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- Wilhelm Wundt Father of psychology Created first psych lab in 19th century Set psych apart from philosophy Taught Edward Titchner 2. Edward Titchen- er Student of Wilhem Wundt Created Structuralism
- Dorthea Dix Highlighted the unfair and inhumane treatment of mental- ly ill people
- Structuralism looks at the minds different structures of consciousness through individual parts uses introspection
- introspection examination of one's own thoughts and feelings
- Stanley Hall First American to earn a PH.D in psychology First president of the American Psychological Association Opened the first psych lab in the US 7. Gestalt Psychol- ogy Believes we cannot simply separate our conscious and perception into different parts, we need to look at it as a whole
- William James Wrote the first psychology textbook Created Functionalism Made it possible for more women to enter the field Taught Mary Whiton Calkins 9. Rabbi Bens Chart for Ear- ly Beginnings of Psychology Wilhelm Wundt - First Lab Edward Titchener - Structuralism William James - Functionalism
- Functionalism Seeks to understand how mental and behavioral process- es operate 11. Evolutionary Ap- proach Looks at how our different traits are adaptations that have come from natural selection
- Behaviorism John B Watson, Ivan Pavlov, B F Skinner Came from Psychoanalytical/psychodynamic Criticized psychodynamic for it seeks to study that can not be objectively studied. Believes that psychology should be an objective science
that focuses on studying observable behaviors without referencing the mental processes Can be split into two approaches, reflexes or classical, and behaviors or operant
- Ivan Pavlov Behaviorism Pavlovs Dogs Reflex/Classical Conditioning
- B F Skinner Behaviorism focused on behaviors/operant conditioning
- John B Watson founder of behaviorism 23. Sociocultural Approach Analyzes a person's experiences and influences in life to better understand how culture shapes us as individuals
- Humanistic Emphasizes our potential as humans to grow as individ- uals led by Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow criticized behaviorism for having a too limiting scope focuses on free will, growth, and development FREE WILL and A PERSONS DESIRE TO MOVE TO- WARDS SELF ACTUALIZATION
- Rabbi Bens chart Psychodynamic - Sigmund Freud of early ap- **proaches
- Cognitive Ap-** **proach
- Biological Ap-** proach
biosocial ap- proach Looks at how our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors im- pact our health 29 . Subfields of Psy- Biological - seek to better understand the connections chology (ba- between the body and mind sic/research) Developmental - Focus on understanding people's physi- cal, cognitive, and social change throughout their lifespan Cognitive - Focus on experiments that look at how we think, solve problems, and perceive the world around us Educational - Interested in understanding the influences on teaching and learning Personality - Focus on studying individuals feelings, ac- tions, and overall characteristics Social - Analyze the different ways individuals impact one another in society Positive - Focus on individuals and societal well being Psychometric - Try to better measure individuals atti- tudes, personality traits, and abilities needed to work in a specific field 30 . Subfields of Psy- Industrial Organizational - The application of different psy- chology chological concepts in the workplace that seek to try and (applied/practi- optimize human behavior cal) Counseling - help people to overcome and cope with different life challenges and crises Clinical - Help treat people with psychological disorders
focusing on their emotional and behavioral disorders Psychiatrists - Provide psychotherapy and are medical doctors licensed to prescribe drugs and treat psycholog- ical disorders 31 . Hypothesis a testable prediction that is made before any research has been completed (Often based on a theory) 32 . Theory A statement that is supported by data from research that has been completed and explains a question, thought, or phenomena 33 . operational defi- nition
does not explain behavior, only describes it 41 . Hawthorne effect when the subject of a study alters their behavior due to
- correlational studies them being observed a type of study that observes the relationship between variables collect data through surveys, naturalistic observation, in- terviews, or by looking at past studies correlation can not show causation
third variable problem when outside variables that were not accounted for when creating the parameters of the study impact the results 44 . naturalistic ob- a way of collecting data by observing behaviors as the servation happen in a real world setting does not explain behavior, only describes it 45 . cross sectional a research design used for comparing different groups studies 46 . longitudinal a research design which follows one particular group or studies individual over a long period of time problem is may not apply to general population expensive 47 . independent variable that is manipulated, the cause variable 48 . dependent vari- the outcome factor, the effect able 49 . experimental when a study prevents other variables other than those control being studied from affecting the outcome 50 . placebo effect when a participant acts differently because they expect a certain outcome 51 . Placebo a substance that is as close to the independent variable as possible, but is missing a key component of it 52 . confunding vari- variables other than the independent variables that could
random assign- ment when each participant has an equal chance of being put into either the experimental or control group 56 . quasi-experi- a type of experiment that does not include the random ment assignment of participants (due to ethical or practical reasons) 57 . hindsight bias the tendency to think that one could have anticipated the outcome of an event or experiment after it has already occurred 58 . confirmation the tendency to seek information that aligns with our bias point of view and dismiss information that challenges our beliefs 59 . experimental when a researcher unknowingly influences the outcome bias of the research 60 . social desirabili- the tendency of participants to skew their answers to ty bias create a more favorable impression of them 61 . ways of reducing following the scientific method bias conducting single blind or double blind studies making sure you have clear operational definitions that allow for the experiment to be replicated giving pre screenings to participants using placebos setting clear objectives 62 Reliability the trustworthiness or consistency of a test being
. used in a study 63 . Validity how^ well^ a^ test^ measures^ what^ it^ is^ supposed to 64 . descriptive sta- numerical data used to measure and describe character- tistics istics of groups. Includes measures of central tendency and measures of variation. 65 . inferential statis- tics
professional organization representing psychologists in the United States and its mission is to advance the cre- ation, communication, and application of psychological knowledge to benefit society A committee to review research proposals for ethical ac- ceptability and compliance with the code of conduct.
informed con- sent a persons voluntary agreement to participate with knowl- edge of the risks, alternatives, and benefits 79 . Institutional An- a committee responsible for overseeing an institutes pro- imal Care and gram and research protocols involving nonhuman ani- Use Committee mals (IACUC) 80 . Heredity genetics 81 . Hereitability mathematical measure to estimate how much variation there is in a population related to genes (so if its .7, then 70% of the population would have the trait from genetics) 82 . reciprocal deter- environment, behavior, and the individual can influence minism and impact each other 83 . Epigenetics the study of how the environment and a persons behavior affect their genes and how they work 84 . plasticity the adaptability of the brain to change in response to a person's experience. This can be done by reorganizing or building new neural pathways 85 . nervous system the fast acting, electrochemical communication network that uses neurons and nerve cells to coordinate activities of the organism can be split into two, central nervous system and periph-
pituitary gland under the direction of the hypothalamus, it regulates growth and controls other glands by the release of hor- mones. Known as the master gland 89 . pineal gland controls the production of melatonin above pituitary gland on the left side of your brain 90 . thyroid gland produces thyroid hormone (when signaled by the pituitary gland) which helps regulate metabolism. Also produces the hormone Calcitonin which controls levels of calcium and phosphate in the blood 91 . parathyroid small gland contained in a small area of the thyroid gland gland and secretes parathyroid hormone which is involved in control of calcium and phosphate metabolism 92 . adrenal glands pair of glands that is right above the kidneys secretes several hormones that regulate salt, blood pres- sure, oxygen intake, increase your heart rate, and in- crease blood flow produces epinephrine/adrenaline, norepinephrine/nora- drenaline, mineralocorticoids, and glucocorticoids 93 . Epineph- a hormone and neurotransmitter rine/Adrenaline secreted when an individual is stressed, scared, or anx- ious fight or flight hormone increases heart rate, expands air passages of the
lungs, and redistributes blood to muscles 94 . Norepineph- a hormone and neurotransmitter rine/Noradrena- works with epinephrine in the fight or flight response line 95 . mineralcorti- hormones that regulate salt and water coids 96 . Glucorticoids hormones^ that^ act^ on^ carbohydrate^ metabolism
