiaiglobalifocus. IntroitoiPoliticaliIslami-iCorrectiAnswer- IslamihasibeenitopicioficontentioniinitheiUnitediStatesiafteri9/11,ibecau seiitiwasinotiwelliunderstoodibeforeithen.iRadicaliIslamidoesn'tireprese ntialliofiIslam,ionlyiaismalliminorityiinterpretation.iAistatementibyithei 2 015 ileaderiofiISISistatesi"thereiisinoiexcuseiforianyiMusliminotitoimigrat eitoiIslam.ijoiningitheifightiisitheidutyiofieveryiMuslim.iweicallioniyouitoit akeiarmsiandifightiwhereveriyouiare.iIslamiisinotitheireligioniofipeace.iIsl amiisitheireligioniofifighting."i- iThisiisioneiextremistiperspective,itheiperspectiveithatithreatensitheiWe st.iSomeiclaimithatiafteri9/11iMuslimsimayihateitheiwest...imanyiconfus eiIslamiwithiradicaliIslamiandiwithiISIS.

AbrahamiciAspectiofiIslami-iCorrectiAnswer- ChristiansicanibeitracedibackitoiIsaac,iMuslimsitraceibackitoiIshmael,ibot hisonsiofiAbraham.iMuslimsialsoibelieveiinitheiolditestamentiandiailotiofi theisameifiguresiasiChristianiandiJewsidoisuchiasiAbraham,iMoses,iElijah ,iandiJesus. WhatiisitheisignificanceiofiMuhammad?i-iCorrectiAnswer- MuhammadiwasipartiofitheiQurayshitribe..ithisiwasiaiveryitribalisystemi andigotidisillusionediwithitheidecadenceiandicorruptioniiniMecca.iHeiso ughtisolaceioutsideiofitheicityiandieventuallyiusedihisiteachingsitoigoiag ainstiitsicorruption.iQurayshiwasn'tiveryikeenioniMuhammad'siteaching ,isoiMuhammadihaditoifleeitoiMedinaiini622.iIniMedina,iheicontinuedipr eachingiandiwasiableitoiuniteitheitribesithereitogetheriandiformitheiUm mah. WhatiisitheiUmmah?i-iCorrectiAnswer- TheiUmmahiisisignificantiiniIslamibecauseiitiisiaicommunityibasedionireli gioniratherithaniaitribe.iMuhammadiestablishedihimselfiasiaileaderiofith isitribeiandiconquersimeccaianditheiArabianipeninsula. WhatiareitheiFiveiPillarsiofiIslam?i-iCorrectiAnswer-- Prayer,iShahadai(recitingitheiphrasei"thereiisinoigodibutiallahiandimuha mmadiisihisiprophet),iAlmsi(givingialmsitoitheipoor),iFastingi(Ramadan),i Hajji(theipilgrimageitoimecca)

WhatiisitheibasisiofiChristianityiandiIslamiiniContextiofiClashiofiCivilizati ons?i-iCorrectiAnswer-- HolyifigureiiniChristianityiisiJesus,iandiheiisiseeniasidivine;iiniIslamiitiisiM uhammad — heiisinotiseeniasidivine,ibutiratheriasitheiprophet.iJesusiwasicrucifiedibec auseihisiteachingsiwereiinioppositionito itheiJewishileadershipianditheiRomanileadershipiMuhammad,ionitheiot herihand,iwasicompletelyidifferentiinithisiregard.iHeiwasiaipoliticalilead er,ihadiestablishedihisileadershipiasibothipoliticaliandireligiousileader.iS oipoliticaliislamiexistsibecauseiofithisiprecedent.iWithibothireligiousiand ipoliticalileadership.iStateiandireligioniwereinotiseparated — thisiwasireinforcedibyiShariah. SignificanceiofitheiQurani-iCorrectiAnswer- TheiwordsiofiGodiareiinitheiQuran,ianditheiHaddithiisiMuhammad'sisayi ngsianditheiSunnaiisihisitraditions. WhatiisiaiCaliphate?i-iCorrectiAnswer- Muhammadididinotileaveiainamedisuccessor.i"Caliph"imeansisuccessor. iAbuiBakriwasinamedisuccessoritoimuhammadi-BehindihimiwasiUmar

TheseiwereitheifirstitwoiCaliphsiafteriMuhammad,ianditheyiwereirespo nsibleiforianiexpansioniofiIslam OrthodoxiCaliphatei-iCorrectiAnswer- ThereiareiFouriUnitingiBondsiofitheiCaliphateiiniIslam: 1.iReligioni-iadherenceitoiIslam

2.iLanguagei-iArabic 3.iLawi-iShariah 4.iEconomy/Tradei-iTheilandsiwereilinkeditogether throughitradeibenefits ShiasiandiSunnisi-iCorrectiAnswer- TheidiviediiniShiasiiniSunnisiisifoundiinitheidifferenceibetweeniwhoihadit heirightitoibeitheiCaliphate.i

TheilegitimistsioriShias,ithoughtithationlyitheibloodirelativesiofimuham madihaditheirightitoibeicaliphi(nowicalledishiites)iTheyitraceditheirilinea geithroughivariousilinesiracingibackitoimuhammad.iTheiothericampiisith eiUmayyadsi(Sunnis)ianditheyididinotithinkithatitheilegitimacyihaditoico meithroughitheidirect bloodline,ibutirather,itheitribe. WhatiisitheiUmayyad?i-iCorrectiAnswer- TheiUmayyadicaliphateiisiestablishediafteriAliidiesiini 661 i(AliiwasiShiite). iItsicaptialiisiiniDamascus,iSyria.i ThereiwasiadditionaliexpansioniunderitheiUmayyadicaliphate.iThisiisith eigoldeniageiofiIslam — becauseitheigreatiexpanseiofitheiempireianditheiabilityitoispreaditheiria uthorityiiniadditionitoidevelopmentiofiarts,imath,isciences,iliterature.iIsl amacizationiandiArabizationiduringithisiperiodiandileadershipibecameih ereditary,ibutitheileadershipibecameiweaker

Abbasid,iMongolsiandiMamluksi-iCorrectiAnswer-- AbbasidicaliphateireplacesitheiUmayyadicaliphateiini 750 iwithiBaghdadi asitheicapital,ithereiwereiSeljuksi(TurksithaticonverteditoiIslam).iThen,it heicrusadesioccurrediini1055;ibutiBaghdadikeptirunning.i

AiseriesioficrusadesifoughtioutiiniAbbasiditerritoryiareiwagediwhenithei ByzantinesiloseitoitheiCelts,ibutitheiempireistillicontinues.iTheinextithre atibeingitheiMongols,idestroysiBaghdadianditheiCaliphateiends.iTheiMu kluksieventuallyistopitheiMongols. OttomaniEmpirei(1299-1923)i-iCorrectiAnswer- OveritimeitheiOttomaniempireiwasichippediawayiatibyitheiWesternipo wers,ianditheyistarteditoibecomeicoloniesiofitheiWesternipowers.iItidiss olvediintoiTurkey,iwhereiAtaturk,ioriMustafaiKemaliwantediaistrongian diWestern,iseculariTurkey.iSo,iini 1924 itheiCaliphateiwasiabolishediandid irectediitsiidentityiawayifromiIslam.iThisiabolishmentiledimanyiMuslimsi toibelieveitheiriidentityiwasigone.iSo,iextremismicameifromithisibecaus eitheiCaliphateiwasineededitoibeire-established. 20thiCenturyiHumiliationi-iCorrectiAnswer- MustafaiKemali"Ataturk"iwanteditoisecularizeialliaspectsiofiTurkeyiandi adoptediWesternitraditions,iWesternidress,iandiainewiwritteniscript.iTh isiwasiaihumiliationiforitheionceigreatiempire. WhatiareitheitwoitypesiofiIslamicireform?i-iCorrectiAnswer-- Radicaliextremismiisitheibyproductiofireform,ibutithereiareitwoidifferen titypesiofireformiwhichiareiinternalifundamentalismiandiairesponseitoit heiWest.iInternalifundamentalismiwasidesigneditoigetibackitoitheibasics

iofireligionianditheiQua- ran.iItiwasirespondingitoitheicorruptioniofireligion,iandiwasiconservativ e,inotiinherentlyiextremist.iTheiwesterniresponseireformiwasiaireactioni toiimperialism.iTheiextremistielementiisiaicombinationiofibothitheseiref orms.iTheiresponsesitoitheiwesticanieither,ireject,iconfront,iadmire,iorii mitate.iTheiradicalicomponentiofiextremistiislamicomesifromianiintense ireaction toitheiUnitediStates.iFundamentalismiiniitselfidoesn'timakeithisiextrem e. WhatiareitheioriginsiofiWahhabism?i-iCorrectiAnswer- WahhabismicomesifromiMuhammadiibniAbdial-Wahhabi(17 03 - 92).iHeiwantediinternalireformiandiisitheiIslamiciparallelitoiMartiniLuthe r'siprotestantireform.iWahhabiwanteditoifixitheicorruptioniiniIslamiandi thoughtiitihadiadoptedipracticesithatiwereinoticonsistentiwithiitsiorigin aliteachings/iwasn'tifoundiinitheiQuran.iHeialsoibelievediitsileadershipi wasicorrupted.iWahhabiwantedipeopleitoireaditheiQuaraniandigoibackit oitheiwaysiofiMuhhamad.iHeithoughtithatiwhatiwasi"modern"iwasinotic onsistentiwithiIslam.iHeiwasiveryiconservative. WhatiisitheisignificanceiofitheiSaudiifamilyialliance?i-iCorrectiAnswer- WahhabifledihisihometowniandifoundirefugeiwithiaitheiSaudifamilythati wasionitheirise.iandiinithei1740siheicreatedianiallianceiwithithem.iTheyiu sediWahhab'sipoliticalisupportiforitheiririseiandipromiseditheyiwouldisu pportihisiteachingsiandireforms.iIni 1744 itheyiimposeditheireformiandiiti createdimodernidayiSaudiiArabia,iwhereiWahhabismiisiisisupportedibyit heigovernment,ireinforcedibyitheilaw,iandispreadiinitheischools.iTheiSau

disiareialsoicommitteditoispreadingitheseiteachingsibeyonditheiriborder sitoday. WhatiisitheiSaudiiconnectioniofiWahhabitoiextremism?i- iCorrectiAnswer- TheiSaudisihaveisupportedimanyiextremistigroups,isuchiasitheiMuslimiB rotherhoodiandiuntili9/11,itheyisupporteditheiTalibaniandiHamas.iTheyi supportitheseigroupsibecauseitheyiwantitoitakeitheifocusioffithemselve siandicreateiaipoliticalibalance. WhatiisitheidoubleiedgeiswordiforitheiSaudis?i-iCorrectiAnswer- Theidoubleiedgediswordicomesifromicritiquesiforitheirilavishilifestyleian diconnectionitoitheiWest. WhatiisitheisignificanceiofiSayyidiQutb?iWhatiisihisigoal?i- iCorrectiAnswer- Heiwasiairadicalifundamentalistiwho,iafteritravelingitoiAmerica,ithough tithatiwomenidressediprovocatively,iwomenihaditooimanyisexualifreed oms,ididinotilikeicapitalismioriconsumerism,ididinotilikeiWesternimusic,i andifeltithatiWesternicultureiwasiviolentithroughisports.iHeimergedithei conservativeiaspectiwithiextremismibecauseiheipromotedioppositionia gainstienemiesithatiwereiinternalilikeileadersiwhoiwereicorruptiandiwes ternifriendlyilikeiAtaturkianditheiwest.iOtheriextremistsilikeiSayyidiQubt iwereiconcernediwhenitheiWestiwentitoiSaudiiArabiaitoihelpicontainiIra qiduringitheiGulfiWar.

WhoiareitheinotableifollowesiofiSayyidiQutb?iWhatiareitheigoals?i- iCorrectiAnswer--OmariRahmaniandiOsamaibiniLaden

OmariRahmaniwasibehinditheifirstiworlditradeiattackiini1993.iIni 1994 iOs amaibiniLadeniinicallediforitheidestructioniofitheiSaudiigovernmentibeca useitheiSaudiigovernmentiallowediUSitroopsitoicampioutionitheirisoil,ih eiwasilateristrippediofihisicitizenship.iButiheideclarediwarionitheiUSAiini 1996.iTheni 15 iofithei 19 i9/11iterroristsicameifromiSaudiiArabia,icallingifo ritheiUmmahithatiareiupsetiwithitheiartificallyidrawniborders.iTheigoalio fiQubtiwasitoicreatediaitoidestroyitheination- stateisystemiandiWesternielitesiwho controlledithem,ithusicreatingiinternationaliterrorism.iHisifollowersicar riedithisiout WhatiisiDeobandiiFundamentalismiiniAfghanistaniandiPakistan?iWhatia reiitsitiesitoiWahhabism?i-iCorrectiAnswer- DeobandiiFundamentalismibeganiini 1867 iiniDeobandi, IndiaiwheniGreatiBritainiwasitheimasteriofiIndia.iTheiwesterniinfluencei madeithisimovementigrow.iItiisidifferentifromiWahhabismiinithatiitiwasi notisupportedibyitheistate.iItithenihadiaipresenceiiniPakistaniandiAfgha nistaniasiIndiaiasigrantediindependenceibecauseiitiwasiaireactionitoiwes terniimperialism.iTheiMarxistipoweririseiiniAfghanistaniini 1978 iandicons equentiSovietiinterventioniandiAfghaniciviliwarileditoiAfghanifreedomifi ghtersitrainingiwithideobandisiiniPakistan.iItiisitieditoiWahhabismibecau seiitiisiconservativeiandifundamentalismiandibothiencouragedipeopleito ireaditheiQuraniandiimplementediSharia.

WhatiisitheisignificanceiofitheiTaliban,iAl- Qaeda,andiMujahadeen?iWhatiaboutitheiUnitediStates?i- iCorrectiAnswer- TheiTalibaniwasiwelcomedibyitheideobandiigroupiandiwereiradicalized,i eventuallyitheisovietiunionihaditoiwalkiawayifromiAfghanistanibecausei theiTalibanihadibecomeisoistrongiwithisupportiofiPakistanitoitakeioverit heigovernment.iTheiMujahideeniwereialsoifreedomifightersithatiwentia gainstitheiSoveitigovernmentiiniAfghanistan,itheyiwereiaidediwithiweap onsifromitheiCIAiduringitheiColdiWar.iAliQaedaiwasiformedibyiOsamaibi niLadeniandiwasianiadditionaligroupilikeitheiMujahadeen. HowiwidespreadiisiIslam?iWhyidoitheyihateius?i-iCorrectiAnswer- Extremistsionlyigetitheimostiattentionibecauseithey'reitheionesiwhoima keitheinews.iInishort,ibecauseitheyimakeitheimostinoiseitheyigetitheimo stiattention.iButitheyiareiaihugeiminorityiiniIslam.iTheidiversityiandidiss entiwithiniIslam,isuchiasitheiArabiSpringiisianiexampleiofihowigreatlyiide ologiesiwithiniIslamivary.iReasonsiforihatrediagainstitheiUnitediStatesim ayitraceibackitoiimperialismiandiourisupportiofiIsrael. Whatiareitheiintentionsiofiterrorism?i-iCorrectiAnswer- Terrorismiisiintendeditoisendiaimessageithroughiviolenceiandiinstillifeari intoitheipubliciwithiasymmetricaliwarfarei- inotiattackingistatesilikeitheiUnitediStatesibutitheiweakiandiinnocent.iTh eyiuseidemonstrationitoigainiauthority,ilikeihidingibehinditheiriownipeo pleitoimakeitheiWestilookievil.i9/11iresponsesiareianiexampleiofithisibec auseiititouchedionisovereigntyiissuesiandicreatesiaimessageitoitheiUSith atiweiareinotisafe.

Howidoiweiresponditoiterrorism?iWhatiisitransnationaliterrorism?i- iCorrectiAnswer- Weiresponditoiterroribyirootingioutithoseiresponsible.iButiweineeditoib eiwaryiofiaudienceicostsiandilookingilikeitheibadiguy.iEveniattackingiaile aderiwillijustiresultiinisomeoneinew.iOficourseinucleariweaponsiareioffit heitable,isoipossiblyifightingibackiwithiideologyitoishowiciviliansiwhoith eirealicriminalsiare.iTransnationaliterrorismiisidefinedibyiattackingicoun triesithatitheyihaveiparticulariissuesiwithilikeitheiUnitediStates,iUK,iSpai n,iGermany.iThisiterroriisiironicibecauseitheifundamentalistsithatiwantit oiabandonitechnologyiuseiititoiattackiandialsoiuseisocialimediaitoigainifo llowers. Whatiareisomeigreyiareasiinidefiningiterrorism?iWhoiisitheiunderwateri bomber?iWhatiisifortihood?iWhoiisitheiBostonibomber?i- iCorrectiAnswer- FortiHood:iMajoriNidaliHasaniwasiinitheiUSiArmy,ibutiheiwalkediintoiaib uildingiatiandiopenifiredionifellowisoldiersiandikilledi 14 ipeople,iinjuringi 32.iHowever,iheiwasichargediwithiworkplaceiviolenceidespiteihisicontac tiwithiAnwariAwlakiiwhoiwasiaiknowniterrorist.iHasaniwasialsoianiAliQa edairecruiteriandialsoiclaimedihisiactiwasianiactiofiterror.iIniresponseiNa tionaliDefenseiAuthorizationiActiAmendmentiexpandeditheiscopeiofith oseiwhoicouldireceiveipurpleihearts,istatingithatiifitheiperpetratoriwasii nicontactiwithiknowniterrorists,ithenitheivictimsiwereieligibleiforitheipu rpleiheart. TheiUnderweariBomber:iUmariFarooqiAbdulmutallabiwasiaiNigerianian ditriedisettingioffiaibombiwhileioniaiplaneiandiwasialsoiinicontactiwithiA wlaki.iDespiteiaifailure,iheiwasireadihisiMirandairightsiandididn'tigoitoiin ternationalitrialibutiwasitreatediasiaiUSicitizen.i

BostoniBomber:iDzhokhariTzarnaeviandihisibrothericarriedioutitheiBost oniMarathonibombing.iHeihad,ihowever,ibeenigrantediUSicitizenshipian diheihadibeeninationalized.iMirandizediandigivenitheideathipenalty Whatiareitheiwaysiweicanidefineiterrorism?i-iCorrectiAnswer- Thereiareimanyidifferentidefinitionsiofiterrorism.i

"Theithreatenedioriactualiuseiofiillegaliforceidirectediagainsticivilianitar getsibyinon-stateiactorsiiniorderitoiattainiaipoliticaligoalithroughifear, coercion,ioriintimidation"i(LaFreei&iAckermani2009) butithisidefinitioniwouldiexcludeiFortiHood.i

• YasseriArafat:i"Oneiman'siterroristiisianotheriman'sifreedomifighter" Whatiisitheiconceptiofiwarivs.iterrorism?i-iCorrectiAnswer- TerrorismiinitheieyesiofiterroristsiisiactuallyiaiHolyiWar.i
• ISISihasibeenirecruitingichildren,imanyiofithem Whatiisitheijustiwaritraditioniiniregardsitoiterrorism?i-iCorrectiAnswer-- Thereiareirulesiofiengagementitoibeiinvolvediiniterrorismiissues,ithatiha veibeenialteredimanyitimes.iItiisialsoidifficultibecauseitheseiareinonistat

eiactors.iManyipeopleithinkiitiisibetteritoijustibeipreemptiveioriproactive . Areitheyicrazy?iAreitheyicriminals?i-iCorrectiAnswer- Theidiariesiofi9/11iterroristsishowsitheyihaveicompletelyidifferentimora livaluesithanius,ishowingithatitheirimartydomiwouldigarunteeithemiaisp otiiniheaven.iNevertheless,itheyiwereinotifounditoibeimentallyiilliandiot heriattacksisuchiasitheiKamakazeiareijustishownitoibeiairesultiofidifferen tivalues,iplacingicountryiaboveiself.iCriminalsiknowitheiricrimesiandihid e.iTerroristsidon'tiviewitheiriactionsiasicrimesiandidoinotihide. Howididihumanirightsidevelop?i-iCorrectiAnswer- A.iEnlightenmenti/iLiberalism democracyiandicitizeniinvolvementileadsitoithingsilikeiendingislavery.i B.iDeclarationiofitheiRightsiofiManianditheiCitizeni(1789)

Thisiproclaimedirightsiforitheiindividualiandirightsiforitheicitizenithatiare iinviable.iSuchiasiFreedomiofiThought,iExpression,iPublication,iReligion,i (Life, Liberty,iEquality)i-RightitoiProtest,iResistiOppression

• Callediforitheihumaneitreatmentiofiall C.iNationalismihowever,ileditoiminorityiissuesi

Xenophobia...iandiTheiHolocaust.iAfteritheiholocaustitheiinternationalic ommunityiwanteditoipreventithisitragedyiagain.

UniversaliDeclarationiofiHumaniRightsi-iCorrectiAnswer- ItiEmbodiesitheiideasiofithei"RightsiofiMan".iReaffirminiinealienableirig htsiwithiNoidiscussioniofiwhetheriorinotitheseirightsibelongitoipeople.iIti protectsipoliticalirightsiprotected,icivicirightsiprotected,ieconomiciright siprotected,isocialiandiculturalirightsiprotected.i

IfiNaziiGermanyiviewediallipeopleiasihavingiinalienableirights,iwouldithe yihaveigoneiiniandikilledithem?iTheiideaiofihumanirightsiisianiattemptitoi preventiwar. UNHRCiandiNGOsi-iCorrectiAnswer-- ThisiwasidraftediinitheiUNiandieveryoneiagreeditoiitiwithinitheiUnibutiw asn'tiratified.iItiwasijustishortiofibeingilegal.iManyiofitheiNGOsiforihuma nirightsihaveidevelopediandiwantitoidrawiattentionitoiactsiagainstihum anirightsitoimakeithemipubliclyiknown. Problemsiwithidefiningihumanirightsi-iCorrectiAnswer- Culturalidifferencesieffectiaiuniversalidefinitioniofihumanirights.iYouidoi notihaveithisisameisystemiiniChina.iTheyiemphasizeisocietyioveritheiindi vidualiandicanidoithingsisuchiasipropagandaiandimediairestriction.iIniso meicountries,ihonorikillingsiareiokayi.

AmnestyiInternationalidefinesiHumaniRightsiasi"basicirightsiandifreedo msithatiallipeopleiareientitleditoiregardlessiofinationality,sex,inationalio riethniciorigin,irace,ireligion,ilanguage,ioriotheristatus."

Theiwestiitselfiviolatesihumanirightsiiniracismiandiwithicapitalipunishm ent. Stateirelationiissuesiiniregardsitoihumanirightsi-iCorrectiAnswer-- WhyididiNATOiplayitheileadingiroleiinitheiYugoslaviwarsiinsteadiofitheiU N?ibecauseiofitheiRussianiVeto.iTheisameithingihappensiagainiwithiRuss iaiandiChinaiiniregardsitoiSyria.iChina'siTienanmenisquareishowsitheisa meieffectiandiresultsiinipublicireactioniwithiOlympicigames. stateisoverigntyiiniregardsitoihumanirightsi-iCorrectiAnswer- UNirespectsihumanirightsibutiisialsoibasedionistateisovereigntyimeaning itheyihaveitheiriowniauthority.i

HenryiNauiasks:i"Canitheiinternationalicommunityibreachitheiglobalinor miofisovereigntyiiniorderitoiimplementiainewiglobalinormiofifundament alihumanirights?" TheiUSAicouldiactiallowediifiUNivetosibutiiticouldibeicondemned.iDevelo pingistatesiareiagainstitheseihumanirightsitreatiesioutiofifear. Rwandaiasianiexampleiofihumanirightsiissuesiandithei 1999 iUNiCompro miseiforiinterventioni-iCorrectiAnswer- Ifisomethingiisn'tilabeled,iweidon'tiactioniit.i