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A comprehensive introduction to the field of psychology, covering key concepts, theories, and research methods. It delves into the study of emotion, cognition, and behavior, exploring topics such as motivation, cognition, behaviorism, gestalt psychology, humanistic psychology, and psychoanalysis. The document also discusses various research methods, including naturalistic observation, experimental design, and statistical analysis techniques like correlation, reliability, and validity. It covers important psychological constructs like the independent and dependent variables, experimental and control groups, the placebo effect, and the concept of self-actualization. Additionally, the document touches on specialized fields within psychology, such as health psychology and the role of psychiatrists. This resource offers a solid foundation for understanding the fundamental principles and approaches in the dynamic discipline of psychology.
Typology: Exams
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Psychology - ANS The study of emotion, cognition, and behavior, and their and interaction. Motivation - ANS The process that energizes and/or maintains a behavior. Cognition - ANS The process of receiving, processing, storing, and using information. Behaviorism - ANS The school of psychology founded on the premise that behavior is measurable and can be changed through the application of various behavioral principles. Gestalt - ANS German word typically translated as meaning "whole" or "form". Humanistic Psychology - ANS A theoretical view of human nature which stresses a positive view of human nature and the strong belief in psychological homeostasis. Psychoanalysis - ANS Developed by Sigmund Freud, this type of therapy is known for long term treatment, typically several times per week, where the unresolved issues from the individual's childhood are analyzed and resolved. These issues are
considered to be primarily unconscious in nature and are kept from consciousness through a complex defense system. Naturalistic Observation - ANS A research method where the subject(s) is (are) observed without interruption under normal or natural circumstances. Independent Variable - ANS The variable in an experiment that is manipulated or compared. Dependent Variable - ANS The variable in an experiment that is measured; the outcome of an experiment. Experimental group - ANS In research, the group of subjects who receive the independent variable. Control group - ANS The group of subjects in an experiment that does not receive the independent variable. Random Assignment - ANS Assigning subjects to experimental groups based on chance. Placebo Effect - ANS The phenomenon in research where the subject's beliefs about the outcome can significantly effect the outcome without any other intervention.
Blind study - ANS As a way to avoid the placebo effect in research, this type of study is designed without the subject's knowledge of the anticipated results and sometimes even the nature of the study. The subjects are said to be "blind" to the expected results. Double blind study - ANS Research method in which both the subjects and the experimenter are unaware or "blind" to the anticipated results. Correlation - ANS Statistical representation of a relationship between two or more variables which does not determine cause and effect. Positive Correlation - ANS A correlation where as one variable increases, the other also increases, or as one decreases so does the other. Negative Correlation - ANS A correlation where as one variable increases, the other decreases. Survey - ANS A research technique in which subjects respond to a series of questions. Reliability - ANS A statistical measure of a test's consistency, or ability to result in similar scores if given repeatedly. Validity - ANS Statistical technique used to determine if a test is actually measuring what it is intended to measure.
Measure of Central Tendency - ANS An average (mean, median, and mode) Mean - ANS A method of determining an average where the sum of the scores is divided by the number of scores. Median - ANS A method of determining an average by using the score that falls in the middle of the distribution. Mode - ANS A method of determining an average by using the score(s) which occurs most frequently. Range - ANS A statistical term representing the difference between the highest score and the lowest score. Standard Deviation - ANS A statistical formula used to determine the amount of difference expected from one score to the next. Normal Curve (Distribution) - ANS A graphical interpretation of a population that is "bell shaped" as it has the highest frequency in the middle and this frequency diminishes the farther you get from the center on either end. Population - ANS The entire group to which research is hoping to generalize (e.g., males, adults, U.S. citizens)
Placebo - ANS A treatment condition used to control for the placebo effect where the treatment has no real effect on its own. Experimental Method - ANS Research method using random assignment of subjects and the manipulation of variables in order to determine cause and effect. Hypothesis - ANS A prediction about the relationship between two or more variables. Random Sample - ANS A group of subjects representing the population who are selected through chance. Self Actualization - ANS The process of understanding oneself more completely and being aware of issues affecting one's life. Theory - ANS A general idea about the relationship of two or more variables. Experimenter Bias (observer or researcher bias) - ANS Errors in a research study due to the predisposed notions or beliefs of the experimenter. Factor Analysis - ANS A statistical technique used to determine the number of components in a set of data. These components are then named according to their characteristics allowing a researcher to break down information in statistical groups.
Health Psychology - ANS The specific field in psychology concerned with psychology's impact on health, physical well being, and illness Psychiatrist - ANS A medical doctor with training in mental illness. Selection Bias - ANS Errors in the selection and placement of subjects into groups that results in differences between groups which could effect the results of the experiment. Stimulus - ANS Anything in the environment to which one responds. Variable - ANS Any factor which has the potential to influence another factor in a research study.