Introduction to the Science of Psychology - General Psychology - Quiz, Exercises of Psychology

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Chapter 1: Introduction to the Science of Psychology

1. Origins of psychology: Parent disciplines: __________ and ____________ Philosophy: ____________: knowledge gained through logic and reasoning; ______________: knowledge directly from experience Physiology: branch of ________ concerned with the study of how organisms function; contributed _______________
2. Father of psychology—first lab:________________; established first lab in 1879; studied ______________________
3. Key Themes Psychology is _______- knowledge should be gained through observation Nature versus nurture—our genes versus how we’re raised __________= biology __________= environment Psychology is theoretically diverse Many psychologists have an __________(composed of many diverse perspectives) approach _________has multiple causes
4. Subfields of psychology (types of psychologists) Cognitive psychologists study basic _________ processes like sensation and perception, thinking, problem solving __________ psychologists study genetics and brain chemistry Personality psychologists study what makes each person __________ (individuality) _____________ psychologists study changes in behavior and mental processes over a life span

Quantitative psychologists use __________to analyze data from other psychologists ____________________________ psychologists study behavior disorders and offer services to people with them Educational psychologists conduct ________ and make _______ about teaching and learning psychologists specialize in__________, diagnosing learning disabilities and other academic problems, setting up programs to improve student learning, and counseling students through school violence, mental health problems, etc. psychologists study the ways people influence each other psychologists study factors that affect the efficiency, productivity, and satisfaction of workers and employers There are also health, sports, and forensic psychologists; engineering psychologists who study relationships of humans to technology; environmental psychologists study the effect of the environment on people’s behavior and mental processes

5. Difference in psychology and psychiatry: _______ ___ have either a Masters degree or a Ph. D. with advanced training in psychology; ____________are medical doctors who have completed special training in the treatment of psychological disorders
6. Current perspectives: Psychodynamics: major figure is Freud; focus on _________ drives and conflicts (especially from _________); example is “_____________” Oedipus conflict; good example of how ________ affects the development of a theory Behavioral: major figures Pavlov, Watson, Skinner; focus on effects of ___________(rewards and ________) on behavior; example is “___________________” experiment (Watson) Cognitive: major figures Piaget and Simon; focused on _________, memory, problem solving; gained strength in 60’s Biological: major figure Sperry; focused on _________________ and underlying biological events (especially in the ________); Sperry was interested in right versus left sides of brain— split _______ research _____________: major figure Bowlby; focus on evolutionary basis of human behavior (some behaviors may be pre-programmed because they help us ________); example is response to an infant crying by an adult. Cross-cultural: major figure ___________; focus on impact of social or cultural factors on ____________ ____________ major figures Rogers and Maslow; focus on behavior as being guided by each person’s _______________of the world, see people as essentially good, in control of themselves, and seeking to grow towards their fullest _____________
7. Human diversity and psychology: How does your cultural background affect your behavior?

Most psychologists were white, middle-class ______ Psychologists are now about _____women, and ____ of new PhD’s are minorities How did this probably affect psychology as a field? ________: the values, rules, religious beliefs, and occupational choices for a group. ____________cultures value personal goals and achievement ____________cultures value being part of a group.

8. Five questions for critical thinking: These questions should be asked as a part of general critical thinking processes to help us make informed decisions What am I being asked to _______or accept? Is there evidence available to support the claim? Can that _______ be interpreted another way? What evidence would help to evaluate the alternatives? What conclusions are most reasonable?
9. Theory: An integrated group of statements used to predict and ______ certain phenomena.
10. Professions in psychology: ________: diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders Counseling: helping people with _______________ educational/school psychology: _________, teacher training, guidance counselors __________________: work in business and industry __________________: work in university settings (like experimental psychologists)
11. Steps in a scientific investigation: Formulate a testable ______________(a prediction) Select a _______________ and design study (experiment, case study, survey, correlational study) Collect _______ (make observations) Analyze data and draw ____________ (use statistics) ________ findings (share findings with others at meetings or in a journal)
12. Research methods: Experiments using independent (_________variable) and dependent (________variable) variables; study can have __________variables other than the independent variable that affect the dependent variable and should be controlled; _________ groups are groups that do NOT receive special treatment that the experimental groups receive; ________________ ensures that each person has an equal chance of being in any group Correlations-- _____________between variables are identified (do not _________variables or _________assign people) --can be positive (as one goes up, the other _______) or negative (as one goes up, the other ___________) and can be measured by a correlation coefficient (ranges from ___to_____) Cannot make a _____________ statement.

_____________________ involves watching and recording a phenomenon as it naturally occurs, without interfering with it; problems include people acting differently when they know they’re being watched, but is combated by watching long enough for the person to get used to the situation ____________intensively examine a particular individual, group, or situation; useful for studying something new __________ give broad portraits of large groups; may be unrealistic because people will lie if they feel that the truthful answer is shameful, or can be fooled by complexly worded questions; surveys should always be examined to make sure they poll the correct groups (example: a survey which examines American’s perspectives towards an issue should not only include one ethnic group) Placebo effect is improvement created by a ___________ expectations _______________ bias comes from an experimenter believing in a certain outcome and unintentionally influencing that outcome to happen

13. Statistics: _____________ statistics: statistical methods use to summarize data in a brief and meaningful form. __________: average Mode:________ frequently occurring score ________: Middle score when all scores are placed in order
14. Statistics: Inferential: tests used to determine what ____________you can draw from your data.
15. Ethical guidelines: Do psychologists deceive people when they do research? Psychologists have an obligation not to ________, _____________, or ____________ their results Researchers must preserve the ________________ of their subjects Any research involving human participants is now examined by the _____________________ (IRB); if a study is likely to create risks or discomfort for participants, the IRB weighs the potential benefits of the work in terms of knowledge and human welfare against any potential harm Participants must be ____________ at the end of a study with a full explanation of the experiment in the case that it is determined that they may be partially__________ (example: if an experiment is to involve surprising someone, they may not be told why or what the surprise is until after the experiment) While animals must also be treated ethically, some conditions are allowable for animal testing and not human (example: ___________ of social animals is allowable and would tell us how humans would probably react); while the experiment may cause the animal __________ or__________________, the researcher must justify why it will bring more benefit than it caused harm
16. Psychological research and behavioral genetics Studies the _________/ nurture question more thoroughly

____________: look at whether close relatives are more likely than distant ones to show similarities in behavior and mental processes; if increasing similarity is associated with closer family ties, the similarities might be

twin studies : compare similarities between non-identical (fraternal) and identical twins; identical twins’ similarities that are not shown between non-identical may be ___________ _________ studies : examines natural experiment existing when people with genes from their parents (_______) are raised by people with different genes (________); personalities of young adults adopted at birth tend to mirror their biological parents ______ than their adoptive parents, arguing for nature over nurture __________________- deciphered genetic code and will help point exact genes which cause specific psychological differences ______________: the environment can cause inheritable changes in the ways genes are expressed, even though the cell’s DNA is not altered.