Introduction to Psychology Final Exam, Exams of Psychology

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Intro to Psychology Final Exam

Psychology is defined as the science of: - behavior and mental processes Who is considered the "father of psychology" by his establishment of the first psychology lab? - Wilhelm Wundt Who was William James? - first American psychologist, author of first psychology textbook, believed psychology should study the functions of consciousness Who established the first psychology lab in the United States? - G. Stanley Hall Sue believes the field of psychology should study various methods of problem solving, how people memorize facts, and what changes our thinking structure. Sue would be described as coming from which perspective of psychology? - cognitive perspective Jim, in his approach to psychology, stresses that individuals continually strive to reach their full potential. Jim would be described as coming from which perspective of psychology? - humanistic perspective Martin E.P. Seligman felt the field of psychology should emphasize: - making life more productive and fulfilling Jim is a researcher for a local business. He believes that research should be "problem centered" in that it tries to solve specific problems in the world. Jim is an advocate of: - applied research A developmental psychologist wants to study the effects of poverty on one's self concept. To do this, a group subjects from the central city are interviewed once every five years over the period of 30 years. The same subjects are interviewed throughout the 30 years. This study is an example of what type of research? - longitudinal study Amber is researching possible causes of suicide. For each committed suicide in the county, Amber does an in-depth study of the person's life and behaviors prior to their suicide. Amber is conducting what type of study? - case study Consider the following experiment: Children are divided into two groups. One group watches episodes of "Sesame Street." The other group watches cartoon episodes. Both are then given a test that measures activity in children. In this study, the independent variable is: - what the child watches on tv

In an experiment what group receives the independent variable? - the experimental group In an experiment what group would be given a placebo? - the control group What are the four basic principles for human participation in an experiment? - informed consent. confidentiality, debriefing, protection from harm and discontent Any non-genetic influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us, is the definition of: - the environment Each human cell is composed of how many chromosomes? - 46 One's chromosomes are made up of: - DNA Having a predisposition to a given genetic disease implies that: - the person has the possibility of developing the diseases Darwin's principle of "survival of the fittest" suggests that those members of a species with trait variations that contribute to their survival will live longer and thereby are more likely to pass those traits on to succeeding generations. This follows the concept of: - natural selection Jessie and Kristin are twins that developed from a single fertilized egg. Jessie and Kristin are called what type of twins? - identical twins A study comparing the divorce rates of twins found that if one was divorced, the odds were 5.5 times higher the other twin would get divorced. In analyzing these results it is important to: - not conclude that divorce is heritable The shared attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors of a group is the definition of: - culture Sabrina, from Isamanig, Germany is visiting Germantown High School in Wisconsin with a student exchange program between Germany and the United States. During her visit, Sabrina is having trouble understanding what some of the "proper" behaviors are in the United States versus the "proper" behaviors in Germany. Sabrina is having problems understanding American cultural: - norms A society in which the needs of the group have priority over the needs of the individual is referred to as: - collectivist

Immediately after an egg cell has been fertilized it is called a(n): - zygote The period of prenatal development from two weeks after fertilization through the eight week is called the: - embryonic stage Kelly's father is trying to feed her a bottle of infant formula. Unfortunately, Kelly's head is facing away from her father. Rather than physically moving Kelly's head, her father simply touches the bottle's nipple on Kelly's right cheek. Kelly, almost immediately, turns her head to the right. Kelly's father is taking advantage of: - reflexes What theorists developed a theory of cognitive development? - Jean Piaget Marja has decided to try a new fast food restaurant in town. After the experience she decides the new restaurant is very similar to tall the other fast food places she has been to. According to Piaget, Marja's new experience could be classified as; - assimilation Kayla, a young infant, is playing with her favorite toy. Kayla's brother comes along, grabs the toy, and puts in underneath a blanket sitting next to Kayla. Kayla simply lifts up the blanket, finds the toy, and continues playing with it. Kayla has learned: - object permanence Ford and his sister, Mallory, are sitting down to eat a meatball. Their father puts one meatball on each of their plates and then proceeds to cut them up. When he sets the plates in front of Ford and Mallory, Mallory complains that Ford is getting more as he has eight pieces of meatball and she has only six. No matter how hard Mallory's father tries to explain that each started with one meatball, Mallory believes she is getting less. Mallory has not gained the ability of: - conservation In Harlow's experiment with baby monkeys, Harlow found the infant monkeys preferred: - the cloth mother no matter which mother provided food Lorenz found the baby goslings tended to follow the first large moving object they see. This is referred to as: - imprinting RJ's parents have a very loving warm parental style. They rarely discipline RJ and are always asking about his thoughts and feelings. Their expectations of RJ maturity level are low compared to other parents. RJ's parents would be labeled: - permissive The transition period between childhood and adulthood is called - adolescence During adolescence a person reaches which of Piaget's cognitive stages -

formal operational Becca's primary concern with ethical behavior centers on her desire not to get punished by her parents or to gain some reward from them. Becca is in which of Kohlberg's stages of moral reasoning? - preconventional According to Erickson's stages of psychosocial development, the primary development task of an infant is: - trust vs. mistrust According to Erickson's stages of psychosocial development, the primary development task of an adolescent is: - identity vs. role confusion The basic building block of the nervous system is: - neurons What is considered the "receiver" in a neuron? - dendrites At what point is the neuron recharging for the next charge? - refractory period Neurotransmitters travel across the: - synapse Which nervous system prepares the body for the "fight of flight response"? - sympathetic nervous system A relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience is the definition of: - learning A type of learning is which the subject learns to associate a stimulus with a given response is: - classical conditioning In Pavlov's experiment with classical conditioning the dog salivated when a bell was rung, even though the food did not follow. In the case above, the bell is called the: - conditioned stimulus A boy has been conditioned to be afraid of a bus. He also finds he is afraid of cars and trains. This is an example of: - generalization A type of learning in which the subject associates a particular behavior with its consequence is called: - operant conditiioning Any consequence of a behavior that decreases the frequency of that behavior is a: - punishment

Learning taking place by watching others is the definition of: - observational learning An American researcher who studied observational learning was: - Albert Bandura Behavior which is negative, destructive, and unhelpful is considered: - antisocial behavior Behavior which is positive, constructive, and helpful is considered: - prosocial behavior Laura is a psychologist who agrees with all certain aspects of Freud's theory but discounts Freud's emphasis on unresolved childhood conflicts as the source of personality development. According to the text, Laura would be considered following the _________ perspective. - psychodynamic According to Freud's theory the thoughts and feeling we are aware of are in the _____ mind. - conscious Which part in Freud's theory follows the pleasure principle? - id "I'd like to punch Joe in the mouth." "But fighting is wrong." "Besides Joe might then beat me up." These statements are respective expressions of the: - id, superego, ego The part of the personality that takes the desires of the id and finds a realistic and effective outlet of satisfaction without going against the rules of the superego is the: - ego Thirty eight year old Rachael pouts just like a little child whenever her husband disagrees with what she wants to do. Which of Freud's defense mechanisms is Rachael using? - regression Leah just had an argument with her mother and leaves the kitchen extremely angry. Once she gets to her bedroom she slams the door shut and begins to throw things across the room. Which of Freud's defense mechanisms is Leah using? - displacement What is the correct order of Maslow's hierarchy of needs? - physiological, safety, belonging and love, esteem, and self-actualization According to Rogers, what three things are needed to nurture human growth in others? - being accepting, genuine, emphatic All of one's thoughts and feelings about oneself, in answer to the question "Who Am I?" is the definition of: - self-concept

A characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports is the definition of: - factor The psychological perspective that believes understanding personality involves considering situations and thoughts before, during, and after an event is called the _______ perspective. - social cognitive What traits are including in Eysenck's biological dimensions? - stable, unstable, extraverted, intraverted What traits make up the "big five" traits? - consciousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, extraversion Which is true with regards to personality inventories? - they are objective tests The Minnesota Multiple Personality Inventory (MMPI): - assesses the person on 10 clinical scales The mutual influences between personality and environmental factors is the definition of: - reciprocal determinism Hannah believes that she is in command of her own fate. Julian Rotter called this belief: - internal locus of control The movement in psychology that focuses on the study of optimal human functioning and the factors that allow individuals and communities to thrive is: - positive psychology When something goes wrong Samantha feels that everything in her life is beyond her control and she is at fualt for most, if not all, of her problems. Samantha has: - pessimistic explanatory style