Download Irene Gold PT Boards Exam Questions With 100% Correct And Verified Answers 2024 and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! Irene Gold PT Boards Exam Questions With 100% Correct And Verified Answers 2024 When evaluating a shoulder, the ratio of the glenohumeral movement to scapular movement should be: - Answer- 2:1 How do you determine the max HR for aerobic activity in a pt - Answer- Resting HR Which type of exercises is best to use when rehabbing a disc - Answer- McKenzie Which muscle exercise will stimulate the multifidus, strengthen the obliques & strengthen rectus abdominals - Answer- Core exercises 55 yo male leaned over & had immediate pain in his low back extending into his right lateral foot. Bechterew's was positive. What is the initial treatment: - Answer- 1. Cryotherapy 2. Traction 3. McKenzie exercises 55 yo male leaned over & had immediate pain in his low back extending into his right lateral foot. Bechterew's was positive. What is the best exercise program in the subacute phase: - Answer- 1. Water resistance 2. Walking 3. Extension exercises 55 yo male leaned over & had immediate pain in his low back extending into his right lateral foot. Bechterew's was positive. What is the best exercises for rehab - Answer- 1. Stretch abdominals 2. Stretch psoas 3. Stretch glutes A 15 yo boy has pain below the knee & it is worse w/walking up & down stairs. THe physical exam revealed a problem at the tibial tuberosity. All orthos were negative on the knee. What is the case management - Answer- 1. Chopat strap 2. Cryotherapy 3. Limit activity A 15 yo boy has pain below the knee & it is worse w/walking up & down stairs. THe physical exam revealed a problem at the tibial tuberosity. All orthos were negative on the knee. What is the proper way to handle this in the subacute phase - Answer- 1. Stationary bike 2. Swim exercises 3. Stretch quads A 15 yo boy has pain below the knee & it is worse w/walking up & down stairs. THe physical exam revealed a problem at the tibial tuberosity. All orthos were negative on the knee. Once the pt is out of pain, which muscles should be rehabbed - Answer- 1. Stretch hamstrings 2. Strengthen rectus femoris 3. Stretch rectus femoris The pt presents w/post pelvic tilt, which of th efollowing should be facilitated - Answer- Quads Which of the following muscles should be exercised in a mother following the birth of her baby - Answer- Pelvic floor Which of the following muscles should be stretched to rehab pts w/TOS - Answer- Pec minor Pt is in the standing position w/hands over head & palms to sky. Which muscles are being stretched - Answer- Lat dorsi Which of the following muscles should be strengthening to correct anterior head carriage - Answer- Deep neck flexors Which is a closed chain exercise - Answer- Push ups Which is the best exercise to correct upper cross syndrome - Answer- Seated rows Which type of exercise is weight lifting Side bridge exercises are utilized to strengthen which of the following muscles: - Answer- QL Deep heat modalities are contraindicated for: A. Scar tissue B. Chronic inflammation C. Infection D. Bone fractures - Answer- C. Infection Paraffin provides which type of heat A. Dry superficial B. Moist superficial C. Dry deep D. Moist deep - Answer- B. Moist superficial What is an appropriate safety precaution for application of MWD A. Applicator should be 12-18 in from skin B. Perspiration should be promoted to enhance treatment C. Remove contact lenses during treatment around head D. Intensity settings should be based on the pt's tolerance - Answer- A. Applicator should be 12-18 inches from skin What form of cryotherapy doesn't use conduction A. Cold pack B. Ice massage C. Cold baths D. Vapocoolant spray - Answer- C. Cold baths Cryotherapy reduces muscle spasm by inhibiting A. Scar tissue formation B. Muscle spindle activity C. Cellular metab D. Ach production - Answer- B. Muscle spindle activity Which of these is typically the last sensation felt w/cryotherapy application A. Intense cold B. Burning C. Aching D. Numbness - Answer- D. Numbness Modulation of electrical current helps prevent ____ of muscle tissue A. Adaptation B. Fatigue C. Recruitment D. Excitation - Answer- A. Adaptation Which type of electrotherapy is most likely to slow atrophy of a denervated muscle A. TENS B. Microcurrent C. Interferential D. Low voltage Galvanic - Answer- D. Low voltage galvanic In general, the smaller the electrode, the _____ A. Stronger the motor response B. Weaker the current C. Stronger the stimulus D. Weaker the nociceptive response - Answer- C. Stronger the stimulus Which of these is most appropriately treated w/high voltage pulsed stimulation A. UMNL B. Edema C. Fungal infection D. Thrombophlebitis - Answer- B. Edema Which type of massage is used for the treatment of adhesive capsulitis A. Effleurage B. Tapotement C. Transverse friction D. Petrissage - Answer- C. Transverse friction A contraindication for continuous traction is A. IVF encroachment B. Osteoporosis C. Scoliosis D. Spondylolisthesis - Answer- B. Osteoporosis Which type of massage is most likely to provide muscle relaxation, pain reduction, & improved blood flow to musculature A. Effluerage B. Friction massage C. Tapotement D. Roulement - Answer- C. Tapotement A cane should be used in the hand contralateral to the affected hip in order to: A. Aid in extension of affected leg B. Reduce abduction of the affected side C. Reduce abduction force of the unaffected side D. Prevent posterior lurch - Answer- B. Reduce abduction force of the affected side Which class laser device poses the greatest hazard for eye & skin damage w/inappropriate use A. II Endurance training & performance is improved when following a diet high in: A. Omega 3s B. Carbs C. Calories D. Proteins - Answer- B. Carbs Which of these factors contributes to improvements in athletic performance & aerobic power from overload training specific muscle groups A. Decrease in overall mito concentration B. Increased microcirculation C. Accumulation of blood lactate D. Using a generalized, sub-maximal training regimen - Answer- B. Increased microcirculation Eccentric muscle contractions require the muscle to: A. Contract w/o resitance B. Lengthen against resistance C. Shorten against resistance D. Contract w/resistance - Answer- B. Lengthen against resistance In which circumstance would plyometric training be the most benefit A. Training a pro football player B. Increasing balance of a geriatric pt C. Following hip replacement surgery D. Increasing proprioceptive input to an unstable joint - Answer- A. Training a pro football player Which commonly used strength program relies on multi-set exercises targeting a variety of muscle groups w/minimal resistance A. Progressive resistance exercises B. Circuit training C. Isometric resistive training D. Compound training - Answer- B. Circuit training Which of these is the neurophysiological principle of the contract-relax principle technique for muscle stretching A. Crossed extensor reflex B. Reciprocal inhibition C. Monosynaptic stretch reflex D. Polysynaptic innervations - Answer- B. Reciprocral inhibition Neuromuscular coordination is primarily programmed in the ______ tract of the nervous system A. Sympathetic B. Extrapyramidal C. Spinothalamic D. Parasympathetic - Answer- B. Extrapyramidal In order to maintain proprioceptive input & prevent adhesion formation, the pt should begin ______ exercises during the subacute phase of a grade II ankle sprain A. Isometric high-weight B. Passive ROM C. Wt bearing wobble board D. Plyometric high-impact - Answer- B. Passive ROM A biomechanical ankle platform system is designed to elicit which of these effects A limited ROM B. Decreased swelling C. Improved sensory cues & balance D. Decreased sensory feedback - Answer- C. Improved sensory cues & balance The side-bridge posture is used to activate which muscle A. Multifidus B. Transverse abdominis C. Rectus abdominis D. QL - Answer- D. QL For lumbar rehab, an optimal pattern is one in which the muscles increase in : A. Endurance B. Strength C. Flexibility D. Size - Answer- A. Endurance Biceps curls used for rehab of the elbow are best described as a/an _____ exercise A. Isokinetic B. Open chain C. Closed chain D. Isometric - Answer- B. Open chain Which muscles are activated to maintain posterior pelvic tilt A. Lower abdominals B. QL C. Quads D. Hip flexors - Answer- A. Lower abs Which muscle is not emphasized in early rehab of shoulder impingement syndrome d/t its upward force on the humerus A. Supraspinatus B. Infraspinatus C. Deltoid D. Serratus ant - Answer- A. Supraspinatus Which of these muscles is most important in the management of degernative osteoarthritis A. Gamellus B. Hamstrings A. Ab curls B. Knees to chest C. Ball superman D. Supine planks - Answer- C. Ball superman Which of these is an absolute contraindication to cervical traction A. Chronic myofascitis B. Vertebral artery syndrome C. Acute muscle spasm D. Ankylosing spondylitis - Answer- B. Vertebral artery syndrome What modality can produce therapeutic thermal, chemical & mechanical actions A. MWD B. Galvanism C. US D. Fluidotherapy - Answer- C. US Which of these is safe to use over a joint w/a metallic implant A. High voltage therapy B. Continuous US C. MWD D. SWD - Answer- A. High-voltage therapy Denervated muscle is most effectively stimulated by which of these currents A. Square wave alternating B. Low-voltage direct C. Indirect biphasic pulsed D. Interferential - Answer- B. Low-voltage direct Which exercise should be avoided during rehab of the supraspinatus in order to prevent impingement of suprahumeral tissues A. Full can B. Empty can C. Ball squeezing D. Forward punching - Answer- B. Empty can Treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome should include which of these A. Resisted wrist extension B. Military press C. Median nerve glides D. Pendulum exercises - Answer- C. Median nerve glides Which of these is most appropriate for stretching the iliopsoas & rectus femoris A. Forward lunge B. Sitting toe touch C. Knee to chest D. Post pelvic tilt - Answer- A. Forward lunge Irene Gold: PT section Exam Questions with 100% Correct and Verified Answers 2024 Massage: indications & contraindications Indications: subacute sprains, strains, bruises, tendinitis, bursitis contraindications: vascular problems type of massage used to break adhesions friction massage trigger point therapy: indications myofascial pain used to elongate contracted bands of muscle fibers performed no longer than 10 seconds traction: indications/contraindications indications: disc syndromes, IVF encroachment, chronic mm spasm contraindications: bone weak, inhibiting conditions, ligament instability, acute injury cryotherapy: indications/contraindications indications: ACUTE conditions (<72 hours) -spasticity with CNS disorders, local swelling, mm spasms, neuralgia contraindications: raynauds, circulatory compromise, cold hypersensitive, frostbite, cold allergy, open dermal wounds used 20-30 mins Sensing Cold progression: CBAN cold burning aching numb local effects of cryotherapy vasoconstriction analgesia (greatest effect) ex: jendrassik maneuver, plank isotonic contraction contraction WITH change in length. joint movement and exercise is performed against constant resistance: (two types) CONCENTRIC: shortened contraction ECCENTRIC: lengthening contraction isokinetic contraction change in length AND constantly changing resistance performed at a constant speed through a full ROM beurger-allen exercises peripheral vascular disease, Buerger's, Raynauds, elderly, bedridden, early stage diabetes (bye bye allen) Repeated 6-7x, several per day williams flexion exercises for LBP abdominal crunches, pelvic tilts, hamstring stretches designed to reduce hyperlordosis -premise: cause of most LBP from walking up in straight position -states that normal posture is with knees bent/torso slightly bent forward -all activity should be geared to reduce lordosis williams flexion exercise for LBP patient instructed to do sit ups w knees flexed, hands in front of chest, head and shoulders lifted off floor up to 6" so that iliopsoas m is not used. Hold 5 seconds or as long as possible McKenzie extension exercises extension type exercises used for LBP. can be used during acute phase. codmans exercises (aka Pendular exercises) -finger tip wall walking and pendular exercises to restore normal shoulder ROM -eliminates uses of supraspinatus mm -for frozen shoulder (adhesive capsulitis) and RTC rehab Kegel's exercises (pelvic floor exercises) tighten/facilitate the perineum post partum and with incontinence for pregnant women, incontinence Jacobson's exercise for biofeedback Stress exercises to relax muscles Delorme exercise protocol systematic approach to mm strengthening by increasing the resistance placed on the muscle Used to rehab the knee Frenkel's Exercises Ataxic motion to develop coordination used to increase coordination and uses a °wobble board* Clayton's Exercises Crawling exercises to mobilize the spine, and exercise muscles in scoliosis (cross-crawl). Bobath exercises Used for patients with cerebral palsy Patterning plyometrics Rapid stretching of a muscle group that is undergoing eccentric stress (the muscle is exerting force while it lengthens), followed by a rapid concentric contraction -ballistic exercises open chain exercise hand/foot free to move in space ex: bicep curl or leg extensions, bench press, SLR Close chain exercise hand/foot fixed, cant move ex: pushups/squats, pullups, lunges, handstand pushups Upper crossed syndrome weak/inhibited mm: -deep neck flexors, LOWER traps, serratus anterior tight/facilitated mm: -pecs, UPPER trap, levator scapula Lower crossed syndrome weak/inhibited mm: -abs, glute max, hamstrings tight/facilitated mm: -iliopsoas, quads, erector spinae •results in: -anterior rotation of pelvis -increased lordosis -hips in flexion -knees may be hyperextended Target HR equation 220 beats/min - 20 (age) =200 (estimated max heart rate) - 60 (resting heart rate) = 140 x 0.75 (for heart rate range from 0.6 to 0.9) + 60 (resting heart rate) = 185 (target heart rate) cardiovascular fitness definition aerobic exercise = vigorous exercise that results in oxygen consumption (fron 50-80% max) and HR (from 60-90% max) maintains this level for at least 15-20 mins aerobic exercise refers to cyclic movements caused by contraction of large muscle masses relying on aerobic energy pathways McKenzie method/approach spinal assessment and therapy. -based on the behavior of pain and mechanical response to dynamic and static loading 3 types of pain syndromes 1. Postural -end range stress of normal structures 2. dysfunction -end range stress that leads to contracted/adherent structures 3. derangement -anatomical disruption or displacement of structure (herniated disc) Plyometrics is based on what concept force x speed = POWER any exercise within mm is contracted eccentrically then immediately concentrically extends and laterally rotates hip joint •lower fibers assist in ADDuction of hip, upper fibers help with ABDuction •through insertion into IT Bands, helps stabilize knee in extension gluteus medius abducts hip joint •anterior fibers medially rotate and may assist in flexion of hip joint •posterior fibers laterally rotate and may assist in extension hamstrings •semitendinosus/semimembranosus: flexes and internally rotates knee -extends ands assists in internal rotation of the hip •biceps femoris: flexes and externally rotates knee -Long head extends and assists in external rotation of hip pectoralis major Origin fixed: adducts and internal rotation of humerus Insertion fixed (lateral lip of bicipital groove): may assist in elevating the thorax (ex: forced inspiration). In crutch walking or parallel bar work, will assist in supporting body weight pectoralis minor Origin fixed: tilts scap anterior Scap stabilized to fix the insertion: assists in forced inspiration levator scapulae Origin fixed: *elevates scapula*, assists in rotation so glenoid cavity faces caudally Insertion fixed/acting unilaterally: lateral flexion of cervical spine, rotation to same side Bilateral action: may assist in extension of Cspine teres major Internal rotation, adducts, extends shoulder joint latissimus dorsi origin fixed: internal rotation, extension, adduction of shoulder. insertion fixed: assists in tilting pelvis anteriorly and laterally. acting bilaterally: assists in hyperextending spine and tilting pelvis anterior serratus anterior origin fixed: *abducts scap*, rotates inferior angle lateral and glenoid cranially. Holds medial border of scap firm against rib cage. insertion fixed: with scap stabilized in adduction, serratus may act in forced inspiration Milwaukee brace •for scoliosis. •wear 23 hours/day •curves between 20-40° Figure eight brace AKA Louisiana strap for inversion ankle sprain Lenox hill AKA derotational brace for the knee cockup splint is for? wrist; carpal tunnel syndrome proper way to fit crutches 2-10-30 •measure 2" from axilla •tip of crutch 10" from malleolus •crutches should be at 30° contraindications to ALL modalities -hemorrhage -infection w/ suppuration (TB, osteomyelitis) -*malignancy* (most important) contraindications to ALL heating modalities •decreased thermal sensation •active TB •LBP, abdomen P with pregnancy •encapsulated swellings •DM- late stages contraindications to ALL electrical modalities •pacemaker patients •LBP/abdomen P with pregnancy •decreased sensation (LVG only) •brain = transcerebral •eyes •heart = transthoracic •carotid sinuses high frequency 100,000 Hz or > UV, infrared, short wave diathermy, MWD, US medium frequency -most asked -2,000-10,000 Hz -Interferential/IFC -4 leaf/clover pattern -Least amount of resistance, but not good for treatment low frequency 1-2000 Hz LVG, HV, SW, Faradic, TENS, interferential ultra-low frequency below 1 Hz *Microcurrent* It will increase ATP, AA & decrease pain action of massage mechanical (kinetic and friction) greatest effect on vascular system physiologic effects of massage increases: blood/lymph flow, HR, BP, breaks adhesions, removes lactic acid decreases: edema, congestion, nerve activity (*sedation*) indications for massage strain/sprain, bruises, tendinitis, bursitis transmission of heat by a liquid or a gas by circulation of the heated particles -whirlpool, sauna and heating a hydrocollator pack Conduction the transfer of heat by a solid substance -hydrocollator pack -paraffin Conversion transfer of electrical energy into heat -shortwave, microwave, ultrasound Radiation transmission of heat without the intervening medium getting heated -infrared lamp, ultraviolet lamp -most from the sun infrared physiological effects increases: vasodilation, circulation, lymph flow decreases: mm spasms, BP Infrared Indications Indications: 1. Arthritic conditions 2. Rheumatoid condition 3. Stiff joints 4. Chronic backache 5. Contusions 6. *Beurger's and Raynaud's phenomenon* 7. *Bell's palsy* 8. muscle spasm 9. subacute and chronic inflammatory conditions. - Musculoskeletal 1. Synovitis 2. Tenosynovitis 3. Sprain/strain 4. Bursitis infrared penetration superficial - vascular system 2 types: 1. Long wave: emitted by heat bodies 2. Short wave: incandescent Which is the best exercise to produce lumbar spinal stability: a. supine leg extended lift against resistance b. sit up knees bent c. sit up knees extended d. curl up but remains in lordosis b. sit up knees bent Vagal stimulation comes from ____ and results in ____ a. myocardium; increased contractility b. myocardium; decreased contractility c. SA node; increased resting heart rate d. SA node; decreased resting heart rate d. SA node; decreased resting heart rate which is not recommended in the early stage of adhesive capsulitis? a. ultrasound b. passive ROM c. codman's exercises d. cryotherapy d. cryotherapy the measurement of plyometrics is which? a. force times speed b. power times force c. speed times power d. forces times speed times power a. force times speed (=power) which decreases during resistance training and increases during aerobic exercise? a. mitochondrial density b. muscle girth c. glycogen use c. glycogen use which forms of exercise provides both proprioceptive and joint mobilization? a. isometric b. closed chain c. open chain d. williams exercise c. open chain a tight iliopsoas muscle will inhibit which muscle? a. hamstring b. soleus c. glute max d. biceps femoris c. glute max Following a football injury to the quadriceps muscle, which is the best way to lightly stretch the quads? a. thigh extension, knee flexion b.external rotation with knee extension c. internal rotation with knee d. tight extension and knee flexion a. thigh extension, knee flexion During eccentric motion of a muscle which of the following occurs? a. origin and insertion move closer b. origin and insertion move farther apart c. no change in length d. circumduction b. origin and insertion move farther apart where do you place the pads for optimum results? a. over the motor points on the origin of the muscle b. over the motor points on the insertion of the muscle c. over the muscle belly d. transverse c. over the muscle belly the patient is standing and first clasps her hands and places them in from then raises the arms and places them overhead. which muscle is being stretched? a. serratus anterior b. rhomboids c. glute max d. hamstrings b. iliopsoas what is the best line of correction to repair patellar misalignment syndrome? a. S-I b. I-S c. M-L d. L-M d. L-M which is utilized when performing transverse friction massage? a. ultrasound gel b. water d. lotion d. cellulose d. lotion if the deltoid muscle tested normal, and the infraspinatus is hypertonic, which motions will be terminated? a. internal rotation b. external rotation c. abduction d. adduction a. internal rotation passive range of motion is performed when you want to treat a _____ a. tendon b. muscle c. ligament d. fascia c. ligament if the patient has facet syndrome, which muscles should be strengthened? a. erectors b. hamstrings c. psoas d. rectus abdominus d. rectus abdominus to strengthen the erector spinae which motion is utilized? a. rotation b. lateral flexion c. flexion d. extension d. extension to prevent further knee injury, the quads should be strengthened in the following way? a. knee flexion and hip extension b. hip flexion and knee extension c. knee abduction and hip flexion d. knee adduction and knee extension b. hip flexion and knee extension Which modalities is best used to increase balance? (wobble boards) a. exercise ball b. water tank c. foam pad d. weights c. foam pad (2nd best after wobble board) if the person performs cardiopulmonary exercise on a regular basis, which will occur? a. increased blood pressure b. decreased HR c. muscle strengthening d. increase stroke volume b. decreased HR what is the best exercise to increase proprioception? a. wobble board b. weights c. stabilization on an exercise ball d. running a. wobble board The baby has wry neck. The head is laterally flexed to the right with the chin to the left. What is the best advice to give this new mother? a. place a toy in the babys right hand b. breast feed on the right side c. mother stretch the muscle d. alternation of the crib a. place a toy in the babys right hand which conditions is best treated with moist heat? a. DJD b. acute ankle sprain c. hyperemia d. open wound a. DJD which muscle should be strengthened to correct abduction of the scapula? a. pec minor b. subscap c. latissimus dorsi d. serratus anterior d. serratus anterior which is the initial procedure used to treat an acute grade II ankle sprain? a. continuous US b. diathermy c. moist heat d. HI Volt d. HI Volt if the patient has tight SCM muscles and week deep neck flexors, what will happen when they laterally flex their head? a. chin protraction b. chin retraction c. chin approximates the sternum d. chin does not move c. chin approximates the sternum which is a contraindication to inversion therapy? a. muscle spasm b. glaucoma c. DJD d. disc bulge b. glaucoma which exercises describes a muscle that lengthens while tension is maintained? a. isometric b. isokinetic c. concentric d. eccentric d. eccentric which exercise is performed to strengthen a muscle to correct for muscle atrophy without movement of the joint? a. isometric b. isokinetic What are the NT for long postganglionic of SNS? - Answer- Epinephrine Norepinephrine What type of catecholamines does epinephrine use? - Answer- Alpha and beta What type of catecholamines does nor-epinephrine use? - Answer- Alpha only What makes up the parasympathetic NS? - Answer- CN 3,7,9,10 What spinal levels control the PNS? - Answer- S2-S4 What is the NT for pre and post ganglionic fibers in the PNS? - Answer- Acetylcholine Main thing to know about the Enteric system? - Answer- Acts Autonomously (by itself) In times of great stress, what can override the enteric system and decrease GI function? - Answer- Sympatheticotonia What did Selye do for chiropractic? - Answer- Developed general adaptation syndrome What are Selyes 3 stages of chronic stress? - Answer- Alarm Resistance Exhaustion What is the most important thing that is increased in the alarm stage of GAS? - Answer- Increased cortisol Chronic stress causes Neuroendocrine response that suppresses thymicolymphatic system which has what negative affect? - Answer- Reduces resistance of the body Does acute stress increase or decrease immunity? - Answer- Increase Does chronic stress increase or decrease immunity? - Answer- Decrease Where are most cervical headache subluxations present? - Answer- C0-C1 Signs and symptoms of most Cervicogenic headaches? - Answer- Hypomobility Trigger points Decreased ROM What is cervicogenic dorsalgia? - Answer- Neck problem that can cause pain between shoulder blades What can be a major symptom of Horner's syndrome? - Answer- Blurring vision 3 major causes of vertigo? - Answer- Neuro Vascular Physical What is brain hibernation? - Answer- Decreased blood flow = decreased function Cells alive but function has ceased How can adjustments help brain hibernation? - Answer- Can increase CSF flow MC age range of disc derangement? - Answer- 30-50 y/o How to treat disc derangements? - Answer- Adjust for first 2 weeks Traction, ice, massage, and electrical therapy Flexion/extension What is the autism theory? - Answer- Brain growth disturbance What is Alzheimer's disease? - Answer- Neurotangles consisting on microtubule tau proteins What is known to cause seizures? - Answer- Decrease in GABA What causes Myasthenia Gravis? - Answer- Autoantibodies to Ach receptors at the NMJ How does the Herpes Virus manifest? - Answer- Use retrograde channels to get to the neurosoma and hide How do local anesthetics work? - Answer- They prevent sodium channels from opening, thus blocking action potentials True or False: Potassium and sodium are electrolytes; so dehydration can effect neural transmission - Answer- True What can dopamine make? - Answer- Norepinephrine What can norepinephrine make? - Answer- Epinephrine What do beta blockers affect? - Answer- Epinephrine What are the 3 components of the equilibrium triad? - Answer- Muscle Vestibular (inner ear) Visual system What do GTO respond to? - Answer- Tension What spinal region has the most rotation? - Answer- Upper thoracics What thoracic region has most F/E and lateral bending? - Answer- Lower thoracic (MC T11-T12) Which lumbar segment has the most flexion/extension? - Answer- L5-S1 What motion is limited in lumbars? - Answer- Rotation What does aberrant mean? - Answer- Reverse motion around an axis What is Buckling syndrome? - Answer- Long standing creep with hysteresis event What is hysteresis? - Answer- Energy loss from loading and unloading disc What is Hooke's law? - Answer- Deformation increases in proportion to load applied What is elasticity? - Answer- ability of muscle to recoil to original resting length after stretched What is plasticity? - Answer- Property of a material to permanently deform when its loaded beyond its elastic range What is viscosity? - Answer- Property of materials to resist loads that produce shear Strain delay What is Wolff's Law? - Answer- bone grows or remodels in response to the demands placed on it What is the Heuter-Volkmann principle? - Answer- Increased epiphyseal plate pressure= decreased growth What is algometry? - Answer- Pain threshold Pain measurement What is double crush? - Answer- proximal neurological irritation causing distal neurological pathology Most acute pain is the result of what? - Answer- Physiological nerve irrritation What is chronic pain? - Answer- Typically pathological pain due to nerve compression What are the pain amplifiers? - Answer- Inflammation Traumatic neuroma Wide dynamic receiver Norepinephrine Depression In inflammation, what is released due to trauma? - Answer- Substance P Bradykinin Serotonin Leukotrienes What is a traumatic neuroma? - Answer- Transaction of nerve causing multiple synapse recovery What is a wide dynamic receiver? - Answer- Chronic instability that can cause mechanoreceptors to morph into nociceptors How does norepinephrine increase pain? - Answer- Lowers threshold for AP How does depression affect pain? - Answer- Alters neurotransmitters Viscous cycle with pain Where does descending inhibition derive from? - Answer- Periaquaductal grey What is afferent inhibition? - Answer- Distraction principle such as rubbing elbow Which is quicker to brain, nociception or proprioception? - Answer- Proprioception What is neuropathic pain? - Answer- Functional disturbance of pain pathway What is allodynia? - Answer- Pain due to a stimulus that does not normally provoke pain What is Grisel Syndrome? - Answer- Autoimmune attack in C1 transverse ligaments ADJUSTMENTS HELP How can dehydration facilitate immobility? - Answer- Decreased water—> allows CTs to touch—-> abnormal cross linking occurs—> decrease extensibility What does altered motion do to the muscle? - Answer- Shortens them What happens to hyperactive muscles? - Answer- Inflammation—> ossification Causes of acute pathological nerve compression? - Answer- Vascular Edema Facilitate What are vascular causes of acute nerve compression? - Answer- Obstruction Venous insufficiency Blood nerve barrier What does hypoxia lead to? - Answer- Anoxia—> ischemia—-> necrosis How does edema affect action potential? - Answer- Lowers threshold to increase action potential How do acute issues affect dysautonomia? - Answer- Increase dysfunction Irritation Facilitation Excitation How do chronic issues affect dysautonomia? - Answer- Decreased dysfunction Pressure Compression Inhibition Degeneration What is the control center of ANS? - Answer- Lateral horn What causes cord compression at c1-c2? - Answer- Dentate traction causes direct mechanical irritation What did Dejernette do for chiropractic? - Answer- Craniopelvic adjustments help pump CSF What causes VBAI? - Answer- Cervical rotation CAN cause symptoms Who is Hippocrates? - Answer- Father of medicine Where did bone setters come from? - Answer- Europe and England 1800 Who was still? - Answer- Founder of osteopathy Who was Logan? - Answer- Sacrum is key Who is Langworthy? - Answer- Wrote first chiro book What did Kirklady-Willis do? - Answer- SI/posterior joint Side posture When must stroke be ruled out? - Answer- When adult has neck pain and headache What did Sandoz find? - Answer- Acute Fixations are manipulable Chronic fixations are not What did mennell discover? - Answer- Motion palpation What is the kinesiopathophysiological complex? - Answer- Altered movement affected by thrust What is the histopathophysiological complex? - Answer- Edema Inflammation Stress What is the neuropathophysiological complex? - Answer- Degeneration Facilitation Horn cell activity What is the Pathophysiological complex? - Answer- End result of joint and body impairment In order to have a medical subluxation, you must have two of what? - Answer- Pain Asymmetry ROM Tissue and tone