Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology: Chapter 1 Test Questions and Answers, Exams of Physiology

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A&P: Chapter 1 Test- Introduction of Human Anatomy and Physiology | Comprehensive Questions and Answers Latest Updated 2024/2025 With 100% Verified Solutions Anatomy: (defintion) - deals with the structure of the body and its parts Physiology - studies the functions of these parts Levels of Organization: Atom - > - molecule - > organelle - > cell - > tissue - > organs - > organ system - > organism Homeostasis - maintenance of stable internal environment (body temp; blood pressure) pleural cavity holds... (1) - lungs Abdominal cavity holds... (8) - liver, gallbladder, stomach, pancreas, spleen, kidney, small and large intestines Cranial cavity contains the: (1) - brain Pelvic cavity holds.. - urinary bladder and reproductive organs vertebral canal contains the: (1) - spinal cord Thoracic cavity contains the (3) - heart, lungs, diaphragm DIRECTIONAL TERMS OF THE BODY: - Superior (cranial) - the part above another part or closer to the head

Inferior (caudal) - the part below another part or towards the feet anterior (ventral) - towards the front of the body (the eyes are anterior to the brain) Posterior (dorsal) - towards the back of the body Medial - the imaginary midline dividing the body into equal right and left halves (the nose is medial to the eyes) Lateral - the side with the respect to the imaginary midline (the ears are lateral to the eyes)` Ipsilateral - the same side (the spleen and descending colon are ipsilateral) Contralateral - the opposite side (the spleen and gallbladder are contralateral) proximal - describes a part that is closer to the trunk of the body or closer to another specified point of reference than another part (the elbow is proximal to the wrist) Distal - a particular body part that is farther from the trunk of farther from another specified point of reference than another part (finger are distal to the wrist) Superficial (external) - situated near the surface; outward Deep (internal) - describes parts that are more internal Intermediate - between a more medial and a more lateral structure BODY SECTIONS: - Sagittal plane - divides the body into left and right sections

Midsagittal (median) plane - divides the body into equal halves at the midline Frontal (coronal) plane - divides the body into anterior and posterior sections Transverse - divides the body into superior and inferior sections BODY ORGANIZATION: - Dorsal Cavity - located toward the back of the body; divided into the cranial cavity, vertebral or spinal cavity Ventral cavity - located toward the front of the body, is divided into abdominopelvic cavity and thoracic cavity by the diaphragm the abdominopelvic cavity is subdivided into: - Abdominal and pelvic cavity the thoracic cavity is subdivded into - the pleural and pericardial cavity BODY MEMBRANES: - body membranes: - tissue linings of body cavities and coverings of internal organs parietal membrane: - lining of body cavity (parietal pleural membrane lines the pleural cavity) visceral membrane: - covering of internal organ (visceral pleural membrane lines the surface of the lungs) NAMES OF THE BODY PARTS: -

Antecubital - space in front of the elbow Axillary - under the arm Acromial - point of shoulder Abdominal - Abdomen Antebrachial - forearm pollex - thumb Patellar - anterior knee Tarsal - ankle Umbillical - navel Mental - chin Coxal - Hip Fibular - side of leg Manus - hand Calcaneal - heel Hallux - great toe

Femoral - thigh Sacral - between hips Sural - calf Scapular - shoulder blade ottic - ear Frontal - forehead Digital - fingers/toes Brachial - arm Buccal - cheek Carpal - wrist Cephalic - head cervical - neck Crural - leg Cubital - elbow

Dorsal - back Genital - reproductive organs Gluteal - buttocks inguinal - groin Lumbar - lower back Mammary - Breast Occipital - lower posterior region of the head Palmar - palm of hand Pectoral - chest Pedal - foot pelvic - pelvis perineal - region between the anus and the external reproductive organs plantar - bottom of foot popliteal - area behind the knee Sternal - middle of thorax (breast bone)

Endocrine system - main system that secretes hormones integumentary system - provides an outer covering reproductive system - produces a new organism nervous system - stimulates muscles to contract and interprets information from sensory units skeletal system - provides framework for soft tissues and produces blood cells in red marrow respiratory system - exchanges gases between air and blood lymphatic system - transports excess fluid from tissues to blood muscular system - maintains posture and generates body heat urinary system - removes liquid wastes from blood and transports them to outside digestive system - converts food molecules into forms that are absorbed cardiovascular system - transports nutrients, wastes, and gases throughout the body