ISSA Final Exam 2023 Questions with Answers Tested and Verified Solutions, Exams of Biology

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ISSA Final Exam 2023 Questions with

Answers Tested and Verified Solutions

For a skinfold body composition assessment, what sites are used for the three-site body density method for females? - correct answer Triceps, suprailiac, thigh The PACER test is a fitness assessment used for what special population? - correct answer Youth What is the term for blood circulation within the heart and lungs? - correct answer Pulmonary circulation What does the S in SMART goals stand for? - correct answer specific Which term describes movement toward the midline of the body? - correct answer Adduction According to the CDC, what is the definition of sanitizing? - correct answer Cleaning and killing germs on surfaces to bring the microbe level to an acceptable range According to the American Heart Association, what is considered a 'normal' blood pressure? - correct answer 110/80 mm Hg What is the definition of quickness as it relates to the element of reactive training? - correct answer The ability to react and change body position with maximum rate of force production What is the condition of low blood pressure measuring 90/60 mm Hg or less? - correct answer Hypotension Which principle of fitness states that a training program must be specific for an individual's goals and desired adaptations? - correct answer Principle of specificity In the OARS model for behavior change, recapping the plan of action is part of which technique? - correct answer Summarizing

According to the CDC, what is the definition of cleaning? - correct answer Removing dirt and impurities from a surface with a detergent and water Which body composition measurement utilizes calipers? - correct answer Skinfold measurements Which client form allows clients to understand and accept any and all risks associated with beginning an exercise program? - correct answer Liability waiver When attracting new clients, which of the following is the most effective way for a trainer to find new prospects? - correct answer Hire an advertising firm Which of the following is a common site to measure the pulse in humans? - correct answer Radial artery Which advanced training technique is described as completing one set of an exercise until failure before immediately lowering the weight and continuing the set until failure again? - correct answer Drop sets Which estimated maximum heart rate formula is used for clients with high blood pressure? - correct answer 162 - (0.7 x age) Which relatively common chronic health condition is characterized by bronchial spasms that make it difficult to breathe effectively? - correct answer Asthma Microtearing that occurs during which muscle action is responsible for delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS)? - correct answer Eccentric Which type of neuron sends information from the central nervous system to the muscles to generate movement? - correct answer Efferent neuron What is the average bodyfat percentage for females? - correct answer 25 to 31 percent

Which heart rate zones are generally anaerobic in nature? - correct answer Zones 4 and 5 What is the purpose of a business plan? - correct answer To outline how a business will be operated What term represents the six anatomical locations of predictable movement patterns where movement dysfunctions can be detected? - correct answer Kinetic chain checkpoints In marketing, what is the definition of a "target market?" - correct answer The particular group(s) of consumers that a product or service targets During the overhead squat assessment, which of the following muscles may likely be overactive (tight) if the arms fall forward? - correct answer Latissimus dorsi Which of the following is a statement from the ISSA Code of Ethics for a fitness professional? - correct answer Use their best judgment when selecting and progressing exercises for each client. In the ATP/CP energy pathway, what molecule lends a phosphate group to ADP to regenerate ATP for future energy needs? - correct answer Creatine phosphate (CP) What type of fitness training can affect the hormone erythropoietin (EPO)? - correct answer Altitude training What is defined as the amount of force that can be created by a muscle or group of muscles? - correct answer Strength What postural and movement deviation occurs when the knees excessively bow inward toward the midline? - correct answer Knee valgus What type of warm-up intentionally mimics the movements that will be a part of the workout to follow it? - correct answer Dynamic warm-up

SMART goal intentions, monitoring, and feedback are all part of what process? - correct answer Goal setting What hormone can the ergogenic aid caffeine help to stimulate? - correct answer Epinephrine What training intensity is required during the working rounds in high-intensity interval training (HIIT)? - correct answer 85 percent or more of V02 max As it relates to the GAS Principle, what is the post-training period when the trained function has a higher performance capacity than prior to the training period? - correct answer Supercompensation What is the definition of hypertrophy? - correct answer An increase in muscular size A movement that keeps the distal end of the body segment fixed in one location describes what type of kinetic chain movement? - correct answer Closed kinetic chain movement A ketogenic diet limits the intake of which macronutrient? - correct answer Carbohydrates What type of motivation is driven by a reward, prize, or recognition? - correct answer Extrinsic motivation Which of the following is equipment with a constant resistance? - correct answer Dumbbell What term is described as the volume of blood the left ventricle pushes out in a single heartbeat? - correct answer Stroke volume Which of the following is a primary risk factor for coronary heart disease? - correct answer High blood pressure

When using email marketing, what is the ideal weekly email frequency for marketing and communicating with clients? - correct answer Two to three per week Which of the following is a primary function of the cardiorespiratory system during exercise? - correct answer Improvement of muscular coordination What type of training periodization progresses from low intensity to high intensity across a macrocycle? - correct answer Linear periodization Which of the following emergency situations requires a fitness professional to call 911 immediately? - correct answer Heavy bleeding What type of nonverbal communication are speech components like tone, pitch, facial expressions, and hesitation noises? - correct answer Paralanguage Where in the cell do the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain occur? - correct answer Mitochondria When considering exercise order, what should be a priority before completing accessory exercises? - correct answer A cooldown Which strength curve most accurately represents a biceps curl exercise? - correct answer Bell-shaped strength curve What medical emergency can occur when there is too much insulin in the body? - correct answer Insulin shock What is the ideal height of the step or platform used during the step test assessment? - correct answer 24 inches Which kinetic chain checkpoint should be observed carefully because it controls the movement of the lower extremities? - correct answer The knee

In the alveoli of the lungs, air crosses into and out of the capillaries by what process? - correct answer Diffusion What term is described as the greatest volume of air that can be expelled from the lungs after taking the deepest breath possible? - correct answer Vital capacity Which acute training variable accounts for the total time a muscle is engaged during a set of exercise? - correct answer Time under tension Which organ is the largest lymphatic organ in the body? - correct answer The spleen What type of resistance exercises mimic the natural movements of the body, such as walking? - correct answer Explosive exercises What does the acronym FITT in the FITT principle stand for? - correct answer Frequency, Intensity, Time, Type Which type of muscle is the most common in the human body? - correct answer Smooth muscle What is the average vital capacity of the lungs in humans? - correct answer 3000 to 5000 mL Which type of lipoprotein is known as the 'bad' lipoprotein? - correct answer Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) Which of the following is a benefit of small group training? - correct answer Reduces the cost per participant Which style of personal training pairs two clients together during a workout? - correct answer Buddy training The adaptation of power generally requires how much rest between sets of exercise? - correct answer 1 to 2 minutes

Which of the following is a physiological difference between children and adults? - correct answer Children have smaller airways and more soft tissue than adults During exercise, the average human's breathing rate increases to what range and varies based on exercise intensity? - correct answer 50 to 60 breaths per minute Which type of flexibility is most beneficial when performed during a cooldown or on a rest day? - correct answer Static stretching What type of goal is focused on the end result? - correct answer Outcome goal What type of client assessment is the squat or overhead squat assessment? - correct answer Dynamic movement assessment For the training adaptation of maximum strength, what is the recommended number of repetitions per set? - correct answer 1 to 6 repetitions Which endocrine hormone promotes the release of glucose from the liver and into the bloodstream? - correct answer Glucagon The principle of progressive overload states that the body must encounter what type of stress to drive adaptation? - correct answer Stress that is greater than what is normally encountered Which of the following is true regarding an emergency exit plan? - correct answer It clearly labels all exit and entry doors, stairwells, and elevators What type of muscular assessment is the bench press test? - correct answer Muscular strength assessment Which stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome is characterized by fatigue, weakness, and soreness? - correct answer Exhaustion

What are the primary joints involved in a squat movement pattern? - correct answer Hip, knee, ankle Which of the following is a common fitness assessment used for senior fitness clients? - correct answer 30-second chair stand What type of resistance training equipment has a fixed range of motion? - correct answer Weight machines What type of goal is based on measurable and quantifiable data? - correct answer Objective goal What calculation estimates the primary macronutrient the body uses for energy at a given point in time? - correct answer Catabolic quotient What type of diabetes only affects pregnant women? - correct answer Gestational diabetes Which branch of the nervous system is responsible for "fight-or-flight"? - correct answer Sympathetic nervous system Which of the following is an example of a complex carbohydrate? - correct answer Whole grain bread Which division of the peripheral nervous system controls voluntary movement like exercise? - correct answer Somatic nervous system Which energy pathway produces the greatest amount of ATP? - correct answer Oxidative energy pathway Which amino acid is the most abundant in the body? - correct answer Glutamine What is the daily fiber intake recommendation for the average male? - correct answer 38 grams per day

Which type of muscle fiber derives its energy primarily from aerobic energy pathways? - correct answer Type I muscle fibers How soon after stopping a training program can muscle atrophy occur? - correct answer 2 weeks On an incident report, which of the following information should be collected? - correct answer Site of the incident Muscle cells contain which cellular fluid that is NOT a part of other human cells? - correct answer Sarcoplasm Which spinal deviation is characterized by the sideways curvature of the spine? - correct answer Scoliosis At what average age does flexibility start to diminish for most people? - correct answer 35 years of age Flexibility, mobility, balance, and core training are all included in which category of training? - correct answer Speed, agility, and quickness (SAQ) Which proprioceptive organ is targeted during myofascial release techniques? - correct answer Golgi tendon organ How many sets and repetitions are performed during German volume training? - correct answer 10 sets of 10 repetitions In which anatomical plane does the internal and external rotation of the shoulder occur?

• correct answer Transverse plane What is the daily fat intake recommendation for the average adult? - correct answer 20 to 30 percent of daily calories

What type of repetitions are completed with an intentionally reduced range of motion? - correct answer Partial repetitions During resistance training, what is the recommended repetition range for the training goal of hypertrophy? - correct answer 6 to 12 repetitions The calcaneus is an example of what type of bone? - correct answer Irregular bone What is the primary goal of Motivational Interviewing? - correct answer To help someone uncover their personal motivations Which of the following is included in the axial skeleton? - correct answer Skull Under the scope of practice for a Certified Personal Trainer, which of the following situations can a fitness professional help a client with? - correct answer Exercise programming Approximately what portion of the body's total water is intracellular? - correct answer 2/ of the body's total water Which digestive organ is responsible for the storage of fat-soluble vitamins and blood filtration and detoxification? - correct answer Liver How many vertebrae are present in the thoracic portion of a human spine? - correct answer 12 Which of the following is an effect of short-term cortisol elevation in the body? - correct answer reduces inflammation/ Increases blood pressure What resistance training style is a combination of partial repetitions and isometric holds? - correct answer Functional isometrics The adaptation of muscular endurance generally requires how much rest between sets of exercise? - correct answer 30 to 60 seconds

What type of supplement can improve exercise performance and capacity? - correct answer Botanical supplement During pulmonary circulation, which heart valve does blood pass through first? - correct answer Tricuspid valve Which of the following best describes the muscular endurance component of fitness? - correct answer The ability of a muscle or group of muscles to continuously exert force against resistance over time What is the primary muscle involved in pulmonary ventilation? - correct answer Diaphragm What intensity (percent of 1RM) is most closely associated with the training adaptation of muscle hypertrophy? - correct answer 67 to 85 percent of 1RM What stage of change is someone in if they are sustaining a new, healthy behavior for more than six months? - correct answer Maintenance Which flexibility technique may be assisted by or utilizes a stretching tool like a towel or stretching strap? - correct answer Pre-contraction stretching What muscle fiber arrangement can be seen in the pectoralis major muscle? - correct answer Convergent muscle What type of resistance training scheme requires the completion of two exercises back- to-back followed by a short rest? - correct answer Supersets What is the Karvonen formula used to calculate? - correct answer Target heart rate Which macronutrient is the primary source of energy for the body in most cases? - correct answer Carbohydrate

What type of nonverbal communication involves gestures and body movements? - correct answer Body language What information does the Client Intake Form gather? - correct answer Previous exercise experience, nutrition, and health conditions What type of reactive exercises involve the repeated maximum stretching and contracting of muscles in the shortest amount of time? - correct answer Plyometric training When a trainer is walking the gym floor, what should they be proactively doing or looking for? - correct answer Trip hazards and dirty or broken equipment Which of the following is a risk factor for developing hypertension? - correct answer Having diabetes Which energy pathway is dominant when the body is at rest or during low-intensity, long- duration activity? - correct answer Oxidative energy pathway What is the central nervous system (CNS) responsible for? - correct answer Receiving sensory input and organizing, analyzing, and processing neural information Which body region should be avoided during myofascial release techniques? - correct answer Lumbar spine In email marketing, what is a relationship email? - correct answer An email used to engage with clients and prospects and build rapport What type of email communication reaches out to former clients and older prospects and encourages a reply? - correct answer Reengagement email Which glands of the endocrine system produce and release substances through ducts or openings on the body's surfaces? - correct answer Exocrine glands

Which spinal deviation is characterized by an excessive inward curvature of the lumbar spine and anterior pelvic tilt? - correct answer Lordosis What range on the glycemic index (GI) corresponds to a high glycemic impact food? - correct answer 70 and above What does the anatomical term caudal mean? - correct answer Relating to the palm of the hand or sole of the foot What is the name of the heart valves located between the atria and ventricles that keep blood moving in only one direction? - correct answer Mitral valves Which category of nutrients is required in large quantities in the diet to support function and energy production? - correct answer Macronutrients What class of hormones is released by the adrenal glands during times of stress? - correct answer Catecholamines Which type of muscle is the primary muscle tissue found in human organs? - correct answer Smooth muscle Which of the following training repetitions and tempos would have the greatest time under tension (TUT)? - correct answer 3 repetitions at 10:0:10: What type of supplement can elevate heart rate, body temperature, and blood pressure? - correct answer Herbal supplement Which of the following is a common observation during the squat assessment? - correct answer Excessive forward lean What should a client with an arthritic condition avoid doing before an exercise session? - correct answer Taking pain medications

Which classification of neurons communicates tactile, auditory, and visual information? - correct answer Sensory neurons Which digestive organ has both endocrine and exocrine functions? - correct answer Pancreas According to the modified Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE) chart, what intensity equates to deep and forceful breathing that makes it difficult or uncomfortable to speak during cardiorespiratory exercise? - correct answer RPE 10 According to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, which of the following should be limited in the diet to promote optimal health? - correct answer Added sugar Which type of blood cells make up approximately 40 percent of blood volume? - correct answer Red blood cells What psychological theory suggests that people are motivated by the need for autonomy, competence, and relatedness? - correct answer Self-Determination Theory (SDT) What is the process of breaking triglycerides down into fatty acids to be converted to acetyl-CoA during aerobic metabolism called? - correct answer Beta-oxidation Which condition related to diabetes is described as elevated blood glucose, but not within the range for a diabetes diagnosis? - correct answer Type 2 diabetes What type of assessments are based on repeatable, measurable data? - correct answer Objective assessments Which of the following is considered an incomplete protein? - correct answer Peas Which heart structure is known as the pacemaker of the heart and initiates contraction of the right atrium? - correct answer Sinoatrial (SA) node What is considered a normal body mass index (BMI)? - correct answer 18.5 to 24.

For the average adult, what percentage of the diet should be carbohydrates? - correct answer 45 to 65 percent of daily calories Which of the following is a category covered in a standard code of ethics? - correct answer Confidentiality What neural function is processed directly by the spinal cord and not the brain? - correct answer A reflex Which of the following acute training variable changes will increase training volume? - correct answer Adding repetitions during a set Which of the following is a symptom of a heart attack? - correct answer Shortness of breath What additional health and fitness assessment is strongly recommended for a client with type 2 diabetes? - correct answer Exercise stress test What type of strength is defined as the ability to sustain a submaximal activity for a longer duration of time? - correct answer Endurance strength Which body composition measuring system uses the volume of a controlled chamber compared to body volume to determine bodyfat percentage? - correct answer Body mass index (BMI) What sales technique encourages a client to purchase additional services, products, or add-ons at the point of sale? - correct answer Upselling Body mass index (BMI) considers someone's weight and which of the following physical attributes? - correct answer Height Which type of bone protects internal organs and provides a large surface area for muscles to attach? - correct answer Flat bone

What is "synergistic dominance?" - correct answer When a synergist (helper) muscle takes over a movement pattern because the prime mover is weak or inhibited Which element of fitness requires sensory input from the eyes, ears, and proprioceptors? - correct answer Balance training What are the building blocks of protein? - correct answer Amino acids What is the prime mover at the hip during a hip hinge? - correct answer Erector spinaev Which endocrine hormone promotes the uptake of glucose from the blood by target tissues? - correct answer Insulin Lactic acid has been found to have many functions in the body, including which of the following? - correct answer It can promote the metabolism of glucose and glycogen over fats for faster energy production What is the name for glucose that is stored in the body? - correct answer Glycogen How frequently should flexibility training be incorporated in a fitness routine to enhance an individual's flexibility? - correct answer A minimum of three days a week What is a split routine as it relates to resistance training? - correct answer The division of training sessions by body part or body region Which molecule is the "energy currency" of the cell? - correct answer Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Which of the following is a benefit of static stretching after an exercise session? - correct answer Reduces muscle soreness What percentage of maximum heart rate is represented in Zone 3 cardiorespiratory intensity? - correct answer 71 to 80 percent of maximum heart rate

What type of resistance exercises engage multiple joints and many muscle groups throughout the range of motion? - correct answer Compound exercises Which region of the body is the most common location for a sprain? - correct answer Ankle The Stages of Change are known as what psychological model? - correct answer The Transtheoretical Model (TTM) What is an exercise regression? - correct answer Modifications to acute training variables that decrease the challenge of a movement pattern What is the definition of muscular power? - correct answer The amount of force exerted by a muscle or group of muscles in a given amount of time In what plane of motion does elbow flexion occur? - correct answer Sagittal Which of the following exercises offer the most dynamic balance challenge for a client? - correct answer Step up to balance on a BOSU According to the size principle of motor recruitment, in what order will muscle fibers be recruited during activity? - correct answer Smallest and slowest firing rate to largest and fastest firing rate Which personal trainer best practice includes staying within the scope of practice and establishing boundaries with clients? - correct answer Maintaining appropriate relationship boundaries Which psychological need in the Self-Determination Theory (SDT) is described as the basic need to feel effective and capable in one's actions? - correct answer Autonomy Which two macronutrients are the most preferred sources of energy in the body? - correct answer Carbohydrate and fat

The process of glycolysis is the breakdown of what molecule in the body? - correct answer Glucose Which of the following is the first step in a balance training progression? - correct answer Balance pad: two legs Which of the following is a risk factor for developing diabetes? - correct answer Ethnicity What type of exercise is ideal for a client who is new to strength training and learning new movement patterns? - correct answer Bodyweight exercises What muscle fiber arrangement can be seen in the soleus muscle? - correct answer Bipennate muscle Pain and stiffness, fatigue, anxiety, depression, headaches, and memory problems are possible symptoms for which arthritis-related chronic health condition? - correct answer Fibromyalgia Type, frequency, time, and rest are examples of what aspect of fitness? - correct answer Acute training variables During cardiorespiratory training, how can the acute training variable of rest be manipulated to increase training intensity? - correct answer Maintain rest until resting heart rate is achieved