Download Intro to Packaging Final Exam Questions with 100% Correct Answers | Verified | Latest and more Exams Advanced Education in PDF only on Docsity! Intro to Packaging Final Exam Questions with 100% Correct Answers | Verified | Latest Update About what proportion of municipal waste is classified as packaging? - Correct Answer-29.6% by weight or 31.6% by volume. "The four R's are used as the guiding principles for managing the waste problem. What are the four R's, in the correct order?" - Correct Answer- Reduce, Reuse, Recycle and Recover. What is implied by the "cradle-to-cradle" model? - Correct Answer-Cradle-to-cradle refers to instances in which the objective is to recover used packaging material and return it into the manufacturing cycle to be manufactured into new packaging. Define "packaging." - Correct Answer-Packaging is a coordinated system of preparing goods for transport, distribution, storage, retailing and use. Define "sustainability." - Correct Answer-Sustainability is the concept of meeting present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs. Name the six ways of extending the natural shelf life of foods. For each method, briefly note the mechanisms by which the keeping quality of a food product is increased. - Correct Answer-Reduce temperature-(freezing) slow chemical activity and reduce/stop biological activity. Thermal processing-(hot fill, sterile, sealed cans) control microorganisms. Water reduction-(drying) manages moisture content to control microorganisms. Chemical preservation-(acids, carbon dioxide, curing/smoking, antioxidants). Modified atmosphere packaging-(vacuum packaging). Irradiation-(ionization). What two packaging materials offer absolute barrier properties? - Correct Answer-Glass and metal. What is meant by the "persona" of a package? - Correct Answer-It is the "personality" of a package What is meant by a printing process described as being "offset?" - Correct Answer-Ink is not applied directly to the substrate from the plates. What are a blanket cylinder, an anilox roll and an impression cylinder? - Correct Answer-A blanket cylinder accepts ink from the plates and transfers it to the substrate (lithography). An anilox roll accepts ink and transfers it to the printing plate (flexography). An impression cylinder puts pressure on the backside of a substrate so ink can be transferred from the blanket or plate cylinder (lithography, flexography and gravure). What two colors provide the greatest contrast to the human eye? - Correct Answer-Black and yellow A hard metallic sheen can be printed only by what process? - Correct Answer-Hot-stamping List the most widely accepted definition of sustainability. - Correct Answer-Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. To comply with the "Green Guides," list the five claims that must be substantiated. - Correct Answer-Impact reduction strategy, biodegradability, recycled content, recyclability and "green-washing." What prompted the paradigm shift that caused producers to change from a "Cradle to Grave" to a "Cradle to Cradle" responsibility? - Correct Answer-Sustainability in packaging. What term describes the new paradigm for handling consumer packaging waste? - Correct Answer-Cradle-to-Cradle Cellulose fiber can be separated from the wood mass by several means. Name the two main methods, and lists the advantages and disadvantages of each method. - Correct Answer-Mechanically cutting the wood is the fastest and cheapest method, but it breaks the fibers and reduces their effective length. The least fiber damage occurs when chemicals are used to dissolve the natural lignin binders in wood, leaving the fiber bundles intact and undamaged, but it is expensive. What is a 20-point board? - Correct Answer-0.020-in. board. A paperboard specimen can be peeled apart into seven layers. What does this tell you? - Correct Answer-That it was produced on a cylinder papermaking machine. What are MD and CD? Why it is important for a carton designer to know them? - Correct Answer-MD=machine direction. CD=cross direction. The properties of paper differ in MD and CD. Discuss the importance of fiber length on paper properties. - Correct Answer-The longer the fiber, the better the fiber entanglement and the stronger the resulting paper. However, the long, coarse fibers produce a rougher surface texture. What is double gluing, and where would you specify it? - Correct Answer-Double gluing is the gluing of both the inner deposit goes to the inside of the container where greater protection is needed. A special decorating process variation is used to decorate draw-and-iron cans. What is it called, and why is it necessary? - Correct Answer-D&I and other round containers have no natural register point and must be printed by offset letterpress, also called dry offset. All of the inks are printed onto a rubber blanket and transferred in one action onto the can surface. How can you tell the difference between a can that was drawn and one that was drawn and ironed? - Correct Answer-For a can that was drawn, the thickness of the finished can sidewall and bottom remain essentially the same as in the original blank. The bottom of a D&I can has the same thickness as the starting disk; however, the sidewalls are considerably reduced in thickness, and the metal area of the final can is greater than that of the initial disk. What are the four processes used to make two-piece cans? - Correct Answer-Draw, draw and redraw (DRD), draw and iron (D&I) and impact extrusion. What is the actual material used to make a "tin" can? - Correct Answer-"Tin can" is not strictly correct terminology, since low carbon steel is the predominant canmaking material. What is the difference between a twophase and a threephase aersol? - Correct Answer-In the simplest two phase system, such as glass cleaners and room air fresheners, the propellant dissolves in the product. Three phase systems are those which propellant and product are not mutually soluble and remain separate in the can. What are the three principal constituents of glass? - Correct Answer-Soda, lime, silica. What is the difference between type 1, type 2 and type 3 glass? Where are they used? - Correct Answer-These three glass types are used in the pharmaceutical industry for vials and ampules. Type 1- a borosilicate glass that has the most stringent extractable standard. Type 2-a soda-lime glass that has been treated in the annealing oven with sulfur to reduce alkalai solubility. Type 3- a conventional soda-lime glass that has been tested and shown to have a specified extractives level. Define: -gob -heel tap -blank mold -choke neck -finish -push-up - Correct Answer-Gob-a sheared unit of molten glass. Blank mold-a mold set used to create the container parison. Finish- an opening of the bottle that accepts the closure. Heel tap-an excess wall thickness at the base. Choke neck-an excessive thickness just below the finish. Push-up- a concave area at the bottom of the bottle. Why is a transfer bead (neck ring) a part of every glass bottle design? - Correct Answer-It is essential to transfer the hot glass parison from the blank mold to the blow mold. How does the manufacturing process for vials and ampules differ from the process for larger glass bottles? - Correct Flash- when a machine's clamping force is insufficient to keep the mold halves together, plastic flows to the parting line; it is called flash. Gate- a small opening through which the molten plastic enters the mold cavity. Parison- a hollow plastic tube used in bottle making. How can you recognize the process by which a bottle was made? - Correct Answer-An extrusion blown molded bottle has a pinch-offline across the bottom where the parison was cut and sealed, as well as faint parting lines up the sides where the mold halves came together. An injection blow molded bottle has no pinch-off marks, but it does have a gate point "bull's-eye" where the material was first injected. Faint parting lines are evident on the sides. How does an extruder for injection molding differ from an extrusion profile extruder? - Correct Answer-An injection mold extruder must have a provision for injjecting a certain amount of melted material while an extrusion profile extruder has a continuous flow of melted materials. In thermoforming, cavity molds are preferred over plug molds. Why? - Correct Answer-Plug molds have poor material distribution and limited draw. Cavity molds have better material distribution with the use of plug assist. Name the commodity packaging plastic that: a. Does not burn (self-extinguishes). b. Is used mostly for thermoforming. c. Is an exceptionally high all-around gas barrier. d. Is strongest and stiffest. e. Has the lowest melting point. f. Has the highest melting point. g. Is used most often for closures. h. Is used most often for detergent and oil bottles. i. Forms the best "live hinge." j. Is used for thermoformed film when packaging luncheon meat. k. Is lowest in cost. I. Is made into soda bottles. m. Is an exceptionally high oxygen barrier but is water soluble. n. Is an exceptionally high oxygen barrier. o. Is used for most hot-filled bottles. p. Would be used to make a squeezable bottle. - Correct Answer-a. PVC. b. PVC. c. PVDC. d. PC. e. LDPE/LLDPE. f. PC. g. PP. h. HDPE. i. PP. j. PA (unoriented nylon 6). k. PE. I. PET. m. PVAL. n. PVDC. o. PP. p. LDPE. What is static coefficient of friction (COF), and how does it differ from dynamic top of the finish to the start of the thread. Corresponding closure dimensions are S, H, T and E. Why are liners necessary in metal closures? What is the purpose of the backing material in a lined closure? - Correct Answer-To achieve a hermetic seal; through the use of resilient liners inside the closure that conform to the minute irregularities of the container finish. The backing material in a lined closure is combined with appropriate other materials to create the actual barrier and seal. Explain how an induction innerseal works. What container or closure body materials would interfere with the creation of a seal? - Correct Answer- Induction heat-sealing heads have sealing coils powered by generators running at SO to 500 kilohertz; they produce energy that couples with the aluminum foil that is part of the innerseal. The foil's temperature rises and transfers heat to the heat-seal coating, which then bonds with the container's land area. 10b) Rigid glass containers and metal closures do not change or deform under normal stress. What material are the majority of plastic closures made from? By what process are they made? - Correct Answer-Most plastic closures are made from polypropylene. Thermoplastic closures can be either injection molded or compression molded. What causes loss of torque in a plastic closure application? - Correct Answer-Thermoplastic closures on thermoplastic containers can suffer from considerable torque loss after closure application because of the viscoelastic flow (cold flow or creep) properties associated with the materials. Define application torque, removal torque and stripping torque. - Correct Answer-Application torque: A measure of the tightness to which the capping machine turns the closure. Removal Torque: The force necessary to loosen and remove the closure. Stripping torque: Torque level that will cause the closure or bottle finish to distort to the point of loose caps or no seal. Why should the common term "tamper proof" not be used? - Correct Answer-Because no practical package can stop someone determined to tamper. Explain the two theories of adhesion. - Correct Answer-The Mechanical Adhesion Theory proposes that fluid adhesives mechanically interlock into the surface cavities of the substrate and they cannot be pulled away without destroying the surface of the substrate. The Specific Adhesion Theory is based on the bonding that takes place when regions of positive and negative charges are brought into intimate contact to mutually attract each other. The surface charges are expressed as polarity and occur at molecular distances. What is the difference between a cohesive failure and an adhesive failure? - Correct Answer-Cohesive failure is indicative of low internal strength in the adhesive. Adhesive failure is indicative of a high internal strength of the adhesive that exceeds the interfacial bond of the adhesive to the substrate. A PVA emulsion adhesive will form an initial adhesive bond much faster than a dextrin adhesive with the same solids content. Why? - Correct Answer-In PVA emulsions, the suspension of the colloids will break as soon as the water is reduced beyond a critical point and the individual polymer units coagulate to create an adhesive film with adequate bond strength. This series of events enables faster application operating stations grouped along the horizontal travel path of the pouch. This allows for multiple filling heads, steam purges and other activities. Which is easier to make, a fin seal or a lap seal? Why? - Correct Answer-A fin-style vertical seal is easier to make because it brings together two inside heatseal-coated surfaces. What advantage is gained by metallizing paper? - Correct Answer-Vacuum-metallized paper gains the aesthetic appeal of a reflective aluminum surface. How thick is a 150-gauge film in thousandths of an in.? How many mils is that? - Correct Answer-.0015 inches or 1.5 mils What is the "flute" of a corrugated box? - Correct Answer-"Flute" is the term that describes the wavy medium between the two faces of linerboard that make up corrugated. Flutes range from A, the thickest / tallest to E, the thinnest or even F or Micro, which have hardly any "wave" to them. What are the predominant flutes used in box making? - Correct Answer-B and C flutes and BC doublewall comprise the bulk of corrugated boxes. What "joint" most commonly makes a flat blank into a box? - Correct Answer-The predominant boxmaker's joint today is glue. It is quick and can be automated into the flexo folder gluer, and tests have shown that with the proper dimensions, glue joints are stronger than either stitches (staples) or tape, both of which are slower and have less desirable characteristics. What is the Box Makers Certificate? - Correct Answer-The Box Makers Certificate is a stamp printed on the box that tells the end user and shipper-freight carrier that the box meets or exceeds requirements for the rules (tariffs) for that particular box. "Standard" BMCs exist for regular boxes and rectangular BMCs are for boxes that have special requirements. Some boxes, particularly hazardous material boxes, require special markings. These markings supercede or even replace the regular BMC. UN-marked boxes have very stringent regulations and penalties for failure to comply with regulations. Failure to comply with a standard BMC rule may result in a freight carrier refusing to accept a shipment. What are some tests associated with the regulations and requirements? - Correct Answer-The Mullen Test determines the burst strength of a box, ECT determines the stacking strength. The Cobb test determines the ability of boxes and boxboard to resist moisture and water absorption. The Pin Adhesion Test determines the quality of the corrugated board. In addition, performance criteria have been developed by multiple agencies, especially the UN for Haz-Mat that require cyclic impact (vibration), drop and stacking strength testing. Some packages must be manufactured to the exact requirements specified and tested for verification of the box's quality. How long have paper making and box making been around? - Correct Answer-Papermaking has existed for centuries. Paper box making has existed for a little more than 100 years. Can boxes be made "waterproof"? - Correct Answer-Boxes can be made moisture resistant and water resistant but not fully waterproof.