IRENE GOLD BOARDS PART 1 PHYSIOLOGY EXAM QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE 100% VERIFIED SOLUTIONS 2, Exams of Physiology

Download IRENE GOLD BOARDS PART 1 PHYSIOLOGY EXAM QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE 100% VERIFIED SOLUTIONS 2 and more Exams Physiology in PDF only on Docsity! IRENE GOLD BOARDS PART 1 PHYSIOLOGY EXAM QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE 100% VERIFIED SOLUTIONS 2024/2025 What 2 ways can blood enter the heart? →Superior vena cava →Inferior vena cava Blood enters the heart via SVC and IVC but there is another exception. What is it? Azygous veins The Azygous vein drains where? SVC What part of the heart is this? → P-wave starts at sinoatrial node in crista terminalis → impulse travels to AV node Right Atrium What happens when there is a SA node impulse to AV node and delayed (P-R) interval? AV Nodal Delay What part of the heart is this? →end of diastole 120ml →tricuspid valve closes S-1 →heart sound: isovolumetric contraction Right ventricle Name this EKG: → QRS complex (ventricular contract) Ventricular depolarization What part of the heart is this? → mid-systole (halfway through)= enough pressure to blow open pulmonic semilunar valves pulmonary artery What part of the heart is this? → blood exits via 2 pulmonary arteries to lungs pulmonary artery What carries DE-O2 blood? pulmonary artery What carries DE-O2 blood? umbilical artery Ventricular filling is ____% passive and ____% active 80% passive 20% active from atrial contraction SA node impulse to AV node is shown as what on an ECG? P-R interval At the end of diastole the right ventricle contains _______ amount of blood 150ml S1 = S2 = →AV Valves - S1 →Semilunar - S2 QRS = Ventricular depolarization + consequent contraction Isovolumetric contraction begins at ____ and ends as semilunar valves open S1 Isovolumetric Relaxation begins at ____ and ends as the AV valves open S2 The highest concentration of blood O2 is found in the Cardiac system Pulmonary vein and umbilical vein in fetus are the only veins that carry Oxygenated blood Pulmonary artery and umbilical artery in fetus are the only arteries that carry Deoxygenated blood START PAGE 2: ELECTROCARDIOGRAM P-wave= atrial depolarization - atrium contracts P-R Interval AV nodal delay On an ECG isovolumetric contraction is represented by R The AV node sends its impulse through the _______ into _______ →Cor Pulmonale ie. Emphysema or pneumoni RHF signs due to blood backing up into the SVC pulsation of jugular veins RHF signs due to blood backing up into the : IVC systemic edema/pitting edema/backs up to live What is "Bag of worms" Venous distension in genital/pudendal area due to backing up of flow from Internal iliac vein? Varicocele Ascites is commonly caused by Portal Vein Hypertension Alcoholism that leads to liver failure, esophageal varices and vomiting of blood/hematemesis →Mallory Weiss Syndrome →Mallory bodies in liver B1 (thiamin) thiamin deficiency in alcoholics can lead to →Dementia and psychosis aka Wernicke-Korsakoff Psychosis Greatest pressure in arteries Aorta Greatest resistance to pressure in arteries is found in Arterioles Greatest cross sectional area in arteries Capillaries After load of the heart is determined by Aortic pressure Universal donor O neg Universal recipient AB Tetralogy of Fallot DRIP →Dextroposition of Aorta →Right Ventricular Hypertrophy →Interventricular Septal Defect →Pulmonary Stenosis Heart defects, dissecting aneurysm, subluxation of the lens of the eye, tall in stature, arachnodactaly (spider like fingers) are characteristics of what? Marfan Syndrome Rheumatic Fever from step pyogenes makes aschoff bodies and is from Group A Lancefield Beta- Hemolytic Strep cause Heart Valve Pathologies Benign tumor of the heart Myxoma Heart Inflammatory indicator C-reactive protein (CRP) Anterior spinal roots are motor and posterior are sensory are indicative of Bell Magendie Gas volume decreases as pressure increases under constant temperature Boyle's Law Gas volume increases as temperature increases under constant pressure Charles' Law Minimal time needed to electrically stimulate a muscle or a nerve twice the minimum current needed to elicit threshold response Chronaxie Membrane potential NA+ K+ CL- Goldman Solubility of gas in water increases as pressure increases Henri's Law The Vagus nerve limits respiratory excursion Hering Breuer As the radius of a vessel decreases pressure/tension in the vessel increases LaPlace Law Arteries Ventricular pressure depends on muscular tension, size and shape of the heart LaPlace Law Heart Membrane potential exactly opposes net diffusion Nernst Minimum constant electric current needed to elicit threshold response Rheobase Cardiac output equals venous return (If not CHF) Starling Law START PAGE 4: Presence of O2 in the lungs displaces CO2 from hemoglobin due to its higher affinity Haldane Effect Decreased O2 in hemoglobin results in decrease in pH and higher retention of CO2 Bohr Effect Total Lung Volume = →IRV (Inspiratory Reserve Volume ) →TV (Tidal Volume) →ERV (Expiratory Reserve Volume) →RV (Residual Volume) Vital Capacity = →IRV (Inspiratory Reserve Volume ) →TV (Tidal Volume) →ERV (Expiratory Reserve Volume) Inspiratory Capacity →IRV (Inspiratory Reserve Volume ) →TV (Tidal Volume) Functional Residual Capacity →ERV (Expiratory Reserve Volume) →RV (Residual Volume) Give the following volumes in milliliters: Tidal Volume 500ml Bottom of inspiration Central Chemoreceptors sensitive to sensitive to increase in CO2 Peripheral Chemoreceptors sensitive to sensitive to decrease in O2 Chloride shift is known as the Hamburger Shift and keeps what constant? keeps pH constant Blood pH is what 7.35-7.45 70% of CO2 in the blood bicarb 23% of CO2 in the blood Hemoglobin 7% of CO2 in the blood freely dissolved in blood Carboxyhemoglobin is Carbon Monoxide What does carbonic anhydrase do? H2O+CO2<->H+ + HCO3 Needs ZINC How does the body correct for respiratory acidosis? Urinate NH4 Can be caused by pneumonia How does the body correct for respiratory alkalosis excrete bicarb (NaCO3) How does the doctor correct for respiratory alkalosis breath into bag/bag over head How does the body correct for Metabolic acidosis? Hyperventilation Caused by Diarrhea (excrete HCO3) Or Diabetes Mellitus How does the body correct for metabolic alkalosis? Slow/decrease breathing How much fluid is filtered by the kidneys daily? 180 liters What is the most powerful vasoconstrictor known to man? Angiotensin II Renin + Angiotensinogen(from liver) makes Angiotensin I Converted to Angiotensin II in lungs Where is the macula densa located and what is it sensitive to? Located in the distal convoluted tubule and is sensitive to sodium concentration Result of decreased sodium detection of macula densa Macula densa thinks low BP Vasodilation of afferent arteriole Secretion of Renin into blood from juxtaglomerular cells - angiotensinogen - angiotensin I - angiotensin II = VASOCONSTRICTION Angiotensin II has greatest effect on Efferent Arteriole causing vasoconstriction Increased pressure from angiotensin has what effect in the glomerulus forces fluid out of glomerulus into Bowmans capsule for filtration and entrance to PVT Angiotensin II signals. Adrenal cortex to secrete what? Aldosterone to retain sodium and increase BP and excrete potassium As sodium levels rise in blood due to Aldosterone what happens next? Osmoreceptors of supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus detect levels then release ADH/Vasopressin to retain fluid and increase BP Impermeable collecting ducts become permeable to water due to what hormone? ADH - body wants to retain water to increase BP URINE PRODUCTION In the absence of ADH the body will produce urine which will fill the collecting ducts and leave through the papilla to where? Papilla to Renal Pyramids to minor Calyx to Major Calyx to ureter to posterior bladder, urethra and out 4 parts to male urethra →Pre-prostatic →Prostatic →Membranous →Penile Urethra Urethra on dorsum of penis epispadias Urethra on ventral side of penis hypospadias What is the corpus cavernosa responsible for? Erection Detrusor muscle does what? Voids the bladder ??????????ALDOSTERONE vs ADH/Vasopressin Aldosterone Triggered by? Acts on? Action? Triggered by Angiotensin II Acts on DCT Retains NA+ and Excretes K+ ???????????ADH/Vasopressin Triggered by? Acts on? Action? Triggered by increase NA+ osmolarity/concentration Acts on collecting duct Makes collecting ducts permeable to water to retain water NEPHRON ABSORPTION: DCT with Aldosterone Retains/absorbs NA+ Everything but NA+ is absorbed where? PC What is the best test for glomerular filtration rate (GFR) Inulin KIDNEY ANATOMY Contents of: Renal Cortex Renal Medulla Cortex = nephron, PCT, DCT Medulla = Loop of Henle, collecting ducts What is a podocyte Foot like process in kidney Function of Loop of Henle Estrogen - secondary sex characteristics - proliferative phase builds endometrial lining Progesterone - secretory phase - nourish embryo Menstrual cycle FSH - picks primary follicle and releases estrogen Estrogen -thickens endometrium and peaks on 14th day to release LH LH - ovulation and forms corpus leuteum Corpus Leuteum - makes progesterone and inhibin then dies without fertilization or continues to make progesterone to nourish embryo HCG - made by placenta after fertilization and stimulates corpus leruteum to make more progesterone Layers of Oocytes Thick layer (zona pellucidum) glucoprotein - aka corona granular Outside layer - corona radiata Spermatogenesis - makes haploid cells from meiosis - is initiated by gonadotropic releasing factor then what? FSH -starts spermatogenesis LH - releases testosterone from Leydig Cells Testosterone - matures sperm Sperm -made in somniferous tubules/mature in epididymis and stored in Vas Deferens Inhibin - shuts off spermatogenesis Sertoli cells - make inhibin = support Cryptorchism Failure of testes to descend - increase risk for testicular cancer What two digestive enzymes are found in the mouth and what do they do? Ptyalin/Salivary Amylase - breakdown starch Sublingual Lipase - breaks down fat What digestive substances are produced in the stomach and what cells make them? Chief/Peptic - pepsinogen - +HCL = pepsin - protein Parietal/Oxyntic Cells - HCL - to make pepsin and intrinsic factor for B12 absorption in terminal ilium Mucus neck cells - make mucus for protection from HCL Gastric Glands give rise to _____ and _____ where Pyloric glands give rise to ______ Gastric Glands - parietal/oxyntic and peptic/chief cells Pyloric Glands - gastric cells What to gastric cells produce? Gastric cells produce gastrin which increases gastric secretions, increases motility of GI and produces mucous Brunners Glands in duodenum produces what kind of mucous Bicarbonate rich alkaline mucous to buffer chyme as it progresses through tract What is the effect of secretin Triggers bicarbonate and water to be released form the pancreas to buffer acidic chyme and release pancreatic enzymes What secretes somatostatin? Pancreas What are the four major hormones/enzymes in the small intestine Cholecystokinin Enterogastrone Enterokinase Pancreatic Amylase Cholecystokinin, in response to polypeptides in the stomach, causes what? Production of pancreatic amylase - starch breakdown Production of pancreatic lipase - fat breakdown Production of Trypsinogen - protein breakdown Closes Pyloric sphincter in response to fats Inhibits Gastrin in stomach Stimulates gallbladder to release bile and thus micelles Function of enterogastrone Helps close pyloric sphincter in response to fats Function of enterokinase Convert trypsinogen into trypsin for the breakdown of protein Once tripsinogen is converted to tripsin what happens? Chymotrypsinogen is activated - polypeptide breakdown Proteolastase is activated - digests elastin in meat Carboxypolypeptidase active - protein to amino acids Goblet cells produce mucus to increase motility Aminopolypeptidase and dipeptidase breakdown peptides into individual amino acids Pancreatic amylase breaks down.... Polysaccharides into disaccharides Lactase Sucrase Maltase Mineral of B12 = Cobalt 4 causes of edema Increased venous/hydrostatic pressure Decreased protein/osmotic pressure in blood Myxedema/hypothyroidism Anaphylaxis - type I hypersensitivity Hormones that increase appetite/eating (3) Neuropeptide Y - from hypothalamus Ghrelin - from stomach Adiponectin - form fat cells Hormones that Decrease appetite/eating (4) Leptin - from fat cells Peptide YY - intestines Somatostatin - delta cells of pancreas - inhibits insulin/glucagon, gastrin and rennin Serotonin - from argentaffin in stomach - satiety What is a functional unit of a muscle? An alpha motor neuron and all the fibers it innervates What is the functional unit of a muscle fiber Sarcomere Which Component of Sarcomere is this? thick myosin - remains same with contraction A Band Which Component of Sarcomere is this? thin actin - shortens with contraction