Introduction to Psychology: Theories, Approaches, and Research Methods, Exams of Psychology

Download Introduction to Psychology: Theories, Approaches, and Research Methods and more Exams Psychology in PDF only on Docsity!

1 /

1. empiricism the view that knowledge originates in experience, so sci- ence should rely on observation and experimentation -ie answering why the ocean produces waves w/ observa- tion and experimentation
2. structuralism early school of psych that used introspection to explore the structural elements of the mind -studying how reactions to smelling a rose related
3. functionalism a school of psychology that focused on how our mental and behavioral processes function-- how they let us adapt, survive, and flourish -thinking and smelling developed b/c it helped our ances- tors survive
4. psychology the science of behavior and mental processes -inferring a human's internal sensations from his/her be- havior
5. nature-nurture issue controversy of the contributions that genes and experi- ence vs. development of psychological traits -analyzing why somebody is intelligence-- 2 different routes you can go
6. natural selection the idea that nature selects which traits allow an organism to survive/reproduce -bird wing mutation allows it to live so that that trait is passed on to offspring
7. biopsychosocial approach
8. biological psy- chology (neuro- science) the approach that incorporates levels of analysis and of- fers a more complete picture of any given behavior or mental process -the idea that behaviors are often directly related to illness the branch of psychology that studies the link b/w biologi- cal and psychological processes -studying brain circuits that make us red in the face

2 / -negative: doesn't rly take into consideration nurture -also not very personalized

4 / influence beaver -using principles of multiple theories in psych practice

15. psychometrics the study of the measurement of human abilities/atti- tudes/traits -studying the ability of an infant to walk

3 /

16. basic research pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowl- edge base -a biological psychologist that explores the links b/w mind and body
17. applied research study that aims to solve practical problems -the psychologists who help Apple choose its employees
18. industrial-organi- zational psychology
19. human factors psychology
20. counseling psy- chology
21. clinical psychol- ogy branch of psychology that involves the application of psych concepts to the optimizing of human behavior in the work- place (the psychs who help apple choose employees) how ppl and machines interact, the design of safe and easily used machines and environments -psychologist who studies assembly-line machinery branch that helps ppl with problems in living and achieving greater well-being -a psych who helps ppl deal with mental crises branch that studies, assesses, and treats ppl w/ psycho- logical disorders -a psych that prescribe drugs to depressed patients (in most states I believe)
22. psychiatry medicine branch that deals with psychological disorders -a clinical psychologist prescribing drugs
23. SQ3R survey, question, read, rehearse, review
    • stupid
24. hindsight bias the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it -"I knew it all along!"
25. critical thinking thinking that doesn't blindly accept arguments

5 /

26. theory an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors/events -the that low self-esteem feeds depression
27. hypothesis a testable prediction -ie "people with low self-esteem will score higher on a depression scale"
28. operational defi- a definition that describes concepts with precise proce- nition dures/measures -human intelligence: what an intelligence test measures
29. replication repeating the essence of a research study, usually in a dif way, to see if you get the same findings -confirming the phenomenon of hindsight bias by replicat- ing with dif people/ dif questions
30. case study examining one individual in depth in hopes of revealing stuff about us all -revealing findings about children's findings after carefully observing just a few
31. survey strategy that looks at many cases in less depth -anything Oracle does with handouts
32. population the WHOLE group you want to study and describe -randomly choosing participants to represent the ppl in your grade
33. random sample a sample that fairly represents a population b/c each mem- ber has an equal chance of getting chosen -randomly choosing participants to represent the

6 / ppl in your grade

34. naturalistic ob- records/describes behavior in natural environments servation -watching chimpanzees, video-taping parent-child interac- tions in dif cultures
35. correlation

8 / -randomly assigning infants to one feeding group or anoth- er

9 /

41. double-blind^ pro- cedure both the participants and the research staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the participants have received drugs -researchers can check a treatment's actual effects this way
42. placebo effect just thinking you are getting treatment boosts your spirit and relieves your symptoms -well-documented in relieving pain, depression, and anxi- ety
43. experimental the group exposed to treatment in an experiment group -ie the group given a new hunger-depressent pill instead of a fake one
44. control group the group that doesn't receive treatment in an experiment -the group NOT given that hunger-depressant pill
45. independent the experimental factor: what you control. the one that's variable being manipulated -from the book, the ex. of Viagra
46. dependent vari- the "outcome factor" -- is a variable depending on an able experiment's events -the score on the memory test
47. confounding not an ind/dep variable, but other factors that can poten- variable tially influence the results of an experiment -the hours of sleep the person got in an experiment involv- ing a memory test
48. mode occurs most frequently

11 /

52. standard devia- tion the gap between the highest and lowest scores -largest-smallest= range computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean
53. normal curve your typical bell-shaped distribution
54. statistical signifi- cance the observed difference is probably not due to chance. A reliable sample average -IQ test- male and female scores. 98 and 100. little "statis- tical significance"
55. debriefing researcher explains the purpose of the study, explains the sue of deception, addresses any d;fdaljflkjadl -the subject is now sad, so the researcher attempts to restore the subject back to his/her original state
56. informed con- permission granted in the knowledge of the possible con- sent sequence; subject has full knowledge of the possible risks and benefits -part of the ethics of psychology. Researcher can't just get somebody's financial information without first getting their permission
57. humanistic ap- approach that focuses on free will, views the individual as proach good, and the ability for humans to reach full

12 / potential -negatives: only focuses on the good, ignores both nature and nurture, and has no scientific validity