International Human Resource Management Concepts, Exams of Nursing

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HRM 6645 Mid-Term Study Guide

PCN - correct answer ✔Parent-Country Nationals HCN - correct answer ✔Host-Country Nationals TCN - correct answer ✔Third-Country Nationals MNE - correct answer ✔Multinational Enterprises SME - correct answer ✔Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises Index of Transnationality - correct answer ✔Average of ratios of foreign assets to total assets; foreign sales to total sales; and foreign employment to total employment Inpatriate - correct answer ✔The transfer of subsidiary staff into the parent country headquarters operations. Multidomestic Industry - correct answer ✔One in which competition in each country is essentially independent of competition in other countries. Traditional examples include retailing, distribution, and insurance. Organizational Culture - correct answer ✔the sense of common identity and purpose across the whole organization Tax Equalization - correct answer ✔These firms withhold an amount equal to the

home-country tax obligation of the expatriate, and pay all taxes in the host country Asymmetric Events - correct answer ✔threats that our political, strategic and military cultures regard as unusual Artifacts - correct answer ✔Visible organization structures and processes. Communitarianism - correct answer ✔the rights of the group or society. It seeks to put the family, group, company and country before the individual. It sees individualism as selfish and short-sighted. Diffuse Culture - correct answer ✔a large private life that includes a relatively large number of people; small public space that is difficult to enter (e.g. an outsider needs a formal introduction from a mutual friend in order to do business with a particular manager); indirect communication; does not always say what is really meant; no clear distinction between work and private life High Context Communication - correct answer ✔in high context cultures, a more indirect form of expression is common, where the receiver must decipher the content of the message from its context. Particularism - correct answer ✔pays more attention to individual cases, deciding what is good and correct depending on relationship and special friendship arrangements. Power Distance - correct answer ✔'the degree to which members of a collective expect power to be distributed equally'.

Spatial Distance - correct answer ✔The focus of this dimension is on the distance between people of various cultures when communicating. Distance that is adequate for members of one culture, may feel intrusive for members of another culture. Uncertainty Avoidance - correct answer ✔'the extent to which a society, organization, or group relies on social norms, rules, and procedures to alleviate unpredictability of future events' Agents of Socialization - correct answer ✔approach is based on assumptions that appropriate behavior will have been instilled in the local workforce through training programs and hiring practices, and that the multinational's way of operating has been accepted by the local staff in the manner intended. In this way, the multinational's corporate culture will operate as a subtle, informal control mechanism - a substitution of direct supervision. Chaebols - correct answer ✔Korean Conglomerates Greenfield - correct answer ✔A type of venture where finances are employed to create a new physical facility for a business in a location where no existing facilities are currently present. Heterarchy - correct answer ✔a structural form in which a MNC may have a number of different kinds of centers apart from that traditionally referred to as 'headquarters'. Institutionalism Perspective - correct answer ✔indicates that institutional pressures may be powerful influences on human resource practices.

Elements which are relevant to HRM are, for example, the characteristics of the education system or the industrial relations system. Integrated Player - correct answer ✔creates knowledge but at the same time is recipient of knowledge flows. Local Innovator - correct answer ✔subsidiaries engage in the creation of relevant country/region-specific knowledge in all key functional areas because they have complete local responsibility. Local Responsiveness - correct answer ✔to respect local cultural values, traditions, legislation or other institutional constraints such as government policy and/or education systems regarding HRM and work practices. Matrix Structure - correct answer ✔Organizational structure that facilitates the horizontal flow of skills and information. It is used mainly in the management of large projects or product development processes, drawing employees from different functional disciplines for assignment to a team without removing them from their respective positions. Employees in a matrix organization report on day-to-day performance to the project or product manager whose authority flows sideways (horizontally) across departmental boundaries. They also continue to report on their overall performance to the head of their department whose authority flows downwards (vertically) within his or her department. Kaizen - correct answer ✔The five-stage continuous improvement philosophy. Pre-departure Training - correct answer ✔A set of training programs provided before expatriate depart for their overseas assignment, designed to

increase the success of expatriate's in their international assignments; training might include, cross cultural and language training, business etiquettes, etc Reverse Diffusion - correct answer ✔the transfer of management practices from foreign locations to the headquarters. Six Sigma - correct answer ✔Originally developed in 1986 by Motorola, the business management strategy is now used in many different industries in an effort to improve the quality of products or services produced by the business through the removal of defects and errors. The strategy involves creating groups of people within the business or organization who have expert status in various methods, and then each project is carried out according to a set of steps in an effort to reach specific financial milestones. Standardization-localization - correct answer ✔A system of processes and procedures that operates effectively in multiple countries by exploiting local differences and interdependencies and at the same time sustaining global consistency. Transnational - correct answer ✔an organizational form that is characterized by an interdependence of resources and responsibilities across all business units regardless of national boundaries. The term has also become a descriptor of a particular type of multinational, one that tries to cope with the large flows of components, products, resources, people and information among its subsidiaries, while simultaneously recognizing distributed specialized resources and capabilities. Values - correct answer ✔the way in which employees think about

what they do and why they do it. Values shape employee's priorities and decision-making. Affective Dimension - correct answer ✔intercultural competence reflecting the emotional attitude towards a foreign culture. Boundary Spanning - correct answer ✔activities, such as gathering information, that bridge internal and external organizational contexts. Expatriates are considered boundary spanners because they can collect host country information, act as representatives of their firms in the host country, and can influence agents. Cognitive Layer - correct answer ✔Relates to Culture-specific knowledge. Commuter Assignments - correct answer ✔special arrangements where the employee commutes from the home country on a weekly or bi-weekly basis to the place of work in another country. Cross-border workers or daily commuters are not included. Usually the family of the assignee stays in the home country Contractual Assignments - correct answer ✔used in situations where employees with specific skills vital to an international project are assigned for a limited duration of six to twelve months. Ethnocentric Staffing - correct answer ✔key positions in domestic and foreign operations are held by managers from headquarters (PCN- Parent Country Nationals). Subsidiaries are managed by staff from the home country.

Ethnorelativism - correct answer ✔An acquired ability to see many values and behaviors as cultural rather than universal. It is characterized by adjustment to foreign cultures and integration. Geocentric Staffing - correct answer ✔the MNE is taking a global approach to its operations, recognizing that each part (subsidiaries and headquarters) makes a unique contribution with its unique competence. Subsidiaries are usually managed by TCN - Third Country Nationals. Intercultural Competence - correct answer ✔the ability to function effectively in another culture. Non-expatriates - correct answer ✔people who travel internationally but are not considered expatriates, as they do not relocate to another country. Popular terms for these employees include 'road warriors', 'globetrotters', 'frequent fliers' and 'flexpatriates' Polycentric Staffing - correct answer ✔the MNE treating each subsidiary as a distinct national entity with some decision-making autonomy. Subsidiaries are usually managed by local nationals (HCN - Host Country Nationals), who are seldom promoted to positions at headquarters, and PCNs are rarely transferred to foreign subsidiary operations. Regiocentric Staffing - correct answer ✔approach reflects the geographic strategy and structure of the MNE. Like the geocentric approach, it utilizes a wider pool of managers but in a limited way. Staff may move outside their home countries but only within the particular geographic region.

Tacit Knowledge - correct answer ✔Unwritten, unspoken and hidden vast storehouse of knowledge held by practically every normal human being, based on his or her emotions, experiences, insights, intuition, observations and internalized information. Tacit knowledge is integral to the entirety of a person's consciousness, is acquired largely through association with other people, and requires joint or shared activities to be imparted from on to another. Virtual Assignment - correct answer ✔the employee does not relocate to a host location but manages, from home-base, various international responsibilities for a part of the organization in another country. In this case, the manager relies heavily on communications technologies such as telephone, email or video conferences. Visits to the host country are also necessary. Foreign Subsidiary - correct answer ✔A partially or wholly owned company that is part of a larger corporation with headquarters in another country Functional Assignments - correct answer ✔more enduring assignments with local employees that involve the two-way transfer of existing processes and practices. Intellectual Capital - correct answer ✔collective knowledge (whether or not documented) of the individuals in an organization or society. This knowledge can be used to produce wealth, multiply output of physical assets, gain competitive advantage, and/or to enhance value of other types of capital Strategic Assignments - correct answer ✔high-profile activities that focus on developing a balanced global perspective.

Structure Reproducer - correct answer ✔carries the assignment of building or reproducing in a foreign subsidiary a structure similar to that which he or she knows from another part of the company. Virtual Assignees - correct answer ✔monitoring and evaluating a physically and geographically distant group of employees.