Introduction to General Psychology, Exams of Psychology

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1. What does psy- chology study?
2. Who would you say is the fa- ther of modern psychology and why?
3. What is the difference be- tween conscious and unconscious thought process- es?
4. 0 / 0 pts Compare and contrast the be- haviorists and the psychoana- lysts. Psychology studies behavior and mental processe Wilhelm Wundt is often considered to be the father of modern psychology, since he was largely responsible for establishing psychology as its own field. Conscious thought is thought that one is aware of, while unconscious means "not conscious," or not aware. The behaviorists were only interested in studying things that they could directly observe, but the psychoanalysts focused on unconscious forces that could not be observed at all.
6. Behavioral psy- chology
7. Cognitive psy- chology studies human behavior studies human thought
8. Developmental focuses on changes across the lifespan
9. Clinical focuses on mental health and mental illness
10. Biological focuses on how the body is linked to thought and behavior.

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11. Sociocultural psychology examines the social and cultural contexts of human thought and behavior.

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12. In general, do the behaviorists be- lieve in free will?
13. What are some specific ar- eas that cog- nitive psycholo- gists study?
14. What do clin- ical psycholo- gists do?
15. Which of the psychological perspectives seem to emphasize the role of parents and environment (anything outside the person, such as friends, neighborhoods, schools) in governing behavior, and which seem to emphasize biological factors?
16. What are the two hallmarks of true psychology ex- periments? No. Classical behaviorism posits that human and animal behavior is shaped by the environment and is not freely chosen. Linguistics, language, attention, artificial intelligence, neu- roscience, memory, perception, among other areas. Key activities: conduct research, administer therapy, offer consultation and evaluation, supervise and teach others. Behaviorists and sociological psychologists definitely em- phasize the environment. Cognitive psychologists lean this way as well, although the specific field of cognitive neuroscience studies the brain. Thus, for cognitive psy- chologists, where they lean may depend on their particular area of research. Clinical psychologists lean toward the environment, too, when considering what causes particu- lar behaviors, although they also have training that would give them an understanding of some biological factors. Developmental psychologists consider both the environ- ment and biology, while biological psychologists focus on biological contributions to behavior.

4 / Portage learning Gen psychology Manipulation and control

3 / Define "experi- mental group" and "control group.

18. What does "correlational" mean?
19. Given a corre- lation coefficient of + 0.20, is this a strong or a weak relation- ship? What does the plus sign mean?
20. Given a cor- relation coeffi- cient of -0.80, is this a strong or a weak relation- ship? What does the minus sign mean?
21. What common mistake do mag- azines make re- garding correla- tional studies?
22. What is a case study?
23. Define naturalis- tic observation. The experimental group is the group that is manipulated. The control group is not manipulated, but it serves as a comparison to the experimental group Correlational means to relate together +0.20 indicates a weak relationship. The plus sign means that as one variable increases, the second variable also increases. -0.80 is a strong relationship. The minus sign indicates that as one variable increases, the other decreases. Magazines often confuse correlational and experimental studies and talk about correlational studies as if you could know what caused change to occur. A case study involves interviewing one person in great detail to intensely study one person at a time.

4 / Naturalistic observation involves going out into the world to observe behavior.

5 / What is a re- search survey? Surveys involve asking people pre-set questions, either orally or in written-form.

25. Define the mean. The mean is the sum of all scores divided by the total number of scores.
26. Find the mean for the following test grades: 89, 96, 75, 90.
27. Type the sym- bol that rep- resents summa- tion in statis- tics (this may be found in the symbol toolbar found when click- ing within the an- swer box below).
28. What does "N" refer to in statis- tics?
29. What is the dif- ference between the median and mode?
30. What informa- tion does stan- dard deviation tell you?
    31. Can a test be re- liable without be- ing valid? Ex- plain.

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The total number of scores. The median tells you what is "average" by identifying the middle score in a group of numbers. The mode is the most frequently occurring score. The standard deviation is a measure of variability and it tells you the average distance that every person's scores in a group deviate from the mean. Since reliability refers to a test being repeatable and validi- ty refers to its accuracy, a test can be reliable without being valid. This would mean that scores would be consistent

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32. What are infer- ential statistics? Be sure to define sample and pop- ulation.
33. What is an opera- tional definition?
34. Give an example of an operational definition of hap- piness.
35. As a reminder, the questions in this review quiz are a require- ment of the course and the best way to pre- pare for the mod- ule exam. Did you complete all questions in their entirety? each time one takes the test, but the test is not accurate in what it is measuring. Inferential statistics rely on sample data to make infer- ences about the population. The population is all cases that meet a specific criterion, while the sample is the portion of the population that can actually be studied. An operational definition involves defining a thing or idea in terms of how this item will be measured Happiness can be operationalized in various ways. It could be defined as a feeling of subjective well- being, as mea- sured by someone self-reporting the degree to which they feel happy, on a scale from 1-10. Or, perhaps it could be operationalized more biologically, as an internal state characterized by elevated levels of the neurotransmitter dopamine (and a specific cut-off amount set for what con- stitutes "elevated"). Or, perhaps it is defined as extended period of feeling satisfied and content, as measured by moderate to high ratings on a life satisfaction scale across a number of months. Note: this is actually a very difficult construct to measure, but hopefully gives you a good sense of the challenges with measuring internal states! yes