Introduction to Clinical Psychology: Exam 1, Exams of Advanced Education

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INTRO TO CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY-EXAM 1

accreditation - designation bestowed by the APA on psychological training programs that meet acceptable training standards clinical practicum - training experience designed to build specific clinical skills (assessment, psychotherapy, etc). often, these are combined with academic content, or theory, with practical experience clinical psychologist - member of profession devoted to understanding and treating individuals affected by a variety of emotional, behavioral, and/or cognitive difficulties. may be involved in numerous activities, including psychotherapy, assessment and diagnosis, teaching, supervision, research, consultation, and administration clinical science model - clinical psychology training model that emphasizes empirically supported approaches to assessment, prevention, and clinical intervention. arose from concerns that clinical psychology was not firmly grounded in science clinical social workers - mental health professional trained in psychiatric diagnosis and in individual and group psychotherapy. 2-year master's degree. intensely involved in the day-to-day lives of their patients and focus more on the social and factors contributing to their patients' difficulties counseling psychologists - psychologists whose interests and activities overlap significantly with those of clinical psychologists. provide individual and group psychotherapy for normal or moderately maladjusted individuals and have offered educational and occupational counseling doctoral degree - degree that requires training beyond the master's degree. in clinical psychology you can get this degree by 4 years of graduate training in assessment, diagnosis, psychotherapy, and research, plus a 1-year internship Graduate Record Examination (GRE) - test frequently required of applicants to graduate training programs. assesses quantitative, verbal, and analytical abilities

health psychologists - psychologists whose research or practical work focuses on the prevention of illness, the promotion and maintenance of good health, or the treatment of individuals with diagnosed medical conditions internship - intensive clinical experience required of all clinical psychology students and usually occurring at the very end of their graduate training master's degree - an advanced degree, usually obtained after 2 years of graduate work paraprofessionals - individuals (ex. crisis hotline workers) who have been trained to assist professional mental health workers professional schools - schools offering advanced training in psychology that emphasizes competence in assessment and psychotherapy over competence in research, majority aren't APA accredited psy. d. degree - advanced degree in psychology that is emerging as an alternative to traditional research oriented Ph.D, clinical focused, higher acceptance rate, lower % get financial assistance and internships psychiatrist - a physician with intensive training in the diagnosis and treatment of a variety of mental disorders. because of their medical backgrounds psychiatrists may prescribe behavior or psychological distress psychological clinical - a clinic operated by a clinical psychology training program and staffed by clinical students, faculty, and others. provides a setting for clinical students to gain practical experience by offering assessment, therapy, and consultation services to the public qualifying examination - an examination required of all clinical psychology students, usually in their third year of training. the function of this exam is to ensure the student's academic competence rehabilitation psychologists - psychologists whose practice focuses upon individuals with physical or cognitive disabilities. often work in general or rehabilitation hospitals and they help individuals with disabilities dies with the psychological, social, and environmental ramifications of their conditions

school psychologists - work with educators to promote the intellectual, social, and emotional growth of school-age children. evaluate children with special needs, developing interventions or programs to address these needs, consulting with teachers and administrators about issues of school policy scientist-practitioner model of training - the predominant training philosophy in clinical psychology today, is based on the idea that clinical psychologists should integrate their roles of scientist and practitioner theoretical orientations - the theoretical framework that a psychologist relies on to conceptualize and treat clients' problems (type of therapy) clinical psychology integrates - science, theory, and practice clinical psychology helps us - understand and alleviate discomfort/dysfunction clinical psychology promotes - human adaptation, adjustment, and personal development counseling psychology - traditionally work with normal or moderately maladjusted individuals, historically focuses on educational or career counseling, currently represent a wide range of theoretical orientations and treat clients across the life span counseling psychology services - preventative treatment, consultation, development of outreach programs, vocational counseling, short-term counseling/therapy from 1-15 sessions psychiatry - physicians, requires M.D. and psychiatry residency, sees psychopathology as a "mental illness" and can be fixed with medication, focuses on the biological side psychiatric nurses - works closely with psychiatrists or clinical psychologists to implement the therapeutic recommendations, in most states these people have prescription privileges non-regulated therapists - religious figures, crisis hotlines, family and friends, primary care physicians

practicum - a practical area of course study qualifying exam - intensive written (and sometimes oral) examinations in the 3rd year of grad school glaton & cattell - late 1800's, assessment of individual differences charcot - treats "hysteria" with hypnosis hysteria - times when there was a physical symptom (ex. headaches) and no mental symptom, with no noticeable cause freud and breuner published "______________" in _____ - studies on hysteria, 1895 the talking sure - hypnosis wasn't helping cure the people, talking about their problems was helping them. freud wilhelm wundt (1879) - founded the first psychological laboratory william james (1890) - published "principles of psychology", the first real psychology text book ligtner witmer (1896) - established the first psychological clinic, considered the founder of clinical psychology, worked with children at the university of virginia founding of american psychological association (APA) was in _______ - 1892 scientist-practitioner model - (also known as the boulder model) 1949, practice with skill while being able to conduct and review research, applying what is happening in research and practicing to what they are working on scientist practitioner pros - balance of theoretical and practical, rooted in academia and research

scientist practitioner cons - may polarize into camps, excuse to de-emphasize research? clinical scientist model - 1991: McFall's "manifesto for a science of clinical psychology", academy of psychological clinical science (50+ doctoral programs, 10 internships), evidence-based assessments and interventions graduate programs: future trends - practice-oriented program graduates harder time with internship placement and jobs licensure - restricts use of psychologist title and professional activities missouri licensure requirements - 1 year of supervised postdoctoral experience AFTER grad school and internship, passing score on the national EPPP (examination for professional practice in psychology), passing score on the state jurisprudence exam and oral examination by state committee members from 2007 to 2017, it is predicted that the proportion of the u.s. gdp devoted to health care costs will rise to ___%, and evidence-based treatments will be crucial - 19. challenges psychologists may face with changing health care - need to be "in network", some services/ diagnoses not covered or need pre-approval, limits on number of sessions, submit treatment plans for additional sessions prescription privileges pros - can provide wider variety of treatments to a wider range of clients, increase the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of care, will give clinical psychologists a competitive advantage in the health care marketplace prescription privileges cons - may lead to a de-emphasis of "psychological" forms of treatment, may also damage clinical psychology's relationship with psychiatry and general medicine, lead to increases in malpractice liability costs tele-health - ambulatory assessment, computer-assisted treatment

ambulatory assessment - time when you are assessing the clients feelings and stuff as it happens tarasoff case - established a duty to warn, legal precedents vary by state, therapist was told that a patient was going to kill his girlfriend and then he went on to do that, the therapist told the police and not the victim times when a therapist can break confidentiality - 1. immediate danger

2. child abuse
3. court order dual relationships - not ok, when a therapist and a client know each other outside of therapy or knew each other previously 3 ways to define abnormal behavior - 1. statistical infrequency/violation of social norms
4. subjective distress
5. disability/dysfunction/impairment statistical infrequency - rare behaviors = abnormal, normal curve normal curve - some behaviors are common (middle of curve), other behaviors are rare (tails of curve) statistical infrequency/violation of social norms pros - intuitive appeal, cutoff points can be established and used intuitive appeal - we think we know abnormal behavior when we see it statistical infrequency/violation of social norms cons - how to decide cutoff points/number of deviations from the mean required?, cultural relativity cultural relativity - deviance differs for different groups

subjective/personal distress - behaviors that are distressing are abnormal subjective/personal distress pros - people show know if they're experiencing distress subjective/personal distress cons - many exceptions: antisocial personality disorder, mania, psychosis disability/dysfunction - impairment of life function:

1. social/relationships
2. occupational
3. personal/day-to-day functioning disability/dysfunction pros - it is apparent, often prompts people to seek treatment because their normal life is interrupted disability/dysfunction cons - in how many domains of functioning must you see problems? (1,2,3, more?) the syndrome is a __________ of abnormal behaviors - cluster a mental disorder is a dysfunction ___________________________________ - within an individual diagnosis (for mental illnesses) advantages - 1. communication
4. promotes empirical research on etiology
5. diagnosis suggests treatment diagnostic systems - assume that abnormality can be detected and classified by clusters of symptoms and signs. each cluster reflects a different disorder, each cluster may require a different treatment DSM-IV-TR (2000) - multiaxial system

axis:

1. diagnosis
2. personality disorders
3. medical problems
4. psychosocial stressors
5. GAF (global assessment of functions), rank on a scale of 100 DSM-5 - may 2013, published by the american PSYCHIATRIC association changes with DSM-5 - eliminated the multiaxial system, includes ICD-10 does, already many criticisms and error corrections, changes to several diagnoses general issues in classification - categorical v. dimensional systems categorical (classification) - presence/absence of a disorder, advantages for research and understanding dimensional (classification) - rank on a continuous quantitative dimension, degree to which a symptom is present, may better capture an individual's functioning (inter-rater) reliability - extent to which clinicians agree on the diagnosis validity - extent to which diagnosis correlates with other variables (ex. causes, outcomes) diathesis-stress model - combination of a genetic disposition and an external stressor may produce psychological problems diathesis - predisposition/vulnerability stress - external/environmental factors

criticisms of classification - stigma against mental illness, doesn't capture individual uniqueness unsystematic observation - basic and casual naturalistic observation - real-life, carefully planned, but observer is not in control controlled observation - may be in real life, but observer has control over the situation case studies - intensive and individualized, scientific investigation, describe rare circumstances, lacks universal scope epidemiology - study of the incidence, prevalence, and distribution of disease in a given population. survey and interview board incidence - rate of new cases of a disease or disorder that develop within a given period of time prevalence - overall rate of cases within a given period of time risk factor - variable that increases a persons risk of experiencing a particular disease over his/her lifetime correlation coefficient - statistic that describes relationship between two variables, -1.0 +1. causality - relationship between two events, 3rd variable problem factor analysis - statistical method for examining the interrelationships among a number of variables at the same time cross sectional - research design that compares different groups of individuals at one point in time

longitudinal - research design that compares same group of individuals at two or more points in time between group designs - separate sets of participants, experimental group v. control group, study how results differ between the two groups, ideally participants randomly assigned to groups within-group design - focus on results of individual subjects, asses over time an conditions, fewer subjects required ABAB design - single-rare design that observe systematic changes in the participants behavior as the treatment and no treatment conditions alternate, a (no treatment) b (treatment), effectiveness of treatment multiple base-line design - two or more baselines for two or more behaviors, treatment is introduced for their first behavior than the second, no reversal, effect of different interventions on different behaviors mixed designs - research design that combine experimental and correlational methods, groups from a specific population are assigned to different experimental groups, reveals best interventions for each subgroup client welfare - look out for the patients and their well being, avoid dual relationships and things like that health maintenance organization (HMO) - managed care system that employs a restricted number of providers and serve enrollees. all costs for services are fixed managed care - profit driven look at health care analog study - conducted in the lab under conditions that are purportedly analogous to real life confound - extreme variable that cannot be controlled