Introduction to Immunology: Understanding the Immune System, Exams of Nursing

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INTRODUCTION TO IMMUNOLOGY

IMMUNITY

What is immunity? -Latin immunis: root means exempt -_______ against foreign pathogens or substances -Second part is ______ such as immune diseases What is the purpose of the immune system?

1. Differentiate b/w self & non-self
2. Respond appropriately - correct answer State of protection resistance to disease FOUR MAIN TYPES OF PATHOGENS Bacteria: single-celled prokaryotes ________, open wounds, inhalation, ingestion Viruses: non-living infectious agents, made of nucleic acids and protein coat, latent or dormant Respiratory tract, mucus membranes, open wounds Fungi: eukaryotes, harder to kill Inhalation of ______, skin trauma Parasites: multi-celled pathogens

Ingestion of contaminated food/water, arthropod vector, skin penetration - correct answer Direct bodily contact spores Antigen: molecule capable of inducing immune response, specifically _______ Antibody: large Y-shaped proteins that are made by B cells and plasma cells. Function is to identify and neutralize pathogens by _______ Leukocytes: WBC. Made from hematopotent stem cells in bone marrow. Kinds include lymphocyte, granulocytes, monocytes and macrophages Lymphocytes: specific type of leukocytes. Small leukocyte with _______. Found mainly in lymphatic system. Humoral immunity: named after substances found in humerus (body fluids). Mediated by macro molecules found in ECF including antibodies, antimicrobial peptides, or compliment components Cell-mediated immunity: uses cells instead of antibodies. Such as phagocytes or cytotoxic t-cells instead of relying on antibodies - correct answer antibody producing response. recognizing antigens single round nucleus THE IMMUNE SYSTEM

Composed of two separate but interconnected systems that work together Innate immunity: -Routine protection -Always on -Present at _______ Adaptive immunity: -Develops throughout life -Antigens and lymphocytes -Develops after exposure, specific, mediated by lymphocytes and how they respond to antigens, has memory, ________ - correct answer birth, non-specific, all organisms only vertebraes First line of defense (preformed): Physical barrier= skin Chemical barrier= _______ Second line of defense: Inflammatory response: inflammation stops infection from spreading, takes time to ramp up Adaptive: Lymphocytes will make cells that are specifically tuned to that pathogen (most of the time that will be enough to kill the pathogen) - correct answer compliment Innate: Epithelial barriers: keep the _______ Always on

__________

Adaptive: Mediated by ______ and what they make such as antibodies or cytokines Days to weeks - correct answer invaders outside of the body Minutes to hours lymphocytes LYMPHOCYTES -B lymphocytes: mediators of humoral immunity -T lymphocytes: mediators of cell-mediated immunity Specific _________ - correct answer recognition of antigens ANTIGEN-PRESENTING CELLS: -Dendritic cells: initiation of ______ -Macrophages: effector phase of ________ -Follicular dendritic cells: display of antigens to B lymphocytes in humoral immune responses Capture of antigens for display to lymphocytes - correct answer T cell responses cell-mediated immunity EFFECTOR CELLS T lymphocytes: activation of phagocytes, killing _______

Macrophages: phagocytosis and killing of microbes Granulocytes: killing microbes ________ - correct answer infected cells Elimination of antigens LYMPHOCYTES Lots of different types; morphologically similar -Separated by ______ B cells: mature in the bone marrow, only cells capable of _______, can produce plasma cells T cells: mature in the thymus, responsible for _______ Helper T-cells make cytokines Cytotoxic T-cells kill Both of antigen-specific receptors - correct answer CD markers producing antibodies cell-mediated immunity HOW DO IMMUNE CELLS DETECT PATHOGENS Immune responses rely on recognition molecules

-Innate immunity uses ______ encoded pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) --PRRs bind pathogen associated molecular patterns _______ -Ex. Bacteria have cell walls w/ peptidoglycan in it (LPS, flagellin, mitochondria ) Adaptive immunity uses ______ -B and T cell receptors (humoral and cell mediated immunity) - correct answer germ-line (PAMPs) or DAMPs randomly generated receptors HOW DOES THE IMMUNE SYSTEM AVOID TARGETING HOST CELLS? Tolerance: Unresponsiveness to (usually self) substances that can elicit an ______ Central Way immune cells learn ______ comes from thymus and bone marrow Peripheral Prevents ______ comes from lymph nodes and spleen Prevents reactions to normal flora - correct answer immune response self from non-self over-reactivity

INNATE IMMUNITY

Response time: minutes to hours Specificity: limited and fixed Response to repeat infection: same each time Major components: ______ - correct answer barriers (e.g. skin); phagocytes; pattern recognition molecules ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY Response time: days Specificity: highly diverse; adapts to improve the course of immune response Response to repeat infection: more rapid and effective with each subsequent exposure Major components: _______ - correct answer T and B lymphocytes; antigen-specific receptors; antibodies INNATE IMMUNITY First line of defense Fast, but non-specific

Germ-line encoded recognition molecules ______ cells - correct answer Phagocytic ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY Includes both humoral and cell-mediated responses -Uses B and T cells, respectively -Slower (5-6 days or more) -Randomly generated ______ -Highly specific to individual antigens - correct answer Ag receptors INNATE VS. ADAPTIVE CELLS B cells and T cells are adaptive Everything else is most likely innate Common to both: _______ - correct answer yD T cell NK T cell INNATE AND ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY WORK TOGETHER Activation of innate immune responses produces signal molecules (________)

Signal molecules stimulate and direct adaptive immune responses Communicate using cytokines Cytokines can be made by any cell Ex. Endothelial cells, fibroblasts, stroma cells in bone marrow Have autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine Hormones regulate in ______ - correct answer often cytokines less variable concentrations and can only be made by specific cells MEMORY IS THE HALLMARK OF ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY Primary: happens during first exposure, make memory cells which ______ Secondary: happens during second exposure, re-stimulates memory cells, ______ Memory _______ in innate immunity - correct answer stays in cell after antigen disappears higher levels of antibody production not present THE GOOD, THE BAD, AND THE UGLY

Protection from disease (when everything works) Immune dysfunctions fall into two broad categories -Overly active/misdirected immune responses --Allergies/asthma: failure of _____ tolerance --Autoimmune disease: failure of _____ tolerance -Immunodeficiency --Primary: ______ --Secondary: happen a lot of different ways ex. Toxin, aging, etc Opportunistic infections - correct answer peripheral central genetic loss of immune function THE GOOD, THE BAD, AND THE UGLY Transplanted tissues: when you want to AVOID an immune response -Transplant recipients are kept on ______ meds their entire lives and have ______ Cancer: dangerous cells are our own cells - correct answer immunosuppressant shortened lifespan SUMMARY Immunity is a complex subject, broken down into many different areas

Understanding how immunity works allows us to: -Exploit it to prevent infections -Treat illness -Provide safer organ/tissue transplants - correct answer ----