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Integration of Glycolysis

NAD

/NADH cycles

ATP/ADP cycles

Other hexoses

Other anaerobic pathways

CHO

H-C-OH

CH 2 OPO 3

C

H-C-OH

CH

2

OPO

3

~OPO

3

O

PO

4 COO HO-C-H CH 3 L-lactate

COO

C=O

CH 3

Pyruvate NAD

NAD

NADH + H

NAD

/ NADH Shift See Strategies, p

CHO C C C C CH 2 OH COO- C| | CH 2 ~OPO 3 COO- C=O CH 3 CHO C C C C CH 2 OPO 3 Glucose ATP ADP^ ADP ATP Pyruvate PEP Glucose 6 - P pyruvate kinase hexose kinase ATP

ATP-ADP

CYCLE

See Strategies, p

C C C C O C H O C H 2 O H O H O H O H 1 2 3 4 5 6 C H 3 C=O COO

C H 3

CO O

C=O

C (^) H 3 C=O COO

1,

3,

2,

CARBONS IN PYRUVATE

(From glucose) See Strategies, p

Other Hexoses

Mannose ?

CHO

HO-C-H

HO-C-H

CH

2

OH

H-C-OH

H-C-OH

Fructose ?

C=O

CHO

HO-C-H

CH

2

OH

H-C-OH

H-C-OH

Galactose ?

CHO

HO-C-H

CH

2

OH

H-C-OH

HO-C-H

H-C-OH

MANNOSE

Mannose

Hexokinase

ATP

Mannose-6-PO

4

Phosphomannose

Isomerase

Fructose-6-PO

4

ADP

Rule: Hexokinase always phosphorylates position

6 on the sugar

Mannose (^) Fructose Galactose

Fructose-6-PO

4

METABOLISM OF FRUCTOSE AND GALACTOSE

FRUCTOSE METABOLISM

Fructose Fructose-1-PO 4 Fructokinase DHAP Glyceraldehyde Triose Kinase Glyceraldehyde-3-PO 4 Fructose-1-PO 4 Aldolase

ATP

ADP

ATP

ADP

In Liver Fructose-6-PO 4 Hexokinase ATP ADP Non-Liver HO-C-H

CH

2

OPO

3

CH 2

OH

C=O

H-C-OH

H-C-OH

No PO 4

O OH OH CH 2 N N O O H P O O O P O O O O O OH OH CH 2 OH OH UDP-Glucose

Glucose

Glucose 6-PO

4

Glucose-1-PO

4

UDP-Glucose

Phosphoglucomutase

UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase

UTP

PP

i

ATP

ADP

Hexokinase

UDP-Glucose

GALACTOSE METABOLISM

Galactose

Galactokinase

Galactose-1-PO

4 UDP-Galactose

UDP-Glucose

Glucose-1-PO

4 UDP-Glucose; galactose-1-PO 4 uridyltransferase UDP-galactose 4-epimerase

Glucose-6-PO

4 Phospho- glucomutase

ATP

ADP

First time from glucose

Other times

from galactose

HO O H CH 2 OH OH OH O-UDP H O O HO H CH 2 OH OH OH O-UDP H CH 2 OH OH OH O-UDP H O UDP-Galactose UDP-Glucose NAD+ NADH NAD+ NADH [4-Keto intermediate] UDP-Galactose-4-epimerase H H H H H H See text p

Glucose 6-PO 4 Fructose 6-PO 4 6-phosphogluconate Glucose 1-PO 4 UDP-glucose Glucose Glycogen Ribose Glycolysis Pentose phosphate Glycogen synthesis Other Anaerobic Pathways