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Introduction to Psychology Final Exam Questions with 100% correct Answers, Exercises of Introduction to Psychology

Introduction to Psychology Final Exam Questions with 100% correct AnswersIntroduction to Psychology Final Exam Questions with 100% correct Answers

Typology: Exercises

2024/2025

Available from 11/02/2024

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Download Introduction to Psychology Final Exam Questions with 100% correct Answers and more Exercises Introduction to Psychology in PDF only on Docsity!

Introduction to Psychology Final Exam Questions

with 100% correct Answers

A person's internally based characteristic ways of acting and thinking. Unique psychological qualities that influence a variety of characteristic patterns of behaviour and ways of thinking that determines a person's adjustment to the environment. - Correct answer Personality Freud's term for what you are presently aware of - Correct answer Conscious mind Freud's term for what is stored in your memory that you are not presently aware of but can access - Correct answer Preconscious mind Freud's term for the part of our mind that we cannot become aware of. - Correct answer Unconscious mind The part of the personality that a person is born with, where the biological instinctual drives reside, and that is located totally in the unconscious mind.

  • Correct answer Id The principle of seeking immediate gratification for instinctual drives without concern for the consequences - Correct answer Pleasure principle The part of the personality that starts developing in the first year or so of life to find realistic outlets for the id's instinctual drives. - Correct answer Ego The principle of finding gratification for instinctual drives within the constraints of reality (norms of society). - Correct answer Reality principle The part of the personality that represents one's conscience and idealized standards of behaviour. - Correct answer Superego

A process used by the ego to distort reality and protect a person from anxiety. - Correct answer Defense mechanism The area of the body where the id's pleasure-seeking energies are focused during a particular stage of psychosexual development. - Correct answer Erogenous zone Some of the id's pleasure-seeking energies remaining in a psychosexual stage due to excessive or insufficient gratification of instinctual needs. - Correct answer Fixation First stage in Freud's theory Birth to 18 months Erogenous zones are mouth, lips, tongue Child derives pleasure from oral activities such as biting, sucking, chewing - Correct answer Oral stage of psychosexual development Second stage in Freud's theory 18 months to 3 years Erogenous zone is anus Child derives pleasure from stimulation of anal area through having and withholding anal movements - Correct answer Anal stage of psychosexual devlopment Third stage in Freud's theory 3 to 6 years Erogenous zone is located at genitals Child derives pleasure from genital stimulation - Correct answer Phallic stage of psychosexual development Freud Phallic stage conflict in which boy becomes sexually attracted to mother and fears his father will find out and castrate him. - Correct answer Oedipus Conflict Process by which children adopt characteristics of same-sex parent and learn their gender role and sense of morality - Correct answer Identification Fourth stage in Freud's theory

6 years to puberty No erogenous zone Sexual feelings are repressed and the focus is on cognitive and social development - Correct answer Latency stage of psychosexual development Fifth stage in Freud's theory Puberty to adulthood Erogenous zone is genitals Child develops sexual relationships, moving towards intimate adult relationships - Correct answer Genital stage of psychosexual development Motivation Suggests that the innate needs which motivate our behaviour are arranged in a pyramid shape. From bottom to top: Physiological (hunger, thirst) Safety (feel safe, secure, stable) Belonging and love (to love and be love, belong, be accepted) Esteem (self-esteem, achievement, competence, independence) Self-actualization (live up to potential) - Correct answer Hierarchy of Needs The fullest realization of a person's potential - Correct answer Self- actualization The behaviours and attitudes for which other people (starting with parents) will give us positive regard - Correct answer Conditions of worth Unconditional acceptance and approval of a person by others - Correct answer Unconditional positive regard The set of cognitive processes by which a person observes, evaluates, and regulates their behaviour - Correct answer Self-system A judgement of one's effectiveness in dealing with particular situations - Correct answer Self-efficacy The perception that chance or external forces beyond your personal control determine your fate - Correct answer External locus of control

The perception that you control your own fate. - Correct answer Internal locus of control A sense of hopelessness in which a person thinks that he is unable to prevent aversive events. - Correct answer Learned helplessness The process by which we explain our own behaviour and that of others - Correct answer Attribution The tendency to make attributions so that one can perceive oneself favourably - Correct answer Self-serving bias The relatively stable internally based characteristics that describe a person

  • Correct answer Traits An objective personality test that uses a series of questions or statements for which the test taker must indicate whether they apply to him/her or not. - Correct answer Personal inventory A personality test that uses a series of ambiguous stimuli to which the test taker must respond about her perception of the stimuli - Correct answer Projective test Type Theories Trait Theories - Correct answer Personality Theories Distinct (no overlap) pattern of personality characteristics
  • Sheldon Somatotypes
  • Eysenck
  • Type A vs. Type B - Correct answer Type Theories Type theory of personality Based on body types Endomorph - short, plump - sociable, relaxed, even tempered Ectomorph - tall, thin - restrained, self-conscious, fond of solitude Mesomorph - heavy-set, muscular - noisy, callous, fond of physical activity
  • Correct answer Sheldon Somatotypes Sheldon somatotype

Short, plump Sociable, relaxed, even-tempered - Correct answer Endomorph Sheldon somatotype Tall, thin Restrained, self-conscious, fond of solitude - Correct answer Ectomorph Sheldon somatotype Heavy-set, muscular Noisy, callous, fond of physical activity - Correct answer Mesomorph Type theory of personality Introvert vs. extrovert - Correct answer Eysenck Type theory of personality Aggressive when frustrated, impatient, controlling. - Correct answer Type A vs. Type B Characteristic patterns of behaviour or conscious motives. Assumed that most traits exist in all people to a certain degree and that we can measure the degree to which a trait exists in a person Thousands of words to describe traits. - Correct answer Trait Theories of Personality In-class example of trait Belle - innocent, intellectual, happy, nice Gaston - arrogant, jerk, narcissistic - Correct answer Beauty and the Beast Research has shown that various traits tend to cluster (or appear together) in various dimensions (or factors) - Correct answer Factors Openness Conscientiousness Extraversion Agreeableness Neuroticism - tendency to experience negative effects - Correct answer 5- Factor Model of Personality 5-Factor model of personality

Tendency to experience negative effects - Correct answer Neuroticism The scientific study of mental disorders and their treatment. - Correct answer Abnormal psychology The current version of the American Psychiatric Association's diagnostic and classification guidelines for mental disorders. - Correct answer Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) A disorder characterized by inflexible, long-standing personality traits that lead to behaviour that impairs social functioning and deviates from cultural norms. - Correct answer Personality Disorder Explaining abnormality as the result of the interaction among biological, psychological (behavioural and cognitive), and sociocultural factors. - Correct answer Biopsychosocial Approach Disorders in which excessive anxiety leads to personal distress and atypical, maladaptive, and irrational behaviour. - Correct answer Anxiety Disorders An anxiety disorder indicated by a marked and persistent fear of specific objects or situations that is excessive and unreasonable. - Correct answer Specific Phobia An anxiety disorder indicated by a marked and persistent fear of one or more social performance situations in which there is exposure to unfamiliar people or scrutiny by others. - Correct answer Social Phobia An anxiety disorder indicated by a marked and persistent fear of being in places or situations from which escape may be difficult or embarrassing. - Correct answer Agoraphobia An anxiety disorder in which a person experiences recurrent panic attacks.

  • Correct answer Panic Disorder An anxiety disorder in which a person has excessive, global anxiety that he or she cannot control, for a period of at least 6 months. - Correct answer Generalized Anxiety Disorder

An anxiety disorder in which the person experiences recurrent obsessions or compulsions that are perceived by the person as excessive or unreasonable, but cause significant distress and disruption in the person's daily life. - Correct answer Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder A persistent, intrusive thought, idea, impulse, or image that causes anxiety.

  • Correct answer Obsession A repetitive and rigid behaviour that a person feels compelled to perform in order to reduce anxiety. - Correct answer Compulsion Disorders that involve dramatic changes in a person's emotional mood that are excessive and unwarranted. - Correct answer Mood Disorders A mood disorder in which the person has experienced one or more depressive episodes. - Correct answer Major Depressive Disorder An episode characterized by symptoms such as feelings of intense hopelessness, low self-esteem and worthlessness, extreme fatigue, dramatic changes in eating and sleeping behaviour, inability to concentrate, and greatly diminished interest in family, friend, and activities for a period of 2 weeks or more. - Correct answer Major Depressive Episode An episode characterized by abnormally elevated mood in which the person experiences symptoms such as inflated self-esteem with grandiose delusions, a decreased need for sleep, constant talking, distractability, restlessness, and poor judgment for a period of at least a week. - Correct answer Manic Episode A mood disorder in which recurrent cycles of depressive and manic episodes occur. - Correct answer Bipolar Disorder A disorder characterized by a loss of contact with reality. - Correct answer Psychotic Disorder A false sensory perception. - Correct answer Hallucination A false belief. - Correct answer Delusion

A psychotic disorder in which at least two of the following symptoms are present most of the time during a 1-month period: hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech, disorganized or catatonic behaviour, or negative symptoms such as loss of emotion. - Correct answer Schizophrenia A biopsychosocial explanation of schizophrenia which proposes that genetic, prenatal, and postnatal biological factors render a person vulnerable to schizophrenia, but environmental stress determines whether it develops or not. - Correct answer Vulnerability-Stress Model The use of biological interventions, such as drugs, to treat mental disorders. - Correct answer Biomedical Therapy The use of psychological interventions to treat mental disorders. - Correct answer Psychotherapy A naturally occurring element (a mineral salt) that is used to treat bipolar disorder. - Correct answer Lithium Drugs used to treat depressive disorders. - Correct answer Antidepressant Drugs An explanation of depression that proposes that neurogenesis, the growth of new neurons, in the hippocampus stops during depression, and when it resumes the depression lifts. - Correct answer Neurogenesis Theory of Depression Drugs used to treat anxiety problems and disorders. - Correct answer Antianxiety Drugs Drugs used to treat psychotic disorders. - Correct answer Antipsychotic Drugs A side effect of long-term use of traditional anti-psychotic drugs causing the person to have uncontrollable facial tics, grimaces, and other involuntary movements of the lips, jaw, and tongue. - Correct answer Tardive Dyskinesia

A biomedical treatment for severe depression that involves electrically inducing a brief brain seizure. - Correct answer Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) A neurostimulation therapy in which the left frontal lobe is stimulated with magnetic pulses via an electromagnetic coil placed on the patient's scalp. It is only cleared for use in cases of severe depression for which traditional treatment has not helped. - Correct answer Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) A biomedical treatment in which specific areas of the brain are destroyed. - Correct answer Psychosurgery A type of psychosurgery in which the neuronal connections of the frontal lobe to lower brain areas are severed. - Correct answer Lobotomy A style of psychotherapy originally developed by Sigmund Freud in which the therapist helps the person gain insight into the unconscious sources of his or her problems. - Correct answer Psychoanalysis A person spontaneously describes, without editing, all thoughts, feelings, or images that come to mind. - Correct answer Free Association A person's unwillingness to discuss a particular topic during therapy. - Correct answer Resistance Freud's term for the literal surface meaning of a dream. - Correct answer Manifest Content Freud's term for the underlying true meaning of a dream. - Correct answer Latent Content A person undergoing therapy acts towards the therapist as he or she did toward important figures in his or her life, such as his or her parents. - Correct answer Transference A style of psychotherapy developed by Carl Rogers in which the therapist uses unconditional positive regard, genuineness, and empathy to help the person gain insight into his or her true self-concept. - Correct answer Client-Centered Therapy

A style of psychotherapy in which the therapist uses the principles of classical and operant conditioning to change the person's behaviour from maladaptive to adaptive. - Correct answer Behavioural Therapy A type of behavioural therapy in which a maladaptive response is replaced by an incompatible adaptive response. - Correct answer Counterconditioning A counterconditioning exposure therapy in which a fear response to an object or situation is replaced with a relaxation response in a series of progressively increasing fear-arousing steps. - Correct answer Systematic Desensitization A counterconditioning exposure therapy in which the patient is exposed in graduated steps to computer simulations of a feared object or situation. - Correct answer Virtual Reality Therapy A counterconditioning exposure therapy in which the patient is immediately exposed to a feared object or situation. - Correct answer Flooding A style of psychotherapy in which the therapist attempts to change the person's thinking from maladaptive to adaptive. - Correct answer Cognitive Therapy A type of cognitive therapy developed by Albert Ellis in which the therapist directly challenges the person's unrealistic thoughts and beliefs to show that they are irrational. - Correct answer Rational-Emotive Therapy A type of cognitive therapy developed by Aaron Beck in whcih the therapist works to develop a warm relationship with the person and has the person carefully consider the evidence for his or her beliefs in order to see the errors in his or her thinking. - Correct answer Beck's Cognitive Therapy Getting better with the passage of time without receiving any therapy. - Correct answer Spontaneous Remission Identify but don't explain how behaviour is caused People are not always consistent in different situations Traits may emerge in more familiar situations

No conception of development - Correct answer Criticisms of both Type and Trait theories Criticism of type/trait theory Descriptive not explanatory - Correct answer Identify but don't explain how behaviour is caused Criticism of type/trait theory Punctuality on exam days vs. regular lecture days - Correct answer People not always consistent in different situations Criticism of type/trait theory When eating dinner at home you may be talkative but at a new girlfriend's house you may be quiet - Correct answer Traits may emerge in familiar situations Give us a way to describe individual differences in behaviour Can be regarded as predispositions to respond in similar situations - Correct answer Type and Traits Sigmund Freud Id. superego, ego Stages of psychosexual development - Correct answer Psychodynamic Theory Physician from Vienna, Austria Interested in treatment of nervous disorders (hysterical blindness) Adopted "talking cure" though which patients were able to get rid of their symptoms by talking about their problems - Correct answer Sigmund Freud Freud Nervous disorder - Correct answer Hysterical Blindness Freud Patients able to get rid of their symptoms by talking about their problems - Correct answer Talking Cure Freud Three parts of personality - Correct answer Id, Superego, Ego

Unconscious part of personality in which 2 types of instinct reside Life instincts Death instincts Operates on pleasure principle Seeks immediate satisfaction regardless of external considerations - Correct answer Id Freud Found in Id Unconscious instincts, (eros), reflect a source of energy (libido) - Correct answer Life instincts Freud Found in id Unconscious instincts Responsible for aggression and destruction - Correct answer Death instincts Id Seeks immediate satisfaction of both instincts (life and death) regardless of external considerations (society's rules or rights of others) - Correct answer Pleasure principle Relate to Freud's three aspects of personality Id - all below surface Superego - half below, half above Ego - half below, half above - Correct answer Iceberg Model Freud Represents values and morals Just as relentless as Id in trying to get own way Seeks to keep Id in check - Correct answer Superego Freud Operates on reality principle Balances Id and Superego - Correct answer Ego (self) Mediating impulsive demands of id and restraining demands of superego with real-life demands of external world - Correct answer Reality Principle

Mr X sexually attracted to Ms Y (id) Mr X does not feel that he should have sex (superego) Mr X joins a club that Ms Y is in so he can be close to her (ego) - Correct answer 3 personality parts working together To prevent anxiety - Correct answer Why is it important to prevent unconscious conflicts between the id, superego, and ego becoming conscious? Used by the ego Stop unconscious conflicts (between id, superego, ego) becoming conscious Denial Projection Rationalization - Correct answer Defense Mechanisms Defense mechanism Refusal to acknowledge a painful or threatening reality - Correct answer Denial Defense mechanism Projecting your anger onto something that can't hurt you - Correct answer Projection Defense mechanism - Correct answer Rationalization Freud Believed that personality id affected by how a child deals with changes in the focus of the id on different parts of the body as the child grows older - Correct answer Personality Development Various stages Oral Anal Phallic - Correct answer Psychosexual Development (Psychodynamic Theory) Mouth region 0-18 months old - Correct answer Oral Stage

Elimination then retention (18 months - 3 years old) - Correct answer Anal stage Sexual love towards opposite sex parent (3-6 years old) - Correct answer Phallic stage Family triangle of love, jealousy, and fear which is at the root of internalized morality and out of which grows the child's identification with the parent of the same sex. - Correct answer Oedipus Complex Child seeks external object for his erotic urges External object is mum Dad is in the way Fear of dad castrating him (castration anxiety) Throws in the towel, renounces mum and identifies with dad - Correct answer Stages of Oedipus Complex He is told that masturbation is bad - Correct answer Why would a child seek an external object for his erotic urged during the Phallic stage of development? Mum - Correct answer What is the object of a male child's erotic urges during the Phallic stage of development? Dad - Correct answer Who gets in the way of a male child's erotic urges during the Phallic stage of development? Male child (with erotic urges directed towards mum) fears that dad will castrate him - Correct answer What is castration anxiety? Boy throws in the towel (due to castration anxiety)--renounces mum and identifies with dad - Correct answer How is the Oedipus Complex resolved? Phallic stage for girls Named after Greek woman who got her brother to kill her mother. - Correct answer Electra Complex Female decides mum castrated her (penis envy)

Hates mum, loves dad Throws in towel, renounces dad, identifies with mum - Correct answer Stages of the Electra Complex Freud 4th stage of psychosexual development Ages 6 years to puberty Exploring environment and developing skills No interest in the opposite sex - Correct answer Latency Stage 6 years to puberty - Correct answer What age characterizes the Latency Stage of Psychodynamic Theory? Exploring the environment and developing skills No interest in the opposite sex - Correct answer What actions characterize the Latency Stage of psychosexual development? Oral - Correct answer First stage of Psychodynamic Theory Anal - Correct answer Second stage of Psychosexual development Phallic - Correct answer Third stage of Psychodynamic Theory Latency - Correct answer Fourth stage of Psychodynamic Theory Genital - Correct answer Fifth stage of Psychodynamic Theory Freud Sexual - puberty - Correct answer Genital Stage May cause problems later in life Anal fixation - problems during toilet training can lead to a compulsive, stubborn, stingy person - Correct answer Why is there a problem if someone becomes fixated at a particular stage of Psychodynamic Theory? Based on what he observed with emotionally disturbed ADULT patients (even though it was concerned with development) - Correct answer Criticisms of Psychodynamic Theory

Constructs are ambiguous, difficult to define or test - Correct answer Criticisms of Psychodynamic Theory Offer after-the-facts explanations, not predictive - Correct answer Criticisms of Psychodynamic Theory Sexual conflicts from childhood are not the only cause of personality - Correct answer Criticisms of Psychodynamic Theory Emphasis on internal conflict (no doubt that happens to ALL of us) - Correct answer Positive aspects to Freud's thinking Discussion of sex led to scientific study of sexuality - Correct answer Positive aspects to Freud's thinking Scope of theoretical contribution: unconscious, symptoms of various disorders, personality, family, development, memory, dreams, language (Freudian slips) - Correct answer Positive aspects to Freud's thinking Relate to pyramid of human needs Emphasis on fundamental goodness of people and their striving toward high levels of functioning and fulfillment (adapt, learn, grow, excel) Concern with person's perception if him/herself in the present (no emphasis on childhood) Do not like idea of personality being pushed around by internal instincts - Correct answer Humanistic Theories Humanistic theories - Correct answer Which personality theory emphasizes the fundamental goodness of people and their striving toward high levels of functioning and fulfillment? Emphasis on childhood (Freud does, Humanistic doesn't) Personality shaped by instincts (Freud does, Humanistic doesn't) - Correct answer How do Freud's theories and Humanistic theories differ? Humanistic theories Innate push toward growth with all parts of personality working in harmony - Correct answer Self-actualization

Concepts are "fuzzy", unclear about nature of concepts - Correct answer Criticisms of Humanistic Theory Neglect of environmental variables - Correct answer Criticisms of Humanistic Theory Neglect of person's past - Correct answer Criticisms of Humanistic Theory Inability to predict behaviour - Correct answer Criticisms of Humanistic Theory Little to say about individual differences - Correct answer Criticisms of Humanistic Theory Objective personality tests Behaviour observation Interviews Projective (unstructured) measures - Correct answer Personality Assessment Techniques Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory Assesses a number of psychiatric patterns simultaneously 567 questions Certain distinct patterns of responding for different types of mental disorders Yes/No questions - Correct answer MMPI The scientific study of how we influence one another's behaviour and thinking - Correct answer Social Psychology A change in behaviour, belief, or both to conform to a group norm as a result of real or imagined group pressure - Correct answer Conformity Influence stemming from the need for information in situations which the correct action or judgment is uncertain - Correct answer Informational Social Influence Influence stemming from our desire to gain the approval and to avoid the disapproval of others - Correct answer Normative Social Influence

Acting in accordance with a direct request from another person or group. - Correct answer Compliance Compliance to a large request is gained by preceding it with a very small request. - Correct answer Foot-in-the-door Technique Compliance is gained by starting with a large, unreasonable request that is turned down and following it with a more reasonable, smaller request - Correct answer Door-in-the-face Technique Compliance to a costly request is gained by first getting compliance to an attractive, less costly request but then reneging on it - Correct answer Low-ball Technique Compliance to a planned second request with additional benefits is gained by presenting this request before a response can be made to a first request. - Correct answer That's-not-all Technique Following the commands of a person in authority - Correct answer Obedience Facilitation of a dominant response on a task due to social arousal, leading to improvements on simple, well-learned tasks and worse performance on complex or unlearned tasks when other people are present. - Correct answer Social Facilitation The tendency to exert less effort when working in a group toward a common goal than when individually working toward the goal. - Correct answer Social Loafing The lessening of individual responsibility for a task when responsibility for the task is spread across the members of a group. - Correct answer Diffusion of Responsibility The probability of a person's helping in an emergency is greater when there are no other bystanders than when there are other bystanders - Correct answer Bystander Effect The loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in a group situation that fosters arousal and anonymity - Correct answer Deindividuation

The strengthening of a group's prevailing opinion about a topic following group discussion about the topic - Correct answer Group Polarization A mode of group thinking that impairs decision making because the desire for group harmony over-rides a realistic appraisal of the possible decision alternatives - Correct answer Groupthink The process by which we explain our own behaviour and that of others - Correct answer Attribution The tendency as an observer to overestimate dispositional influences and underestimate situational influences on others' behaviour - Correct answer Fundamental Attribution Error The assumption that the world is just and that people get what they deserve - Correct answer Just-world Hypothesis Information gathered early is weighted more heavily than information gathered later in forming an impression of another person - Correct answer Primacy Effect Our behaviour leads a person to act in accordance with our expectations for that person - Correct answer Self-fulfilling Prophecy The tendency to overestimate situational influences on our own behaviour, but to overestimate dispositional influences on the behaviour of others - Correct answer Actor-observer Bias The tendency to make attributions so that one can perceive oneself favourably - Correct answer Self-serving Bias The tendency to overestimate the commonality of one's opinions and unsuccessful behaviours - Correct answer False Consensus Effect The tendency to underestimate the commonality of one's abilities and successful behaviours - Correct answer False Uniqueness Effect Evaluative reactions (positive or negative) toward objects, events, and other people - Correct answer Attitudes

A theory developed by Leon Festinger that assumes people have a tendency to change their attitudes to reduce the cognitive discomfort created by inconsistencies between their attitudes and their behaviour - Correct answer Cognitive Dissonance Theory A theory developed by Daryl Bem that assumes that when we are unsure of our attitudes, we infer them by examining our behaviour and the context in which it occurs - Correct answer Self-perception Theory Personality assessment technique - Correct answer Behaviour Observation Person can misrepresent themselves To check for misrepresentation, questions are asked that would require a subject probably to lie - Correct answer Problems with MMPI Personality assessment technique Conversation with a purpose - Correct answer Interview Interview - Correct answer Conversation with a purpose Personality assessment technique Person describes ambiguous picture or pattern - Correct answer Projective (unstructured) measures Thematic Aperception Test - Correct answer TAT Ambiguous picture, no right or wrong answer Story you tell will describe your personality Does the person identify with the hero or victim of the story? Look for certain themes (eg failure) - Correct answer Thematic Aperception Test Inkblots Location, contents, determinants (eg colour, shading) Using whole inkblot indicates integrative thinking Using colour indicates a emotionality and impulsiveness Describing movement indicates imagination or a rich inner life - Correct answer Rorschach Test

Low predictive values (don't predict people's personality) - Correct answer Criticism of personality assessment tests See something of ourselves in the abnormal Have felt pain and bewilderment of a psychological disorder through ourselves, family, or friends - Correct answer Why are people fascinated with abnormal psychology? A difference in the degree to which behaviour or thinking resembles an agreed upon criteria (varies with culture and times, often based on statistics) - Correct answer Norm violation Involves behaviour and thinking Must meet a certain set of criteria: MUDA - Correct answer Abnormality (related to psychological disorders) Abnormal Psychology: Maladaptive Unjustifiable Disturbing (to others) Atypical - Correct answer MUDA Helps in describing, treating and researching disorders Assumes Medical Model 203 disorders and conditions Classifies, but does not attribute cause - Correct answer DSM IV (1994) 26.2% 57.7 million adults - Correct answer In any given year, how many American adults have suffered from a diagnosable mental disorder? Phobias - Correct answer What is the number one disorder ever experienced? Alcohol (substance) abuse - Correct answer What is the number two disorder ever experienced? Mood disorders (including depression) - Correct answer What is the number three disorder ever experienced?

Men - Correct answer Who is more likely to suffer with alcohol abuse? Women - Correct answer Who is more likely to suffer with phobias? Women - Correct answer Who is more likely to suffer with mood disorders? Men - Correct answer Who is more likely to suffer with antisocial personality disorder? Personality Disorder Anxiety Disorder Somatoform Disorders Dissociative Disorders Affective (Mood) Disorders Psychotic Disorders Eating Disorders - Correct answer Types of mental disorder Longstanding, inflexible, maladaptive patterns of perceiving, thinking, or behaving - Correct answer Personality disorder Narcissistic Personality Disorder Antisocial Personality Disorder - Correct answer Subtypes of Personality Disorder Need for constant attention Respond inappropriately to criticism Grandiose sense of self importance - Correct answer Narcissistic Personality Disorder Person does not grow out of view that he/she is the center of the world (centrism) - Correct answer What causes people to suffer from Narcissistic Personality Disorder? Formally called sociopath or psychopath Typically male Violate rights of others - violent, criminal, unethical, exploitative (Hannibal Lecter) - Correct answer Antisocial Personality Disorder

Antisocial Personality Disorder - Correct answer Hannical Lecter Narcissistic Personality Disorder - Correct answer Gaston Emotional deprivation in early childhood (attachment issues) Learned from parents Arrested moral development Brain abnormalities Heredity - Correct answer What causes people to suffer from Antisocial Personality Disorder? Originally grouped under "neurosis" Anxiety inappropriate to circumstance or defenses that ward off anxiety - Correct answer Anxiety Disorders Phobias Generalized Anxiety Disorders Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Panic Disorder Post Traumatic Stress Disorder - Correct answer Subtypes of Anxiety Disorder Intense and irrational fear (no real danger or exaggerated danger) of some object or situation - Correct answer Phobia Not focused like a phobia (free-floating) Continually tense and uneasy - Correct answer Generalized Anxiety Disorders Lasts a long time Trying to deal with consistent thoughts - Correct answer Obsessive- Compulsive Disorder Short term-each attack lasts a short time Sudden, unpredictable feeling of intense fear or terror - Correct answer Panic Disorder Anxiety long after an event occurs War, rape - Correct answer Post Traumatic Stress Disorder

Psychoanalytic - unconscious conflicts, behaviour that once helped to control anxiety becomes a problem Behavioural - associate anxiety and harmful situation Biological - inherited Observational Learning - observe someone who is anxious in a particular situation then you become anxious too - Correct answer Why do people suffer with anxiety disorders? Physical complaint suggests physical disorder but no organic problem is found

  • Hypochondria
  • Conversion Disorder - Correct answer Somatoform Disorders Means "body" - Correct answer Soma Somatoform disorder Preoccupied with bodily sensations, despite assurance that there is no problem Interpret small symptom as sign of serious illness - Correct answer Hypochondria Somatoform disorder Loss of specific sensory or motor function (hysterical blindness) - Correct answer Conversion Disorder Psychoanalytic: conversion of emotional problems to physical problem Behavioural: Learn that sickness can avoid unpleasant situation Biological: Unusual sensitivity to internal process - Correct answer Why Somatoform Disorders? Some part of memory or personality fragmented from the rest
  • Dissociative amnesia
  • Dissociative fugue
  • Dissociative Identity Disorder (Multiple Personality Disorder) - Correct answer Dissociative Disorders Dissociative disorder Selective memory loss brought on by extreme stress - Correct answer Dissociative Amnesia

Dissociative disorder Loss of identity - Correct answer Dissociative Fugue Dissociative disorder Sybil - Correct answer Dissociative Personality Disorder Psychoanalytic: block out thoughts (typically from childhood) that cause anxiety Behavioural: Blocking out unwanted thoughts is rewarding - Correct answer Why Dissociative Disorder? Disturbances in mood in which the person is either excessively depressed (loss of interest or pleasure) or elated (manic) or both (bipolar)

  • Depression
  • Manic Disorder *Bipolar Disorder - Correct answer Affective (Mood) Disorders Think of oneself as a failure "Paralysis of will" - lack of motivation Loss of appetite for food and sex Don't sleep General state of weakness and fatigue 2 or more weeks of feeling sad - Correct answer Depression Depression implicated in 40-60% of suicides - Correct answer Suicide Elated and very active emotional state Impulsive Unrealistic optimism High energy Severe agitation - Correct answer Manic Disorder Swings between low and manic states - Correct answer Bipolar Disorder Psychoanalytic: real or imagined loss of a loved one turns anger against oneself (depression) Behavioural: lack of reinforcement (depression) Cognitive: negative and self-blaming thoughts (depression) Biological: heredity, neurotransmitters (low levels of seratonin) - Correct answer Why Affective Disorders?