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Introduction to Psychology

Predict what will happen Systematically observe events Do events support predictions

Life Before Psychology

René Descartes (1596-1650)

Philosophy asks questions about the mind:

 Does perception accurately reflect reality?  How is sensation turned into perception?

Problem - No “scientific” way

of studying problems

Physiology asks similar questions about the mind

SCIENTIFIC

METHOD

Psychology Is Born

Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920)

First Experimental Psych Lab (1879)

Focuses on the scientific study of the mind. WW insists that Psych methods be as rigorous as the methods of chemistry & physics.

University of Leipzig Harvard University Yale University Columbia University Catholic University Univ of Pennsylvania Cornell University Stanford University

Wundt’s students start labs across USA (1880-1900)

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Women of Psychology

Mary Calkins - student of William James at

Harvard but was not awarded a Ph.D. Founded psych lab at Wellesley College (1891)

Maragaret Washburn - first woman to receive

Ph.D. in Psychology. Wrote The Animal Mind, which helped begin the Behaviorist movement.

Leta Hollingworth - Debunked popular theories

that suggested women were inferior to men. Did pioneering work on adolescent development, mental retardation & “gifted” children.

Psychology (pre-1920)

Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) Physiologist & Perceptual Psychologist Founder of Psychology as a Science

Experiments

Edward Titchner (1867-1927) Student of Wundt Formed Ψ at Cornell

Introspection

William James (1842-1910) Philosopher & Psychologist Formed Ψ at Harvard

Psychology

Understanding

Mental Processes

Behaviorism

Scientific Psychology should focus on

observable behavior.

John Watson (1878-1958)

Ivan Pavlov

Psych the Science of Behavior

Stimulus

Response

Psychology

Mental Processes cannot

be studied directly

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Psychology (1920s-1960s)

John B. Watson (1878-1958) Behavior without Reference to Thought The RAT & S-R Psychology

B. F. Skinner (1904-1990) Behaviorism with a Twist The PIDGEON & The Skinner Box

Psychology

Science of Observable

Behavior

Behaviorism

Structuralism vs Functionalism

William James (1842-1910)

Analyze consciousness into basic elements and study how they are related

Introspection - self-observation of one’s own conscious experiences

Investigate the function, or purpose of consciousness rather than its structure

Leaned toward applied work (natural surroundings)

Structuralism

Functionalism

Wilhelm Wundt

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Gestalt Psychology

Max Wertheimer (1880-1943)

“The whole is different than the sum of its parts.”

Phi Phenomenon

Illusion of movement created by

presenting visual stimuli in rapid

succession.

A reaction against Structuralism

An attempt to focus attention back

onto conscious experience

(i.e., the mind )

WHY?

Unconscious expressed in

dreams & “slips of the tongue ”

Freud & Psychoanalysis

Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)

Proposes the idea of the UNCONSCIOUS

Thoughts, memories & desires exist below conscious awareness and exert an influence on our behavior

Psychoanalytic Theory attempts to explain personality, mental disorders & motivation in terms of unconscious determinants of behavior Docsity.com

Cognitive Psychology

Noam Chomsky “Language”

Advent of computers (late 1950s) provides

a new model for thinking about the mind

Cognitive Psychologists return

to the study of learning,

memory, perception, language,

development & problem solving

Cognition the mental processes

involved in acquiring, processing,

storing & using information

Psychology (1960s-1990s)

Psychology

Science of Behavior

& Mental Processes

Cognitive Ψ

Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) The Dynamic Unconscious Mind Psychoanalysis

Computers as Metaphor for Mind Study Mind through Inferences Drawn From Observable Behavior

Different Perspectives in

Psychology

Biological Psychology

Behavioral/Clinical Psychology

Cognitive Psychology

Social-Cultural Psychology

Biological Perspective

Focus

How the body and brain create emotions, memories,

and sensory experiences.

Sample Issues

• How do evolution and heredity influence behavior?
• How are messages transmitted within the body?
• How is blood chemistry linked with moods and motives?

Behavioral/Clinical Perspective

Focus

How we learn from observable responses.

How to best study, assess and treat troubled people.

Sample Issues

• How do we learn to fear particular objects or situations?
• What is the most effective way to alter certain behaviors?
• What are the underlying causes of:  Anxiety Disorders  Phobic Disorders  Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders

Cognitive Perspective

Focus

How we process, store and retrieve information.

Sample Issues

• How do we use info in remembering and reasoning?
• How do our senses govern the nature of perception? (Is what you see really what you get?)
• How much do infants “know” when they are born?

Social-Cultural Perspective

Focus

How behavior and thinking vary across situations

and cultures.

Sample Issues

• How are we, as members of different races and nationalities, alike as members of one human family?
• How do we differ, as products of different social contexts?
• Why do people sometimes act differently in groups than when alone?

Psychologists must be skeptical

and think critically

What is the evidence?

How was it collected?

Psychology is Empirical

Psych conclusions based on research

NOT tradition or common sense

Knowledge acquired through observation

Psych Is Theoretically Diverse

Theory

Dreams

Biological Psychology Perspective

Clinical Psychoanalytic Perspective

A system of interrelated ideas used

to explain a set of observations

Psych & Sociohistorical Context

Trends & Issues

In Society

Advances In

Psychology

Psychology develops in both a social & historical context

Early Psychology Affected by

physics & physiology

Society Today Affected by psychological testing (IQ, SAT, GRE)Docsity.com

What Causes Behavior?

Behavior is Shaped by Culture

Personal Space

Value of Education

Punctuality

Social Norms

Influence of Heredity &

Environment

Nature versus Nurture

Perception Is Subjective

Internal Information Prior Expectations Current Mental State Experience

External Information Actual Words/Actions Image Reflected from Objects “Sound” Waves

Both Determine

Our Experience

of the World

Work In Psychology (?)

Universities &

Colleges

27.2%

Elementary/

Secondary

Schools

4.2%

Hospitals,

Counseling,

Clinics, etc.

22.3%

Business,

Government or

Consulting

12.1%

Independent

Practice

33.1%